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Rainier

Photo of this volcano
  • Country
  • Primary Volcano Type
  • Last Known Eruption
  •  
  • 46.853°N
  • 121.76°W

  • 4392 m
    14409 ft

  • 321030
  • Latitude
  • Longitude

  • Summit
    Elevation

  • Volcano
    Number

Most Recent Bulletin Report: June 1969 (CSLP 53-69)

Increased seismicity since September 1968

Card 0619 (27 June 1969) Increased seismicity since September 1968

"Local activity has been increasing each month for the last three months. We have been averaging about 1-3 'Mt. Ranier Events' per 5-day period with an increase to about five per 5-day period last September 1968. This April, the events increased to approximately five per 5-day period. In May, it increased to about six per 5-day period and as of 15 June the increase is to approximately 12 per 5-day period."

Information Contacts: N. Rasmussen, Seismology Station, University of Washington.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Rainier.

Bulletin Reports - Index

Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.

06/1969 (CSLP 53-69) Increased seismicity since September 1968




Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted)


June 1969 (CSLP 53-69)

Increased seismicity since September 1968

Card 0619 (27 June 1969) Increased seismicity since September 1968

"Local activity has been increasing each month for the last three months. We have been averaging about 1-3 'Mt. Ranier Events' per 5-day period with an increase to about five per 5-day period last September 1968. This April, the events increased to approximately five per 5-day period. In May, it increased to about six per 5-day period and as of 15 June the increase is to approximately 12 per 5-day period."

Information Contacts: N. Rasmussen, Seismology Station, University of Washington.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 20 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

[ 1894 Nov 21 (?) - 1894 Dec 24 (?) ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1894 Nov 21 (?) - 1894 Dec 24 (?) Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatic activity
1894 Nov 21    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1882 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1882 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown
 Brown billowy clouds from summit reported by early settlers (Hopson et al., 1962).

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1882    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1879 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1879 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown
 Brown billowy clouds from summit reported by early settlers (Hopson et al., 1962).

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1879    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1870 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1870 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1870    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1858 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1858 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown
 Eruption reports not verified (Hopson et al. 1962).

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1858    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1854 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1854 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown
 Eruption reports not verified (Hopson et al., 1962).

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1854    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1843 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1843 - Unknown Evidence from Unknown
 Eruption reports not verified (Hopson et al., 1962).

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
1843    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1825 (?) ] Discredited Eruption

Tephra layer X, tree ring dated about 1825 CE (Mullineaux, 1974), was considered to be the youngest dated tephra from Mount Rainier, and is found on young moraines primarily to the east and northeast. Reports from indigenous people note fire, noises, and an earthquake from about 1820 CE (Harris, 1976). Sisson and Vallance (2009), however, noted that occurrences of layer X consist of lapilli and scoria of tephra layer C that were redeposited by snow avalanches and do not represent deposits of a 19th century eruption.

1450 ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
1450 ± 100 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
 The Electron mudflow was emplaced about 500 cal. years BP (John et al., 2008). Vallance et al. (2001) noted numerous lahars between about 600 and 400 calibrated years BP, including the Electron mudflow. No tephra layers were found, but glassy clasts in the lahars were interpreted as juvenile material from associated eruptions. Sisson and Vallance (2009) noted that juvenile bombs were entrained from earlier pyroclastic-flow deposits, and that although some clasts could represent juvenile eruptive material, the evidence for a juvenile component to Electron Mudflow event is weak.

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

0910 ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
0910 ± 500 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 4 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

0440 ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layers TC1 and TC2
0440 ± 100 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layers TC1 and TC2

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

0150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer SL8
0150 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer SL8

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash

0250 BCE ± 200 years Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 4

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer C
0250 BCE ± 200 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 8 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer C

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs
   - - - -    - - - - Blocks
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow
0250 BCE ± 200 years    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

0400 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
0400 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 3 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatic activity
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatomagmatic Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Ash

0500 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer SL5
0500 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer SL5

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatomagmatic
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash

0610 BCE ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layers SL3 and SL4
0610 BCE ± 100 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layers SL3 and SL4

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatomagmatic
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs

0650 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer SL2
0650 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer SL2

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatomagmatic
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice

0700 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer SL1
0700 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology

