PVMBG lowered the Alert Level for Sinabung to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 11 May, noting that data showed stability at the volcano. During 1 January-17 May gas emissions were frequently visible and detected by instruments; daily averages of sulfur dioxide emissions from passive degassing were below 250 tons per day, though a high value of about 4,000 tons per day was recorded in January, and white plumes of varying densities rose as high as 500 m above the summit. During the previous four months deformation data showed a downward trend and indicated deflation, and the number of deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes signals generally declined. Growth of the SE part of the lava dome continued at a low rate as indicated by low numbers of earthquake signals caused by fluid movement. Avalanches of material were indicated by seismic signals though not visually confirmed. The public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit and 4.5 km on the SE flank.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Explosions, ash plumes, and block avalanches during June-September 2021
Sinabung in north Sumatra, Indonesia had its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. Dome growth, block avalanches, multiple explosions with ash plumes, and pyroclastic flows are common events that occur. The continuing eruption that began in August 2020 has recently consisted of ash plumes, pyroclastic flows, hundreds of block avalanches, and explosions (BGVN 46:08). This report covers intermittent explosions, ash plumes, and block avalanches from June through September 2021 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM, the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation), MAGMA Indonesia, and the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC).
White gas-and-steam emissions dominantly occurred throughout the reporting period; during June, they rose 50-500 m above the summit and drifted E, SE, SW, W, and NW (figure 102). An eruption occurred at 2004 on 3 June, though it was not visually confirmed due to cloud cover. Another event at 2335 on 6 June consisted of ash plumes and pyroclastic flows, though weather again obscured views. A Darwin VAAC notice reported an ash plume visible in satellite images, with the multi-level plume rising to 4.3 km altitude (N), 6.1 km altitude (WNW), 7.3 km altitude (W), and 9.1 km altitude (drifted W and WSW). During 11-13 June block avalanches from the summit lava dome were occasionally recorded, but not visually observed due to weather conditions. Occasional deep volcanic earthquakes occurred through September.
Figure 102. Image of a white gas-and-steam plume rising above Sinabung on 30 June 2021. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
During July, white gas-and-steam emissions continued to rise 100-500 m above the summit and drift in multiple directions. On 1 July at 1151 a gray plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted SW and W. An ash plume rose 500 m above the summit and drifted ESE at 0925 on 13 July due to an eruptive or collapse event. Video taken on 13 July showed new vents on the upper W flank that generated gas-and-ash emissions. An eruptive event at 1850 on 19 July produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the summit and extended ESE; the activity lasted about 11 minutes. A strong explosion on 28 July at 1320 produced an ash plume that rose 4.5 km above the summit and drifted E and S (figure 103) and pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 1 km down the E and SE flanks, prompting PVMBG to raise the Aviation Color Code (ACC) to Red. Ashfall was reported in areas to the E, including the subdistricts of Namanteran, Merdeka, Berastagi, and Simpang Empat; the event lasted for about 12.5 minutes. In addition, a small sulfur dioxide plume that exceeded two Dobson Units (DU) was detected above the volcano, based on data from the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite (figure 104).
Figure 103. Image of the resulting ash plume that rose 4.5 km above Sinabung from the strong explosion on 28 July 2021. Courtesy of PVMBG. |
Persistent white gas-and-steam emissions rose 50-500 m above the summit and drifted in different directions during August. An avalanche of incandescent material was observed descending 500-700 m to the E and SE during 4-7 August. Another block avalanche descended 700 m on 25 August. Activity decreased during September and October and mostly consisted of white gas-and-steam emissions that rose 50-800 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. On 23 September infrared Sentinel-2 satellite imagery showed a small thermal anomaly in the summit crater (figure 105).
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Firdaus Surbakti (URL: https://www.facebook.com/firdaus.surbakti).
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PVMBG lowered the Alert Level for Sinabung to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 11 May, noting that data showed stability at the volcano. During 1 January-17 May gas emissions were frequently visible and detected by instruments; daily averages of sulfur dioxide emissions from passive degassing were below 250 tons per day, though a high value of about 4,000 tons per day was recorded in January, and white plumes of varying densities rose as high as 500 m above the summit. During the previous four months deformation data showed a downward trend and indicated deflation, and the number of deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes signals generally declined. Growth of the SE part of the lava dome continued at a low rate as indicated by low numbers of earthquake signals caused by fluid movement. Avalanches of material were indicated by seismic signals though not visually confirmed. The public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit and 4.5 km on the SE flank.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that on most days during 25-31 August white gas-and-steam plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Lava avalanches traveled 700 m down the flanks on 25 August. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that on most days during 3-10 August white gas-and-steam plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Avalanches of lava traveled 500-700 m down the E and SE flanks during 4-7 August. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that at 1320 on 28 July an eruption at Sinabung produced dense ash plumes that rose as high as 4.5 km above the summit that drifted E and S; pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 1 km down the E and SE flanks. The event lasted over 12 minutes, and caused ashfall in areas to the E including the subdistricts of Namanteran, Merdeka, Berastagi, and Simpang Empat. White plumes rose up to 500 m above the summit during 29 July-2 August; weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white-and-gray plumes rose 100-300 m above Sinabung during 20-21 July and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. During 21-27 July white plumes rose as high as 400 m and drifted NE, E, and SE. At 1320 on 28 July an eruption produced an ash plume that rose 4.5 km above the summit and drifted E and S; the event lasted for about 12 and a half minutes. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Video taken on 13 July and posted on social media showed new vents on the upper W flank of Sinabung that were producing steam-and-ash emissions. PVMBG reported that white-and-gray plumes rose 100-300 m from the summit and drifted E and SE. During 14-18 June white plumes rose as high as 300 m. An eruptive event that began around 1850 on 19 July and lasted about 11 minutes produced an ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted ESE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Firdaus Surbakti
PVMBG reported that on most days during 6-13 July white gas-and-steam plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 500 m above the summit. At 0925 on 13 July an eruptive or collapse event produced an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted ESE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that avalanches of material from Sinabung’s summit lava dome were occasionally recorded during 11-13 June but not visually observed due to weather conditions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 2-8 June. An eruptive event was recorded at 2004 on 3 June but not visually confirmed due to inclement weather. Another event, at 2335 on 6 June, produced ash plumes and pyroclastic flows, though weather again inhibited visual observations. The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. Ash continued to be identified in satellite images; the next day ash clouds drifted W and WSW at 9.1 km, W at 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l., WNW at 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l., and N at 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 19-25 May. Pyroclastic flows traveled 3 km down the E and SE flanks at 0448 on 19 May. A dense gray ash plume rose as high as 3.5 km above the summit and drifted E and S. White-and-gray plumes rose 100-400 m and drifted NE, E, SE, and S on 20 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 12-18 May. Weather conditions often prevented visual observations of the volcano; white fumarolic plumes were visible on 11, 13, and 15 May rising as high as 700 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. On 11 May an eruptive event produced a gray ash plume that rose up to 1 km. Avalanches of material traveled 1 km down the E and SE flanks on 12 May. On 13 May gray ash plumes rose 700-1,000 m above the summit, pyroclastic flows traveled 2.5 km down the E and SE flanks, and avalanches moved down the E and SE flanks as far as 1 km. On 14 May pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 4 km SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 4-11 May. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, though white fumarolic plumes were visible almost daily rising as high as 500 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. Daily avalanches descended 500-1,500 m down the E and SE flanks. At 1119 on 6 May an ash plume rose 2 km above the summit and drifted E. At 0908 and 1519 on 7 May ash plumes rose 3 km and drifted E. Ash plumes rose 1-2.8 km and drifted E, WNW, and W at 1044, 1656, and 1841 on 8 May; plumes were also seen on 9 May. At 0747 on 10 May an ash plume rose 2.5 km and drifted SW. Ash plumes on 11 May rose 700 m and drifted W at 0712, and rose 1.5 km and drifted E at 1428. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 28 April-4 May. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, though white fumarolic plumes were visible almost daily rising as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. At 0728 on 28 April an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted SSW. At 1810 an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted SSE and an incandescent avalanche descended 1.5 km down the SSE flank. At 2346 an ash plume rose 1.5 km and drifted W and SW, and another incandescent rockfall traveled 1.5 km SSE. Eruptive events produced ash plumes that rose 500-1,000 m above the summit during 30 April-1 May. Avalanches of material traveled as far as 1.5 km E and 1 km SE during 1-3 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 21-27 April. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, though white fumarolic plumes were visible almost daily rising as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted E and SE. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2 km on 21 April. Avalanches of material traveled 1 km E and SE during 23-24 April. Ash plumes rose 2 km above the summit on 24 April and to 1 km on 25 April, drifting ESE both days. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that on 13 April eruptive events at Sinabung generated ash plumes that rose 500-1,600 m above the summit. Avalanches of material traveled 1-1.5 km. On 14 April gray ash plumes rose 500 m above the summit and avalanches traveled 500-700 m down the E and SE flanks. During 15-20 April white plumes were often seen rising as high as 700 m, though weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 6-13 April. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, though white fumarolic plumes were visible almost daily rising as high as 700 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. An eruptive event on 7 April produced a gray ash plume that rose 1 km. Two eruptive events the next day generated ash plumes that rose as high as 700 m. Avalanches traveled as far as 1.5 km E and SE during 8-11 April. Ash plumes rose 500-1,000 m high on 10 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 31 March-6 April. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, though daily white fumarolic plumes were visible rising as high as 500 m above the summit. Avalanches were detected daily by the seismic network and observed traveling 500-1,500 m down the E and SE flanks. An eruptive event produced a gray ash plume that rose 500 m above them summit on 1 April. Pyroclastic flows went as far as 1.5 km down the E and SE flanks. Ash plumes rose 0.7-2 km during 2-5 April and mainly drifted E and SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 24-30 March. The Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption on 28 March generated an ash plume that rose to 3.4 km a.s.l. (11,000 ft). Explosions on 29 March at 0024 and 1035 produced ash plumes that rose to 3.5 km a.s.l. (11,500 ft) and drifted NNE and ESE, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 16-23 March. Weather conditions often prevented visual observations of the volcano, particularly during the end of the week. Avalanches were detected daily by the seismic network and observed traveling 500-1,500 m down the E and SE flanks during 16-18 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 10-16 March. Avalanches of material traveled 500-1,500 m down the E, SE, and S flanks almost daily. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2-3 km down the E and SE flanks on 11 March. Ash plumes rose to 2.4-4.3 km (8,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, SW, and W during 10-12 and 15 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 3-9 March. According to the Darwin VAAC an ash plume was identified in satellite images rising to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. (or 600 m above the summit) and drifting NW on 5 March. The observatory noted that avalanches of material traveled 500 m down the SE flank during 6-7 March, and an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted NW at 1910 on 7 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 24 February-2 March. White plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit most days. On 25 February avalanches of material traveled 500-1,000 m down the E, SE, and S flanks. The Darwin VAAC noted that an ash plume rose to 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l., or 1.5 km above the summit, and drifted SE, based on satellite images and information from PVMBG. On 28 February avalanches of material traveled 1,000-1,250 m down the E, SE, and S flanks; the VAAC noted that ash plumes were visible in satellite images and rose to 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. (about 1 km above the summit) and drifted SW. On 1 March avalanches of material descended the E, SE, and S flanks as far as 1.3 km.
A series of lava-dome collapses began at 0642 on 2 March. A total of 13 pyroclastic flows, each lasting between about two and eight minutes, traveled 2-5 km SE and E. Ash plumes rose 4-5 km along the length of the pyroclastic flows and drifted W, SW, S, and E. The VAAC reported that ash plumes were visible in satellite images beginning at 0640 rising to 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW. Ash plumes rose to 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W by 0758; within another 25 minutes the plumes had risen to 12.2 km (40,000 ft) a.s.l. According to BNPB ashfall was noted in 17 villages in the Tiganderket District, eight villages in the Kutabuluh District, and 15 villages in the Tigabinaga District. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 17-23 February, though weather conditions sometimes prevented visual confirmation. White plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. On 21 February pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 2 km down the E and SE flanks. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 10-16 February, though weather conditions sometimes prevented visual confirmation. Dense white plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. During 12-14 February pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 2 km down the E and SE flanks. Avalanches descended 500-1,500 m down the E, SE, and S flanks. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 3-9 February, though weather conditions sometimes prevented visual confirmation. Dense white plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. An eruptive event was recorded on 5 February but was not seen, and on 6 February a pyroclastic flow traveled 2.5 km down the flank. The Darwin VAAC noted that ash plumes rose to 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NNW that same day. On 7 February ash plumes rose 1 km above the summit and drifted E, SE, and S, causing ashfall in the Karo Regency. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Antara News
PVMBG reported that at 1822 on 27 January an ash plume from Sinabung rose 500 m above the summit and drifted SE and E, according to a ground-based observer. Dense white plumes rose as high as 1 km above them summit during 28 January-2 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued during 13-19 January, though weather conditions often prevented visual conformation. White-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit during 14-15 January, and avalanches of material traveled 700-1,000 m down the SE flank. Dense white-and-gray ash plumes rose 500 m during 17-18 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that on 5 January gray ash plumes rose 800 m above Sinabung’s summit and drifted E and SE. Avalanches of material traveled 500-1,000 m down the E and SE flanks. Eruptive events were recorded during 7 and 9-10 January though weather clouds mostly obscured visual confirmation of ash clouds; an ash plume rose 1 km above the summit late on 9 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that white-and-gray plumes generally rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung’s summit during 30 December-5 January. Avalanches of material traveled 500-1,200 m down the E and SE flanks each day. Three eruptive events recorded on 4 January (at 0854, 1150, and 1412) produced dense gray ash plumes that rose 700-1,000 m above the summit and drifted N, NW, and W. Three eruptive events were detected the next day as well. The first, at 0825, generated an ash plume that rose 800 m above the summit. Ash emissions were not visible from the second and third events, recorded at 2027 and 2108. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose 100-500 m above Sinabung’s summit during 23-29 December. At 1751 on 28 December an ash plume rose 500 m above the summit and drifted S. At 1227 on 29 December an ash plume drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that an ash plume rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung’s summit on 2 December. Block avalanches were recorded by the seismic network almost daily, though they were not visually confirmed; however, on 6 December, they were observed traveling 300-500 m down the E and SE flanks. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km that extends 5 km SE and 4 km NE.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung’s summit daily during 25 November-1 December. Block avalanches traveled 1 km down the flank on 1 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that at 1344 on 18 November an eruptive event at Sinabung generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. At 2137 on 21 November seismic data indicated an emission, though weather conditions prevented visual confirmation. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 10-12 November activity at Sinabung was characterized by ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the summit, pyroclastic flows that traveled 1.5-2.5 km E and SE, and block avalanches that traveled 200-1,000 m E and SE. Sometimes dense white plumes rose 200-500 m above the summit during 14-16 November. Block avalanches descended the E and SE flanks as far as 1 km during 14-15 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that each day during 4-9 November block avalanches descended Sinabung’s E and SE flanks generally as far as 1 km. Pyroclastic flows traveled 1.5-2.5 km down the same flanks at least during 4-5 and 7 November. An eruptive event on 4 November generated a plume to an unknown height The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that each day during 27 October-2 November avalanches descended Sinabung’s E and SE flanks as far as 1 km. Pyroclastic flows traveled 1-2.5 km down the same flanks almost daily. According to a news article, an eruption at 0752 on 29 October produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km and caused ashfall in areas within 10 km downwind, particularly in Kabanjahe (13 km SE) and Berastagi (13 km E). An eruptive event at 2358 on 2 November generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); The Jakarta Post
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung’s summit on most days during 20-27 October; foggy conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. On 23 October white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 1 km and drifted in multiple directions. Pyroclastic flows traveled 1.5-2.5 km down the E and SE flanks on 25 October. According to a news article ash plumes drifted SE of the volcano twice that same day, causing some local residents to evacuate. The report noted that a lava dome in the summit crater continued to grow. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); The Jakarta Post
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose as high as 200 m above Sinabung’s summit on 7 October. Lava avalanches traveled E and SE from the summit crater for 300 m on 9 October and 300-700 m during 12-13 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km in the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung’s summit and drifted in multiple directions during 9-15 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose as high as 600 m above Sinabung’s summit and drifted in multiple directions on most days during 2-8 September. At 0513 on 5 September an eruption produced a gray ash plume that rose at least 800 m and drifted NNE. Emissions were brown and white on 6 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white-and-gray plumes rose as high as 2 km above Sinabung’s summit and drifted in multiple directions during 18-20, 23-25, and 31 August. An eruptive event was recorded at 0517, though weather conditions prevented visual confirmation. White plumes were seen rising 100-400 m during 22 and 26-30 August. Notably, at 1823 on 19 August an ash plume rose 4 km above the crater rim and drifted ESE. At 0741 on 23 August a gray ash plume rose 1.5 km and drifted E; pyroclastic flows traveled about 1 km down the E and SE flanks. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white-and-gray plumes rose 200 m above Sinabung’s summit and drifted E and SE on 12 August. A series of seven eruptions late on 13 August generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km and drifted E, SE, and S. The first event, at 0607, lasted for 12 minutes and produced an ash plume that rose 2 km according to BNPB. Seismicity was dominated by continuous tremor during the series. Eruptive events at 1030, 1425, and 1455 on 14 August produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2.1 km and drifted SSE and ESE. An ash plume from an event at 1656 rose 4.2 km and drifted E. At 1724 on 17 August an ash plume rose 1.5 km and drifted SE. Ash plumes rose as high as 2 km on 18 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that at 0158 on 8 August a phreatic eruption at Sinabung produced a brown-gray ash plume that rose 2 km above the summit and drifted E and SE. A news article stated that ashfall impacted at least four districts, including Naman Teran, Merdeka, Berastagi, and Dolat Rayat. BNPB noted that clean water was distributed, and emergency vehicles were deployed to clean up the ashfall. Later that day at 1718 an ash plume rose at least 1 km above the summit and drifted ESE. There is a general exclusion zone set at 3 km from the summit, with extensions to 5 km on the SE and 4 km on the NE. A news article noted that authorities began enforcing a 7-km exclusion zone.