List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer SL1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatomagmatic
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow Uncertain
   - - - -    - - - - Avalanche
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

2550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer B
2550 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer B

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
2550 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

2750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer H
2750 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer H

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
2750 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

3650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layers S, F
3650 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 10 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layers S, F

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Phreatic activity
   - - - -    - - - - Directed Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Avalanche
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow
   - - - -    - - - - Edifice Destroyed Collapse/avalanche
3650 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

3850 BCE ± 200 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
3850 BCE ± 200 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

4850 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer N
4850 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer N

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow
4850 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

5050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer D
5050 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer D

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
5050 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

5350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer L
5350 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer L

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Bombs
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow
5350 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

5550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer A
5550 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer A

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Pyroclastic flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
5550 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

7800 BCE ± 300 years Confirmed Eruption  

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode
7800 BCE ± 300 years - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 2 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Lahar or Mudflow

8050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3

Episode 1 | Eruption Episode Tephra layer R
8050 BCE (?) - Unknown Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Tephra layer R

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Lapilli
   - - - -    - - - - Scoria
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
8050 BCE
(?)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)
Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Rainier.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Rainier.

Photo Gallery

Mount Rainier, the highest peak in the Cascade Range, towers above the city of Tacoma and forms a prominent landmark seen from much of central Washington. Periodic collapse of the volcano during the past ten thousand years has produced debris avalanches and lahars that have reached the Puget Sound at the present locations of the cities of Tacoma and Seattle.

Photo by Lyn Topinka (U.S. Geological Survey).
A volcanologist from the U.S. Geological Survey observes the glaciated NW flank of Mount Rainier during a field survey to conduct monitoring measurements on Ptarmigan Ridge. The North Mowich Glacier in the center of the photo descended to about 1,500 m elevation when this photo was taken in 1983.

Photo by Lyn Topinka, 1983 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Stratovolcanoes, also referred to as composite volcanoes, are constructed of sequential layers of resistant lava flows and fragmented rock produced by explosive eruptions. An aerial view of the glacially dissected SW flank of Mount Rainier shows the layered interior of a stratovolcano.

Photo by Dan Dzurisin, 1982 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Mount Rainier towers above the town of Orting located 40 km NW in this 1995 photo. The plain underlying the town is composed of the Electron Mudflow, which formed the flat valley floor about 500 years ago. The mudflow, which originated from partial collapse of part of the western flank of Rainier, was about 30 m deep when it exited valleys at the mountain front and flowed onto the Puget Lowland.

Photo by Dave Wieprecht, 1995 (U.S. Geological Survey).
Two overlapping craters at the summit of Mount Rainier are viewed here from the NE in 1995. They are both about 400 m across and represent more recent activity after the collapse 5,600 years ago. Thermal activity formed a series of fumaroles and ice caves within the icecap filling the summit craters.

Photo by Dave Wieprecht, 1995 (U.S. Geological Survey).
An aerial view from near the eastern margin of Mount Rainier National Park shows the volcano rising above glacially eroded terrain of the Ohanapecosh formation, composed of Tertiary volcanic rocks. The smooth, glaciated upper NE flank in this 1992 photo is the location of the post-collapse cone constructed within the failure scarp left by the Osceola debris avalanche and lahar about 5,600 years ago.