An eruptive event at 1016 on 10 August produced a dense gray ash plume that rose at least 5 km above the summit (24,500 ft a.s.l.) and drifted NE and SE. Parts of the plume drifted down the flank; ashfall was reported in several areas downwind. The Darwin VAAC advisory stated that satellite observations showed ash plumes drifting WNW at 9.8 km (32,000 ft) a.s.l. at 1430 and ENE at 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. at 1630. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists in Berastagi (13 km E) turned on headlights to navigate through the ash according to a news article.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); The Jakarta Post; NBC News; Gatra
PVMBG reported that at 1628 on 9 June an eruption at Sinabung produced a dense black-gray ash plume that rose around 7 km above the summit, drifted W and SW, and generated pyroclastic flows that traveled 3.5 km SE and 3 km S. Roaring was heard at the Sinabung observation post. Continuous emissions were visible rising 500 m above the summit for a period on 10 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that white plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 500 m above the summit during 31 May-4 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that an eruption at Sinabung was recorded at 0253 on 25 May. An ash plume from the event drifted W and NW according to the Darwin VAAC; fog prevented ground-based visual observations. Ashfall was reported in several areas downwind according to a news article. At 0629 on 27 May a dense gray ash plume rose 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted S. The VAAC reported that at 0700 an ash plume was visible in satellite images at an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l., or 3.7 km above the crater rim. Eruptive events were recorded at 2323 on 27 May and 0118 on 28 May, though ash plumes were not visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); The Jakarta Post
PVMBG reported that white plumes rose as high as 700 m above Sinabung’s crater rim during 13-21 May. On 20 May the Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 5 km on the SE sector and 4 km in the NE sector. PVMBG noted that the seismic activity surrounding the recent ash emissions during 7 and 11-12 May were not indicative of renewed activity.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that an eruption at Sinabung was recorded at 2039 on 11 May. An ash plume was not visible due to weather conditions, although crater incandescence was noted. An eruption at 1233 on 12 May was recorded by the seismic network; foggy weather prevented visual confirmation. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG and BNPB reported that an eruption at Sinabung at 0641 on 7 May generated a dense ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted SW [correction: the plume drifted SE], causing the sky to turn dark in some areas. The eruption lasted 42 minutes and 49 seconds according to the seismic data. Ashfall was reported on farms in many villages in the Simpang Empat (7 km SE), Namanteran, Kabanjahe, and Berastadi districts. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions to 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); The Jakarta Post
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 20-22 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-3.7 km (10,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that at 0700 on 15 June an event at Sinabung produced an ash plume that rose at least 500 m above the crater rim and drifted ESE. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 16-21 May gray-to-white plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 700 m above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. At 0900 on 20 May an event produced an ash plume that rose 700 m and drifted NW. An ash plume from an event later that day at 2122 rose 2.5 km and drifted W and NW. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 18-22 April gray-to-white plumes from Sinabung rose as high as 500 m above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. At 1604 on [19] April an event produced an ash plume that rose 3 km and pyroclastic flows that traveled 1 km down the E, SE, W, and NW flanks. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that at 0640 on 12 April an event at Sinabung generated an ash plume that rose 200 m and drifted WNW. At 1655 pyroclastic flows generated ash plumes that drifted WSW. At 0827 on 15 April an event generated an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted WNW. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG and BNPB reported that an eruption at Sinabung at 1607 on 6 April generated a dark gray ash plume that rose 5 km above the crater, and a pyroclastic flow that descended the SE and SW flanks 3.5 km. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector. According to news articles, ashfall affected hundreds of hectares of agricultural land in the district of Karo, North Sumatra, and the Alas Leuser airport was closed on 7 April due to ash. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); People's Daily Online (China); KompasTV
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25-26 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-3.7 km (11,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that at 0853 on 19 February a large explosive event at Sinabung generated a dark gray plume with a high volume of ash that rose at least to 16.8 km (55,000 ft) a.s.l. According to the Darwin VAAC, ash plumes that were identified in satellite images, recorded by webcams, and reported by PVMBG continued to rise throughout the day to 13.7 km (45,000 ft) a.s.l. and drift 320 km NNW. Parts of the ash plumes drifted in multiple directions at lower altitudes. As many as 10 pyroclastic flows were observed, traveling as far as 4.9 km SSE and 3.5 km E. Ash and tephra as large as pebbles fell in areas downwind including Simpang Empat (7 km SE), the Namanteran district, Pqyung (5 km SSW), Tiganderket (7 km W), Munthe, Kutambaru (20 km NW), Perbaji (4 km SW), and Kutarayat. Conditions in five districts were so dark that visibility was only about 5 m. Some residents outside of the evacuation zone self-evacuated. The event was possibly the largest since the beginning of the current eruption, which began in September 2013. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Rocky Planet
PVMBG reported that ash plumes at Sinabung rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater during 24-30 January and drifted E, S, SW, and W. Avalanches of incandescent material traveled as far as 1.5 km down the ESE flank. A pyroclastic flow traveled 2.5 km down the ESE flank on 27 January. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone of 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG and BNPB reported that ash plumes at Sinabung were seen rising as high as 3.5 km above the crater during 18-23 January and drifting E, SE, and W, although sometimes foggy conditions prevented visual observations. Avalanches of incandescent material traveled as far as 1.5 km down the ESE flank during 21-23 January. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with a general exclusion zone 3 km and extensions of 7 km on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that during 27 December 2017-2 January 2018 events at Sinabung generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.2 km above the crater rim, and avalanches of material that traveled as far as 1.5 km E, SE, and S. Pyroclastic flows descended the E, SSE, and S flanks during 27-29 December, traveling 4.6 km SSE and 3.5 km E and S.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes from Sinabung during 20-23 December. The plumes rose 3.7-4.9 km (12,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. during 20-21 December and drifted E and SW; weather clouds prevented estimates of plume altitudes on the other days.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-19 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4-5.5 km (13,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE, ESE, SE, and S. PVMBG noted that avalanches of hot material traveled as far as 3.5 km S, SE, ESE, and E.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6-9 and 11-12 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4.3-4.9 km (14,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE, E, SE, and SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29 November and 1-2 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-4.9 km (11,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 21-25 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-6.7 km (11,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, WSW, ESE, and E. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-19 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4.3-4.9 km (14,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 9 and 11-12 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4.6-4.9 km (15,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and ESE. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite and webcam images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 2 and 5-7 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-4.9 km (11,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, ESE, and SSE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 31 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 17-18 and 21-23 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose 2.4-4.6 km (8,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
BNPB stated that at 1051 on 11 October an event at Sinabung generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted ESE, causing ashfall in several local villages. At 0245 on 12 October an event produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater, and was followed by pyroclastic flows traveling 1.5 and 2 km down the S and ESE flanks, respectively. The report noted that activity remained high. Based on observations by PVMBG and information from the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-15 October ash plumes rose as high as 3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on observations by PVMBG and BMKG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 4-5 and 7-9 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-5.8 km (10,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 27-29 September and 1-2 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.7-5.5 km (12,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22-23 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-4 km (11,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted E and SE. On 25 September ash plumes rose 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-16 and 18 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-7.5 km (12,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted ESE, SE, SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG, webcam and satellite images, and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6-8 and 12 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-5.5 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on observations by PVMBG and the Jakarta MWO, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 31 August-1 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-4 km (11,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WSW, NW, and ENE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 23-27 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4-4.9 km (13,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that the lava dome in Sinabung’s crater that had been growing since April was destroyed during the 2-3 August events. The dome had grown to an estimated volume of 2.3 million cubic meters. Measurements on 6 August indicated that a new dome had a volume of 23,700 cubic meters.
Based on PVMBG ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 16 August an ash plume from Sinabung rose to 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG ground observations, the Jakarta MWO, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 9-10 and 13 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-5.2 km (11,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
BNPB reported intense activity at Sinabung on 2 August; between 0800 and 1200, pyroclastic flows were generated 17 times and traveled as far as 4.5 km ESE. Ash plumes rose up to 4.2 km above the crater and drifted S, causing ashfall in local areas including Perbaji (4 km SW), Sukatendel, Temberun, Perteguhen (7 km ESE), Kuta Rakyat (5 km NE), Simpang Empat (7 km SE), Tiga Pancur (6 km SSE), Selandi (5 km SSW), Payung (5 km SSW), and Kuta Gugung (5 km N). Significant ashfall was noted in Ndokum Siroga (9 km ESE), Gajah (8 km E), and Naman Teran (5 km NE). BNPB noted that there were 2,038 families (7,214 people) displaced to eight shelters, and an additional 2,863 people living in refugee camps. Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6-7 August multiple ash plumes rose as high as 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE, E, and SE. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-29 and 31 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-4.6 km (11,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, ENE, and ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG and pilot observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 19-25 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose 2.7-6.1 km (9,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 14-15 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-4.9 km (11,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, ESE, SE, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6 and 8-11 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-5.5 km (11,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, ESE, SE, and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29 June-3 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-4.9 km (11,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 21-27 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-5.2 km (10,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 14-17 and 19 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-6.4 km (10,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12-14 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-5.5 km (11,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 31 May-5 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.4-5.5 km (11,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 24-29 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.7-5.8 km (12,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 17-20 and 24 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose 4.3-8.8 km (14,000-29,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. BNPB reported a high-intensity eruption at the volcano on 20 May. An ash plume rose 4 km and drifted SE. There were 2,038 families (7,214 people) displaced to eight shelters, and an additional 2,863 people living in refugee camps. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 10-16 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4.9 km (10,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam and satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 3-9 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.5 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-30 April and 2 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-4.6 km (11,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 20-22 and 24 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-4.3 km (11,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12-15 and 17 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4.6 km (10,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 7 and 9-11 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-8.2 km (11,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and WNW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite data, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 March an ash plume from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ESE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite data, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22, 24-25, and 27 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-4.3 km (11,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite data, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-18 and 21 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.5 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, N, W, and WSW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite data, webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 8-14 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.2 km (10,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, SW, and S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite data, webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 1-2, 5, and 7 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4.3 km (10,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, W, and SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22 and 24-26 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-5.2 km (11,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WNW, W, and SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 16-18 and 20-21 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4.3 km (10,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, and S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 8-13 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-6.7 km (11,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite and webcam images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 2-7 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes as high as 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and SW.
BNPB reported that each day during 2-7 February there were 8-12 ash-producing events with plumes rising as high as 2 km above the crater and drifting E. Pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 2 km S, SE, and E. BNPB noted that more areas had been designated disaster prone, therefore the number of people needed to be relocated also increased. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on PVMBG observations, Indonesian Met Office observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 27-30 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-4.6 km (11,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and SSE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 19-20, 22, and 24 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.9-4.9 km (13,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, SW, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam views, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-17 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 4-7.3 km (13,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NNE, E, SE, and S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 2-3 and 8-10 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.6-6.4 km (12,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NE, and E. Plumes drifted as far as 55 km E ln 8 January. A thermal anomaly was detected on 9 January.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam views, satellite images, and wind data the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28 December 2016-1 January 2017 ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-5.6 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted SW. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite images on 30 December.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam views, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 21-22 and 26-27 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3.3-6.2 km (11,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG observations, webcam views, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 15, 17, and 19 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose 3-5.8 km (10,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, wind data, and the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 30 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.2 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. The report noted that the eruption had ceased and that the ash plume was expected to dissipate in the next hours.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, wind data, ground reports from PVMBG, and the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 20 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-3.9 km (11,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, wind data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11 and 13-14 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-5.8 km (12,000-19,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on ground observers and the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.9 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, wind data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 26 and 29 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.2 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SSE. During 31 October-1 November ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on ground observations from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 5 October an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. On 12 October an ash plume drifted E at an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-29 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-3.9 km (12,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, the Jakarta MWO, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 23-25 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.2 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, ESE, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 17 September an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 1-3 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 4.3-5.5 km (14,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and WSW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
BNPB reported increased activity at Sinabung on 24 August. Observers at the PVMBG Sinabung observation post noted a marked increase in seismicity, and counted 19 pyroclastic flows and 137 avalanches from the early morning until the late afternoon. Foggy conditions obscured visual observations of the activity through most of the day, although incandescent lava as far as 500 m SSE and 1 km ESE was noted in the morning, and a pyroclastic flow was seen traveling 3.5 km ESE at 1546. The lava dome had grown to a volume of 2.6 million cubic meters. There continued to be 2,592 families (9,319 people) displaced to nine shelters. Activity remained very high on 25 August; pyroclastic flows continuously descended the flanks, traveling as far as 2.5 km E and SE, and 84 avalanches occurred during the first part of the day. Based on satellite images and model data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 26 August ash plumes rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and NNE. On 29 August ash plumes reported by ground-based observers rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted ENE. The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 17 and 21-22 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, ground reports from PVMBG, and the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 15 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, ground reports from PVMBG, and the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 3-5 and 7 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-5.5 km (12,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, NE, and NNW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite and webcam images, model data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 27-28 July and 1 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 4-4.3 km (13,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SSE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite and webcam images, model data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 21-22 and 24-25 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.6 km (12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, NE, and SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, and ground reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-16 and 19 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, and SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, model data, notices from the Jarkarta MWO, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6, 8-9, and 11 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-5.5 km (12,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, NE, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG ground-based observations, satellite images, and webcam views, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29 June-5 July ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-5.5 km (11,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. On 3 July BNPB reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued at a very high level. Lava was incandescent as far as 1 km down the SE and E flanks, and multiple avalanches were detected. An explosion at 1829 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km and drifted E and SE, causing ashfall in Medan (55 km NE). The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SSE sector, and 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector. There were 2,592 families (9,319 people) displaced to nine shelters, and an additional 1,683 families in temporary shelters waiting for relocation.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on PVMBG ground-based observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25-27 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite and webcam images, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 19-20 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 4.3-4.6 km (14,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 10-11 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-5.9 km (11000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, WSW, and W.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 5-7 June ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-3.9 km (11000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-29 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.9 km (12,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 18, 21-22, and 24 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-5.5 km (12,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and E. BNPB reported that pyroclastic flow descended the flanks at 1648 on 21 May, killing six people and critically injuring three more. The victims were gardening in the village of Gamber, 4 km SE from the summit crater, in the restricted zone. The report noted that activity at Sinabung remained high; four pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 21 May, and ash plumes rose as high as 3 km.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
BNPB reported that a lahar passed through Kutambaru village, 20 km NW of Sinabung and near the Lau Barus River, at 1545 on 9 May, killing one person and injuring four more. One person was missing. A news article noted that three houses were also damaged. Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-13 and 16 May ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-4.5 km (10,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, WNW, and NW.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Okezone
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 4-5 and 9-10 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.8 km (12,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-30 April and 4 May ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.2 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and WSW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 20-21, 23-24, and 26 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.5 km (12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 15-50 km SW, W, and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 14-16 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.9-4.5 km (13,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NNW, NW, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6, 8-10, and 12 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-4.8 km (11,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and WNW.