Photo by Dave Wieprecht, 1992 (U.S. Geological Survey).
The south flank of Rainier is seen here from the Tatoosh Range, with the Nisqually Glacier below the snow line in this 1980 photo. Meadows and forests of the Paradise area lie immediately below and to the right of the glacier. This is one of 25 named glaciers on Rainier, with the snow, ice, loose rock, and hydrothermal alteration posing a risk of lahars and debris avalanches for surrounding areas.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).
Mount Rainier rises above Yakima Park on the north side of the volcano in this 1972 photo. Emmons Glacier descends to the left from the summit within a broad valley alongside Little Tahoma Peak (far left). The valley formed when part of Mount Rainier collapsed during an eruption episode about 5,600 years ago, producing the Osceola mudflow that reached the Puget Sound area.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1972 (Smithsonian Institution).
A large lava flow forms Burroughs Mountain on the NE flank of Mount Rainier. The 3.4 km3 flow is up to 350 m thick and is 11 km in length. The flow erupted about 500,000 years ago at the onset of an initial growth period of modern Mount Rainier and overlies block-and-ash flow deposits. The flow is perched on a ridge top and has ice-contact features, indicative of its emplacement against the margins of a thick Pleistocene glacier.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).
The trees in the foreground along Kautz Creek were killed by a debris flow from the SW flank of Mount Rainier in 1947, which covered a road with 8.5 m of mud and debris. Relatively small debris flows occur relatively frequently, with deposits of a half dozen or more debris flow deposits exposed in the Kautz Creek valley walls.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).
Housing development on a mudflow deposit that originated from Mount Rainier, partially obscured by clouds in the center background. The tree stump in the foreground was buried by the Electron mudflow about 500 years ago, that began as an avalanche of hydrothermally altered rock on Rainier's W flank.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1994 (Smithsonian Institution).
Two overlapping craters are at the summit of Mount Rainier. Continued high heat flux has produced fumaroles that have formed ice tunnels in the 100-m-deep icecap filling the eastern summit crater, shown in this 1958 photo. Ice caves are also present in the smaller western crater, which contains a small crater lake beneath the ice.

Photo by Richard Fiske, 1958 (Smithsonian Institution).
Mount Rainier rises beyond Tipsoo Lake, near Chinook Pass at the eastern end of Mount Rainier National Park. The snow-free peaks of the Cowlitz Chimneys below Rainier are composed of volcanic rocks of the Oligocene Ohanapecosh Formation which underlies the volcano.

Photo by Richard Fiske, 1959 (Smithsonian Institution).
The Tahoma Glacier flows from the summit icecap of Mount Rainier between Liberty Cap (left) and Point Success (right) in this aerial view from the SW in 1969. The current summit was constructed within a scarp left by the collapse of the summit about 5,600 years ago. Slope failure of the summit or upper flanks of the hydrothermally altered volcano has occurred several times during the Holocene, producing massive debris avalanches and mudflows that swept into the Puget lowlands.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1969 (Smithsonian Institution).
Stratovolcanoes are composed of accumulated layers of lava flows from effusive eruptions and fragmented rock from explosive eruptions. Glacier-clad Mount Rainier, seen here from the NW, is located in the northern Cascade Range. Most eruptions originate from a central conduit, which produces the common conical profile of stratovolcanoes, but flank eruptions also occur. Both isolated stratovolcanoes like Mount Rainier and compound volcanoes formed by overlapping cones are common.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).
Mount Rainier is located east of the Puget Sound region, seen here from High Knob to the SW in 1981. Large Holocene mudflows from this heavily glaciated volcano have reached as far as the Puget Sound lowlands. Several postglacial tephras have erupted from Rainier, with tree-ring dating placing the last recognizable tephra deposit during the 19th century. Extensive hydrothermal alteration of the upper portion of the volcano has contributed to its structural weakness.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).
This view of Mount Rainier from the NW shows neighboring Mount Adams to the right in 1985. The steep Willis Wall, named after the 19th-century geologist Bailey Willis, is to the left and exposes relatively young lava flows.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution)
Mount Adams (lower right) and Mount Rainier are the two southernmost of a N-S-trending chain of large stratovolcanoes in the Cascade Range of Washington state. Adams Glacier can be seen descending to the SE from the summit icecap of Mount Adams in this aerial view from the south. The 1,250 km2 Mount Adams volcanic field contains numerous flank cones and lava flows, several of which erupted during the Holocene. Mount Rainier, Washington's highest peak, has been less active during the Holocene, but erupted during the 19th century.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).
GVP Map Holdings

The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 41 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number Sample Description Lava Source Collection Date
NMNH 87859-1 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-10 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-11 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-12 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-13 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-14 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-15 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-16 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-17 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-18 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-19 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-2 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-20 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-21 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-22 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-23 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-24 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-25 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-26 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-27 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-28 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-29 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-3 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-30 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-31 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-32 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-33 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-34 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-35 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-36 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-37 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-38 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-39 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-4 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-40 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-41 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-5 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-6 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-7 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-8 Volcanic Rock -- --
NMNH 87859-9 Volcanic Rock -- --
External Sites