On 10 April BNPB reported that the eruption at Sinabung has not shown any signs of ceasing since the onset of activity in September 2013. Activity remained high, characterized by almost daily lava extrusion and pyroclastic flows, and high levels of seismicity. Four events on 10 April generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km. BNPB noted that although there were no new evacuees that day, 9,322 people (2,592 families) remained in 10 evacuation centers. Many families awaited relocation; 1,212 people had already been permanently relocated to new homes. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4); the public was reminded to stay outside of a 3-km radius. People within 7 km of the volcano in the SSE sector, within 6 km in the ESE sector, and within 4 km in the NNE sector should remain evacuated.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 30 March-2 April and 4 April ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.3-4.2 km (11,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 23-24 and 28-29 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.9-5.5 km (13,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 55 km NW, W, and SW. A low-level ash plume was identified by PVMBG on 27 March.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, ground reports, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 16-19 and 21-22 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 2.7-4.9 km (9,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 65 km WSW, W, WNW, and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, ground reports, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 9-10 and 13-15 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.9 km (12,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-55 km NW, W, and SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, ground reports, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 2 and 5-6 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.3 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 55 km SE, SW, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, ground reports, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 24 February-1 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.6-4.3 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 45 km in multiple directions.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, ground reports, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 18 and 20-23 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.5 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 55 km S, SW, W, and NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 12 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-5.2 km (11,000-17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and almost 30 km NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 40 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from the Jakarta MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 30 January and during 1-2 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 20-22 and 25 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-3.7 km (10,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, and N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 4-14 January inclement weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. As many as 192 hot avalanches and 12 pyroclastic flows traveled 0.5-3 km ESE. Ash plumes from a total of 40 events rose as high as 3 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche and pyroclastic-flow signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week, and indicated lava-dome growth. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano in the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Based on information from PVMBG and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-15 and 17-19 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4.3 km (10,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, and SW.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, ground reports, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 6-12 January ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 15-40 km SW, W, NW, and NE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 21-28 December inclement weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. As many as 21 hot avalanches and pyroclastic flows traveled 0.7-1.5 km ESE, producing ash plumes that rose 1 km. Ash plumes from explosions rose as high as 3 km and drifted E and SW. Seismicity consisted of avalanche and pyroclastic-flow signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week, and indicated lava-dome growth. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on information from PVMBG, satellite images, and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25 and 27-28 December ash plume from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-4 km (11,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted 10 km SW on 27 December.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, satellite images, and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 16-22 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km (12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, SE, and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 13 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. On 15 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 3 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 35 km SE. On 7 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 26 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. On 1 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 24 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-16 November ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. A pyroclastic flow was visible on 8 November; an ash plume was generated but the altitude was unable to be determined due to a weather cloud in the area.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 30-31 October ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.4-7.6 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted over 35 km W on 31 October.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on information from PVMBG, and analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 21 October an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 6.1 (20,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 16 October an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45 km SW. On 20 October ash plumes rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 28 September-7 October inclement weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km E to SE. As many as three pyroclastic flows per day were detected, traveling as far as 3 km ESE. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 21-28 September foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 3 km E to SE. As many as five pyroclastic flows per day were detected, traveling as far as 4 km ESE. Ash plumes rose as high as 4.5 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 14-24 September foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km E to SE. As many as eight pyroclastic flows per day were detected, traveling as far as 4 km ESE. Ash plumes rose as high as 4.5 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate. Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 26-27 September ash plumes rose 1-2.5 km.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 8-14 September foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km ESE. As many as six pyroclastic flows per day were detected, traveling as far as 3.5 km ESE and SE. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated, although it had declined compared to the previous week. Deformation measurements showed deflation. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate. Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 September an ash plume from a pyroclastic flow rose to an altitude of 3.3 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. On 21 September an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Later that day a pilot observed an ash plume drifting 45 km SW at an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 2-9 September foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km ESE to SSE. The daily number of pyroclastic flows usually ranged from one to seven, although 11 were observed on 4 September; none were detected on 8 September. The pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 3.5 km E to SE and generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2.5 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate. BNPB reported that on 15 September pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 4 km ESE. Ash plumes rose as high as 3 km and drifted E, causing thick ashfall deposits in Berastagi, Kabanjahe, and surrounding areas. The number of displaced people totaled 2,572.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 2 September an ash plume from Sinabung rose 2 km above the summit. On 3 September an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 35 km W. The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 45 km W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on weather models and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 29-30 August an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 31 July-10 August foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung and the growing lava dome in the summit crater. White plumes rose as high as 500 m above the crater, and lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km S to SE. The occurrence of pyroclastic flows per day ranged from one to seven, although none were noted on 8 August. The pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 4 km E to SE and generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3 km. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes; RSAM values increased due to an increase of avalanche signals. Based on information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 13 August a pyroclastic flow generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater. A thermal anomaly was visible in satellite images. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on weather models and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 August ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 6.5 km (21,300 ft) a.s.l. and drifted about 35 km ESE. On 10 August an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
On 4 August BNPB reported that the eruption at Sinabung continued at a very high level. Lava was incandescent as far as 1.5 km SE and E down the flanks, and multiple avalanches were detected. Pyroclastic flows traveled at most 3 km ESE and SE, and ash plumes rose 2 km. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), with an exclusion zone of 7 km from the volcano on the SE sector, and 6 km in the E sector. There were 3,152 families (11,114 people) displaced in 10 shelters, and an additional 2,053 families (6,179 people) in temporary shelters.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on satellite images, webcam views, weather models, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 23 July an explosion at Sinabung generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-55 km W. An explosion on 26 July generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
During 18-19 July BNPB reported that Sinabung remained active; pyroclastic flows traveled 2.5-3 km E and SE, ash plumes rose as high as 1 km, and lava was active as far as 1.5 km SE. Seismicity was high and the lava dome continued to extrude. A total of 11,111 people (3,150 families) remained displaced. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Based on satellite images, weather models, and information from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 18-20 July explosions generated ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. White plumes rose 200 m on 21 July.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
On 11 July, BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained high and was characterized by avalanches, continuous tremor, and high lava-dome growth. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SE sector, and within 6 km in the E sector, should evacuate or remain in alternative housing.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 1 July an ash plume rose 2 km above Sinabung’s summit crater and drifted E. The next day an ash plume rose 1.6 km above the crater.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that foggy weather sometimes prevented visual observations of Sinabung during 22-29 June. White plumes rose as high as 500 m above the crater, and lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 3 km S and SE. Multiple pyroclastic flows per day during 22-26 and 28 June traveled 2.5-4 km down the flanks from the SSE to the SE. One pyroclastic flow was observed on 27 June. Ash plumes rose generally 3.5 km on most days, drifting E, SE, and S, although an ash plume rose as high as 5 km on 25 June. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes; RSAM values increased due to an increase of avalanche signals. Deformation data showed a trend of inflation. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained high. On 17 June there were 120 avalanches, four pyroclastic flows that traveled 2-3 km ESE and S, and lava was incandescent as far as 2 km S and SE. On 18 June a pyroclastic flow traveled 2.5 km SE and incandescent lava as far as 1.5 km SE was observed. Based on ground observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE during 18-22 June. On 23 June BNPB noted that 10,184 people (3,030 families) were displaced, housed in 10 different shelters. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained high. On 13 June six eruptions generated ash plumes that rose 1-2 km high and pyroclastic flows that traveled as far as 3 km SE. At 2140 about 200 people from Sukanalu village were ordered to evacuate. The report noted that 2,053 families (6,179 people) had been living in temporary shelters since June 2014. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
On 5 June BNPB reported that the Alert-Level increase for Sinabung on 2 June prompted 2,727 people (677 families) from the S and SE flanks to evacuate. PVMBG reported that foggy weather often prevented visual observations during 5-10 June, except for a few clearer periods on some days. White plumes rose at most 1 km above the crater, and lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km S and SE. Pyroclastic flows traveled 0.7-1.3 km daily down the S and SE flanks. Ash plumes from pyroclastic flows rose as high as 1 km during 5-6 and 10 June. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that foggy weather often prevented visual observations of Sinabung during 25 May-2 June, except for a few clearer periods on some days. White plumes rose 200-700 m above the crater, and lava flows on the flanks were incandescent as far as 2 km S and SE. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2-3 km down the S and SE flanks during 26-28 May. An ash plume from a pyroclastic flow on 28 May rose into the fog. Two pyroclastic flows occurred on 2 June but fog prevented visual observations. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes; RSAM values increased due to an increase of avalanche signals. Deformation data showed a trend of inflation. The Alert Level was raised to 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the S to E flanks should evacuate. On 3 June BNPB reported that the lava dome volume had increased to more than 3 million cubic meters and was unstable.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that foggy weather often prevented visual observations of Sinabung during 19-25 May, except for a few clearer periods on some days. White plumes rose as high as 800 m during 19-20 and 22-24 May. Lava from the lava dome was active as far as 1.5 km S during 21-23 May. On 24 May a pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km down the S flank and produced an ash plume that rose 500 m. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes; RSAM values increased due to an increase of avalanche signals. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 6 km on the S, 5 km on the SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that foggy weather prevented visual observations of Sinabung during 4-12 May, except for a few clearer periods on some days. On 4 May dense white-to-gray plumes rose 700 m above the summit. During 7-11 May white plumes rose as high as 700 m. Lava from the dome traveled 1 km S on 10 May. A pyroclastic flow originating from the lava dome traveled 3 km S on 12 May, and produced ash plumes mainly obscured by fog. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes; levels declined overall. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 6 km on the S, 5 km on the SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 6-12 April white plumes rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung; misty conditions prevented observations on 13 April. Lava was incandescent as far from the lava dome as 1.5 km S and SE. The main lava flow remained 2.9 km long. After pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 2 April, a new lava flow from the growing lava dome formed near the crater and traveled 170 m SSE. Recorded seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Overall seismicity decreased compared to 30 March-6 April. Tilt and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) data fluctuated but showed overall deflation. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 6 km on the S, 5 km on the SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions.
According to social media sources, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 28 April an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and a pyroclastic flow descended the flank. Meteorological cloud cover prevented satellite observations.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that during 6-12 April white plumes rose as high as 500 m above Sinabung; misty conditions prevented observations on 13 April. Lava was incandescent as far from the lava dome as 1.5 km S and SE. The main lava flow remained 2.9 km long. After pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 2 April, a new lava flow from the growing dome formed near the crater and traveled 170 m SSE. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, local and far tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Overall seismicity decreased compared to 30 March-6 April. Tilt and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) data fluctuated but showed overall deflation. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 6 km on the S, 5 km on the SE, and 3 km in other directions.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on PVMBG notices, BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung increased on 1 April. Seismicity increased. Pyroclastic flows traveled 3.5 km S and produced ash plumes that rose 2 km and drifted SW. Avalanches were detected and incandescent lava was observed at night. On 2 April pyroclastic flows traveled 4 km S and 1 km SE. Avalanches continued. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km on the S and SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on reports from PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 5 March an eruption at Sinabung generated a plume that rose 3 km above the summit. Satellite images detected an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 100-230 km WNW and NW. Later that day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 20 February an eruption from Sinabung generated ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 13.7 km (45,000 ft) a.s.l., drifted almost 540 km NW, and became detached. A lower-level eruption later that day produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 11-12 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 30 km SE.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, weather models, and ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 9 February an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 10-30 km W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 15 January an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 45 km NW. On 18 January BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained high; low-frequency earthquakes and constant tremor were detected. A pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km S and ash plumes rose 700 m. The number of people that remained displaced was 2,443 (795 families). The Alert Level was at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on satellite images, weather models, and ground observations, the Darwin VAAC reported an eruption from Sinabung on 10 January with an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. Ashfall was reported in nearby areas at night on 11 January. During 12-13 January ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
BNPB reported that an eruption at Sinabung occurred during 0833-0919 on 3 January; this event was larger than the events that had been occurring almost daily. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2-4 km down the flanks and ash plumes rose as high as 3 km. Ashfall was reported in Payung (5 km SSW), Tiganderket (7 km W), Selandi (5 km SSW), Juhar (20 km SW), and Laubaleng (35 km WSW). Since the September 2013 onset of activity, 2,443 people (795 families) still remained displaced.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on satellite images, webcam views, and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sinabung drifted almost 30 km SW on 24 December.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that 53 pyroclastic flows at Sinabung occurred during 8-16 December and traveled as far as 4.5 km S and 1 km SE. Ash plumes rose as high as 5 km and drifted W and SW. Since October a new lava dome had grown from the crater (on the W side of the lava tongue) and was 215 m long. The main lava tongue was about 2,947 m on 15 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on webcam views and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 10 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. The notice stated that the eruption was more significant and higher than the intermittent pyroclastic flows observed during the previous week. Eruptions during 11-16 December produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 4.3-6.1 km (14,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted at most 30 km N, NW, and W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam views and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 3 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Eruptions during 5-7 December produced ash plumes that drifted 2-20 km in multiple directions. On 14 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam views and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 2-3 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam views and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that duirng 19-20 November eruptions from Sinabung produced ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Continuous dense white plumes and intermittent pyroclastic flows were also visible. During 22-23 November intermittent pyroclastic flows recorded by the webcam reached the base of the volcano. On 23 November an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
On 14 November BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained elevated; avalanches occurred 79 times, and pyroclastic flows generated by three of the avalanches traveled 4 km S. Ash plumes rose 1 km and the lava flow was active 500 m down from the crater on the S and W flanks. The report stated that 2,986 people from 956 households remained displaced. The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes drifting W, SW, and S were recorded by a webcam during 12-18 November. Dense white plumes and intermittent pyroclastic flows were visible on 19 November.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
The Darwin VAAC reported that eruptions from Sinabung were recorded by a webcam during 4-7 and 10-11 November. Based on a report from PVMBG, the VAAC reported that an eruption on 9 November produced an ash plume that rose to altitudes of 3-3.7 km (10,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 35 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Darwin VAAC reported localized ash from Sinabung on 2 November, but a meteorological cloud in the area prevented further observations. A pyroclastic flow and an ash plume were recorded by the webcam on 3 November. The ash plume rose to an estimated altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE; the altitude of the ash plume was again uncertain due to meteorological cloud. On 4 November an ash plume observed with the webcam rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam views, wind data models, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 23-27 October ash plumes rose from Sinabung. During 23-24 October ash plumes drifted 15-40 km N and SW. A small eruption observed on the webcam on 25 October produced a minor amount of ash that drifted SW; a later ash plume drifted almost 30 km WNW. The next day another eruption generated an ash plume that drifted E. Ash emissions on 27 October were recorded by the webcam. The VAAC noted that PVMBG reported an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and then dissipated.
On 27 October BNPB reported that activity at Sinabung remained high; on 26 October pyroclastic flows traveled 3.5 km S and avalanches occurred multiple times. Hot ash clouds rose 2 km. The report stated that 3,284 people from 1,018 families remained in evacuation shelters.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on webcam views and wind data models, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-20 October daily small eruptions from Sinabung generated ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted 55 km NW during 15-17 October and ESE on 19 October.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
The Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption from Sinabung, observed in the webcam at 1248 on 8 October, generated a pyroclastic flow. An ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. (based on webcam views and wind models) and drifted E. Eruptions recorded at 0636 and 1107 on 9 October generated ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, based on webcam views and wind models. On 10 October satellite images and the webcam detected an ash plume drifting 55 km NE. An ash plume drifting SW at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. was recorded by the webcam on 11 October. On 14 October an ash plume was again recorded by the webcam and rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on reports from PVMBG, BNPB reported four eruptions from Sinabung on 5 October. The first one occurred at 0146, and produced a pyroclastic flow that traveled 4.5 km S and an ash plume that rose 2 km. The next three events, at 0638, 0736, and 0753, all generated pyroclastic flows that traveled 2.5-4.5 km S. The fourth event also produced an ash plume that rose 3 km. A news article stated that pyroclastic flows from a fifth event at 0900 were smaller, but again traveled 4.5 km after a sixth event at 1200.
According to the Darwin VAAC a low-level eruption recorded by the PVMBG webcam generated a pyroclastic flow on 6 October; some of the ash rose higher and drifted E. The Jakarta MWO noted that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S on 7 October. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations. A news article posted on 8 October noted that eruptions in the previous four days caused some evacuations.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); NBC News
According to news articles a pyroclastic flow at Sinabung traveled 2 km SE down the flanks at 1343 on 24 September. The height of a corresponding ash plume could not be determined because it rose into the cloud cover. About 4,700 people remained in evacuation shelters. On 30 September at 1720 an ash plume rose 2 km and a pyroclastic flow traveled 3.5 km.
Sources: Associated Press; People's Daily Online (China); Okezone
PVMBG reported that RSAM values from Sinabung were low and stable during 12-20 September. Earthquake signals indicating lava-dome instability were recorded and had increased from 96 to 110 events/day since the 5-11 September period. Seismicity also continued to signify growth of the main lava flow on the flanks; incandescent lava was visible at the top, middle, and front of the lava flow. The length of the lava flow was 2.9 km on 6 September. White and sometimes bluish plumes rose as high as 1 km above the lava dome. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2.5 km SE on 15 September and 2 km S on 18 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
CVGHM reported a white plume that was occasionally brown and blue reaching 100-2,000 m above Sinabung’s crater during 8-14 July. Pyroclastic flows were observed on 10 and 12 July from the W side of the crater. On 10 July, the hot flows reached a maximum of 3 km S while the flows on 12 July extended 3-4 km S. A spokesman from the national disaster management agency noted that hot ashfall occurred in several places around the Karo district, but did not merit further evacuations. CVGHM reported that SO2 emissions were measured once during 8-14 July and yielded 1,252 tonnes/day; during the elevated activity of 11-18 January 2014 values were as high as 3,796 tonnes/day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); GlobalPost.com
After more than a month of dome growth and lava flows, PVMBG reported that Sinabung erupted explosively again on 29 June. The eruption plume rose to 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and pyroclastic flows extended 4.5 km SE. Visual observations were impeded by inclement weather. About 14,000 persons remain evacuated since September 2013. The Alert Level remains at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); People's Daily Online (China)
PVMBG reported visual monitoring of Sinabung during 1-17 June from the Ndokum Siroga village (~8.5 km of the summit). Dome growth continued and was accompanied by a lava flow that was frequently visibly incandescent. The observatory noted that the lava flow (particularly avalanches from the flow front) presented a threat to areas S and SE within a 5 km radius from the summit. During this reporting period, seismicity was dominated by tremor associated with avalanches, and there was minor deformation. Alert Level 3 was maintained (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on webcam images, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 22 April an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 40 km W.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 23 March-8 April based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Dense white plumes rose at most 1.2 km above the lava dome. Lava had traveled 2.5 km down the flanks as of 6 April and was incandescent at various locations. Incandescent material originating from the edges of the lava dome and flow traveled up to 2 km S and 500 m SE. Tremor and volcanic earthquakes were detected, and signals representing avalanches from the unstable and still-growing dome decreased. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied but were relatively insignificant. The Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km on the S and SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on webcam images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 March an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. Meteorological cloud cover prevented satellite views. Gas emissions were noted on 30 March.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 15-22 March based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Dense white plumes rose 500 m above the lava dome daily, and as high as 1 km on 21 March. Lava had traveled 2.4 km down the flanks as of 20 March and was incandescent at various areas. Incandescent material originating from the edges of the lava dome and flow traveled up to 1.5 km S and 200 m SE. A pyroclastic flow traveled 3 km S on 17 March. Tremor and volcanic earthquakes were detected, and signals representing avalanches from the unstable and still-growing dome decreased slightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied between 300 and 598 tons per day, indicating no new magma. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 8-15 March based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Dense white plumes rose from the lava dome daily, as high as 1 km on most days; plumes rose 2 km on 12 March. Incandescent material originating from various parts of the lava dome traveled up to 2 km S and SE. Tremor and volcanic earthquakes were detected, and signals representing avalanches from the unstable and still-growing dome increased. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied between 300 and 598 tons per day. Observations on 13 March showed that lava from the dome had flowed 2.4 km downslope. The report also noted that three people burned during a pyroclastic flow on 1 February later died in the hospital bringing the total number of casualties from that day to 17. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on wind data, satellite images, and webcam images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 4-7 and 9-11 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3.7-4 km (12,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. Ash plumes drifted 35-165 km SW and W during 6 and 9-11 March.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on wind data, webcam images, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25 February-1 March and 3-4 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4 km (10,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-55 km E, NE, N, NW, W, and SW.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
On 19 February BNPB reported that villagers outside of the 5-km evacuation zone around Sinabung continued to return to their homes. Based on wind data and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 19 and 21-22 February ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-35 km NE and SW. Ash plumes were visible in webcam images during 23-25 February; ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.6 km (12,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. on 25 February and drifted 45 km E. On 24 February BNPB noted that 16,361 people remained in 34 evacuation shelters. Dense white plumes rose 100-300 m above the dome and incandescent material as far as 2 km SE from the dome was observed.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam images, Indonesian Met office notices, wind data, and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12-13 and 15-18 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-95 km N, NE, and E. On 16 February BNPB reported that villagers outside of the 5-km evacuation zone around Sinabung continued to return to their homes.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on reports from PVMBG, BNPB reported on 8 and 9 February that seismicity at Sinabung continued to be dominated by hybrid earthquakes, indicating pressure below the crater and a growing lava dome. Earthquakes associated with avalanches increased. The 9 February report noted that the number of displaced people reached 32,351 (9,991 families) in 42 evacuation centers. Refugees from 17 villages outside the 5-km radius were allowed to return to their homes, starting with four villages during the first phase.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 24-31 January based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. On 24 January dense white plumes rose as high as 1 km. During 25-26 and 28-31 January dense grayish-white plumes rose 0.1-1.5 km; on 27 January plumes rose 4 km. Each day pyroclastic flows traveled 0.5-4.5 km SE and S. Incandescent material was observed 0.2-1.5 km SE of the vent. Seismicity remained high, with constant tremor, hybrid earthquakes indicating a growing lava dome, and volcanic earthquakes. The number of low-frequency earthquakes continued to decrease. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km.
Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported on 31 January that since activity at Sinabung had not increased residents from 16 villages outside of the 5-km radius were allowed to return to their homes. At 1030 on 1 February a large dome collapse generated pyroclastic flows that traveled 4.5 km S, killing 15 and injuring two people that had entered the 5-km exclusion zone without permission. On 4 February the number of displaced people reached 31,739 (9,915 families) in 42 evacuation centers, many from outside of the exclusion zone.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that between 1200 and 1800 on 23 January pyroclastic flows traveled 1.5 km down Sinabung's S flank. The number of displaced people reached 28,715 (9,045 families) in 42 evacuation centers. Based on webcam views, satellite images, ground reports, and altitude and drift directions derived from wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 22-23 and 25-27 January ash plumes rose to an altitude 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 35-185 km N, NE, and E.
Sources: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 10-17 January based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Each day brownish white or gray and white ash plumes rose as high as 5 km, pyroclastic flows traveled 0.5-4.5 km E, SE, and S, and incandescent material was observed on the S and SE flanks as far as 3 km. Seismicity remained high, with constant tremor, hybrid earthquakes indicating a growing lava dome, and volcanic earthquakes. The number of low-frequency earthquakes continued to drop, however. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 3-10 January based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Each day ash plumes rose as high as 5 km, pyroclastic flows traveled 0.5-4.5 km E, SE, and S, and incandescent material was observed as far as 2 km SE and E. Roaring was periodically heard and burned trees on the S flank were noted on 4 January. Seismicity remained high, with constant tremor, hybrid earthquakes indicating a growing lava dome, and volcanic earthquakes. The number of low-frequency earthquakes dropped dramatically, however. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 7 km on the SE flank and 5 km elsewhere. Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that the number of hybrid earthquakes decreased on 11 January and volcanic earthquakes increased. Ash plumes rose 1-5 km and drifted W, and pyroclastic flows traveled 1-4.5 km SE and 1 km E. Several villages in the Namanteran district reported ashfall. The 11 January report noted that the number of displaced people reached 25,516 (7,898 families) in 38 evacuation centers.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that during 30-31 December 2013 Sinabung continued to be very active. Ash plumes rose as high as 7 km above the lava dome, pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 3.5 km SE, and incandescent avalanches traveled 1.5 km SE. On 3 January the lava dome continued to grow and collapse. Pyroclastic flows occurred 172 times and traveled 2-4 km SE, and ash plumes rose 2-6 km. Two villages located 6.5 km SE, Jerawa and Desa Pintu Besi, were evacuated. On 4 January pyroclastic flows were larger and more frequent. They continued to travel up to 5 km SE as well as 3.5 km SSE. Ash plumes rose 2-4 km. On 5 January the number of hybrid earthquakes increased, indicating a growing lava dome, and pyroclastic flows traveled 1.5-4.5 km SE. During 4-5 January pyroclastic flows were recorded 426 times. On 7 January ash plumes rose 1-6 km and drifted SW, and pyroclastic flows continued to travel 1.5-4.5 km SE. The number of refugees reached 22,145.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Sinabung increased during 21-26 December and indicated rising magma and lava-dome growth. Observers in Ndokum Siroga, about 8.5 km away, noted dense white plumes rising 70-1,200 m above the crater. Roaring was also periodically heard. A lava dome in the North Crater, visible on 24 December, was 56 m high and 210 m wide. During 25-26 December plumes were white and gray, and rose 300-400 m above the crater. On 26 December the lava-dome volume was estimated to be over 1 million cubic meters, with a growth rate of 3.5 cubic meters per second. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km.
On 30 December Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that the number of displaced people reached 19,126 (5, 979 families). They also noted that activity at Sinabung had increased. Collapsing parts of the lava dome generated block-and-ash flows as well as pyroclastic flows which traveled as far as 3.5 km down the SE flank. Explosions and pyroclastic flows generated ash plumes that rose at least 6 km above the crater.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on webcam images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 22 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km W. During 23-24 December ash plumes recorded by the webcam rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that observers in Ndokum Siroga, about 8.5 km away, noted gray plumes rising 1 km above Sinabung on 6 December. Grayish-white plumes rose as high as 400 m on 7 December, and dense white plumes also rose as high as 400 m the next day. Dense grayish-to-white plumes rose 70-200 m on 9 December. White plumes rose 100-150 m above the crater during 10-13 December. Tremor during 6-13 December was recorded continuously, with varying amplitude. The number of low-frequency earthquakes significantly increased on 7 December, and the number of hybrid earthquakes increased the next day. RSAM values had steadily increased since 28 November. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on webcam data, wind data, satellite image analysis, and PVMBG, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 4 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. Later that day and during 5-6 December ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-3.7 km (7,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. On 10 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 75 km NW. A few hours later an ash plume rose to an altitude of 11.6 km (38,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 90 km NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on webcam data and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-31 November and 2 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.5 km (10,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash plumes drifted 150 km W during 30-31 November and 55 km Won 2 December. On 3 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. According to a news report on 2 December, landslides killed nine people in the Gundaling village, 12 km E.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Associated Press
PVMBG reported three explosions from Sinabung on 17 November. The first explosion, at 2024, generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted SW, and a pyroclastic flow that traveled 500 m down the SE flank. At 2152 a dense ash plume from an explosion rose 500 m and drifted SW. Incandescent material was ejected 50 m away from the crater. At 2252 an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted SW. At 0704 on 18 November an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 8 km and drifted SW. A pyroclastic flow also traveled 800 m down the SE flank.
On 19 November at 2155 a dense ash plume rose 10 km, drifted SW, and exhibited lightning. Pyroclastic flows again traveled 500 m SE. Multiple explosions on 20 November (at 0240, 0405, 0529, 0619, and 0641) generated ash plumes that rose to heights between 1 and 3.5 km. An explosion at 1716 was detected by the seismic network but cloud cover prevented observations of possible plumes. White plumes rose 100 m on 21 and 23 November; misty conditions prevented visual observations on 22 November. On 23 November scoria fell in the Sigarang-garang and Desa Kuta villages in the NNE. Two explosions on 24 November, at 0043 and 0232, were detected but not visually observed. Ash plumes rose 8 km and drifted NNE at 0727, rose 1 km at 0812, and rose 3 km at 0855. Since Sinabung's activity continued to increase, PVMBG raised the Alert Level to 4 (on a scale of 1-4) on 24 November. PVMBG noted that residents and tourists were not to approach the crater within a 5-km radius, and that remaining residents in 17 villages around the volcano were to be evacuated. On 25 November Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that 17,713 people, out of the 20,270 residents living within 5 km, had been evacuated to 31 shelters.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
Based on webcam data and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-14 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 150 km NW and W. According to a news article, a pyroclastic flow traveled 1.2 km down the SE flank on 14 November, prompting more evacuations from villages near the base of the volcano. The article noted that more than 7,000 people had been evacuated from 10 villages.
An explosion observed with the webcam on 18 November produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. About 30 minutes later an ash plume also visible in satellite images rose to an altitude of 11.3 km (37,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 65 km W. Four hours later satellite images showed ash plumes at an altitude of 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. to the W of Sinabung and at an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. over the crater. On 19 November the webcam recorded an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. over the crater. A news article stated that later that night that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 10 km (32,800 ft) a.s.l.
A news article from 20 November noted that volcanologists updated the hazard map for Sinabung. The second-tier disaster-prone area, previously defined as a radius of 2-3 km from Sinabung’s crater, was expanded to 4-5 km.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Jakarta Post; Jakarta Post; Jakarta Post
Based on information from the Jakarta Meteorological Watch Office, webcam data, wind data, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. The next day an ash plume rose to the same altitude but was not observed in satellite images due to meteorological cloud cover. According to webcam views an eruption on 8 November produced a low-level ash plume. The Jakarta Meteorological Watch Office, the webcam, and satellite data detecting sulfur dioxide indicated two explosions on 10 November. The first one, at 0720, generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. The altitude of the second plume, from an explosion at 1600, was unknown. An ash plume on 11 November rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted less than 20 km SW. The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 40 km NW.
According to a news article posted on 12 November, more than 5,000 people from seven villages had evacuated their homes in recent days. The article noted that the government had called for an evacuation of people living within a 3-km radius of Sinabung, but people outside of that zone had also been evacuating.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Agence France-Presse (AFP)
An eruption began at 0126 on 3 November that generated ash plumes up to 7 km a.s.l. (~23,000 ft) and triggered evacuations from communities within 3 km of the volcano (approximately 1,681 residents); the ash plume drifted W. Rumbling sounds that lasted up to 10 minutes long were noted by staff at the Sinabung Observation Post (~8.5 km from the volcano). News agencies reported that this was the second largest eruption since the 24 October event that displaced more than 3,300 people.
The Alert Level was increased from Level II (Watch) to Level III (Alert) at 0300. A second eruption occurred in the afternoon. PVMBG reported that Sinabung had been erupting more frequently and with increasing energy.
PVMBG reported that elevated seismicity, including events of continuous tremor, was ongoing since 29 October. Relatively small ash explosions were also reported prior to the larger events on 3 November. During 29 October-2 November plumes rose to 200-2,000 m above the summit. Gas measurements conducted during 31 October and 1-2 November showed an SO2 flux of 226-426 tons per day; this was a general decrease in emissions. During 31 October ashfall was noted on the SE flank up to 1 km from the summit.
PVMBG reported that an eruption occurred at 1423 on 5 November. This event lasted for 20 minutes and generated an ash plume up to 3,000 m above the crater that drifted SW. Rumbling sounds were also noted by staff at the observation post. Pyroclastic flows were observed at 1431; the flows extended 1 km down the SE flank. No casualties were reported due to the event. The evacuated residents remained displaced on 5 November.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Associated Press
PVMBG reported that after 29 September, the day the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4), seismicity at Sinabung declined but continued to fluctuate through 22 October. White plumes were seen rising 100-300 m from the crater. On 22 October plumes were also grayish and rose 250 m. Vents appeared on the N flank and produced dense white plumes that rose 70 m. On 23 October landslides at two locations were observed, and explosions occurred at 1619 and 1651. Plumes rose from the summit crater and from a fracture formed on 15 October near Lau Kawar. Fog prevented observations for a period after the explosions; once the fog cleared dense gray plumes were observed. A third explosion occurred at 2100. On 24 October an explosion at 0550 generated an ash plume that rose 3 km and caused ashfall in areas S. Another explosion was detected at 0612. According to a news article about 3,300 people that evacuated their homes were mostly from two villages within 3 km of Sinabung, in the Karo district.
Based on information from the Indonesian Meteorological Office, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption at 1737 on 26 October generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.9 km (16,000 ft) a.s.l. At 0700 and 1200 on 27 October a webcam showed an ash plume rising to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting over 35 km NE.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Associated Press
According to the Darwin VAAC, the webcam recording activity at Sinabung showed on 18 September that ash had dissipated. The VAAC also noted that PVMBG confirmed Sinabung was degassing and not emitting any ash. According to a news article, about 6,000 people that had evacuated after the 15 September eruption started to return home on 22 September. The article noted that the volcano was continuing to emit ash.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); The Jakarta Post
CVGHM reported that seismicity at Sinabung fluctuated in 2012-2013, including during July-September 2013. During 1-14 September dense white plumes rose 100-150 m above the crater, and at 0255 on 14 September incandescence from the crater was observed. According to news articles an eruption at 0245 on 15 September produced an ash plume and ashfall in Sukameriah (50 km NE), Kutarayat, Kutagugung (16 km SW), and Berastagi (14 km E). About 3,000 people evacuated from areas within a 3-km radius of the volcano, and several flights at Medan's airport (55 km NW) were canceled. CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
An eruption at 1203 on 17 September ejected tephra and a dense ash plume that rose higher than the plume from 15 September. According to the Darwin VAAC, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 55 km SE. On 18 September a low-level ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); United Press International; Agence France-Presse (AFP); The Jakarta Post
CVGHM reported that on 22 September a white plume from Sinabung rose as high as 100 m above the crater. On 23 September the Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on information from CVGHM and views through a web camera, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 15-18 September ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. CVGHM reported a slow rate of inflation during 15-18 September followed by deflation during 19-21 September. Fog mostly prevented visual observations. On 20 September diffuse white plumes rose 30 m above the crater and drifted NE. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
CVGHM reported that during 8-11 September Sinabung emitted white-to-gray plumes that rose 30-100 m above the crater and generally drifted E. Deformation measurements during 8-14 September showed a slow rate of inflation. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and the CVGHM web camera, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 12 and 14 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.3-4.6 km (14,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
According to news articles, about 6,000 of the approximately 30,000 people that evacuated the area around Sinabung after the eruption during 29-30 August returned home within a few days because activity had decreased. The Darwin VAAC reported a large explosion on 3 September, based on information from CVGHM. News reports stated that the explosion vibrated homes and trees on the flanks, and generated a 3-km-high ash plume. CVGHM reported that another large explosion on 7 September produced an ash plume that rose 5 km above the crater and drifted SE. Strong vibrations caused by the explosion were detected as far away as 8 km SE.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); CNN; Associated Press; The Jakarta Post
CVGHM reported that on 28 August Sinabung emitted diffuse white plumes that rose 20 m and showed no signs of increased activity. On 29 August rumbling was heard, prompting authorities to contact and move people living within a 6-km-radius of the volcano. Later that day, an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater, and the Alert Level was raised to 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Media footage of the eruption at one point showed two closely spaced ash plumes from vents near the summit; the ash plumes caused domestic flights to be diverted. The next day a second, more powerful, explosion generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater. The number of people media sources reported had evacuated ranged from 20,000 to 30,000. Ash fell in nearby areas and a strong sulfur odor was reported. Nighttime video showed incandescent material descending the flank of the volcano.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Associated Press; Daily Mail
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
First Holocene eruption; ash explosions during August-September 2010
This report documents the first confirmed Holocene eruption at Sinabung, beginning on 27 August 2010 (figure 1). Sinabung is an elongated stratovolcano in the Karo plateau of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, ~80 km NNW of Toba. By 23 September the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) had reported six distinct eruptions (table 1), with another two (12 and 14 September) described by analysts at the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC).
Date | Time | Comment |
27 Aug 2010 | 1830 | First known eruption in historical time begins. |
29 Aug 2010 | 0010 | Activity not described. |
30 Aug 2010 | 0623 | Low plumes (see text); press reports stated about six hours of eruption and two fatalities (see text). |
03 Sep 2010 | 0438 | Described as a "large eruption" in VAAC report but volcanic ash not identifiable in satellite imagery. |
03 Sep 2010 | 1759 | Large (off-scale) seismic signal, followed by tremor. |
06 Sep 2010 | 2337 | "7 September" eruption--rising to altitude of 5 to 8 km, the largest eruption yet seen (see subsection below). |
12 Sep 2010 | 0732 | Based on web camera, Darwin VAAC reported an ash plume to 4.3-4.6 km (FL140-FL150). |
14 Sep 2010 | 0915 | Based on web camera, Darwin VAAC assessed ash plume to 4.3 km altitude, drifting E. |
Although widespread press reports indicated that the last eruption occurred in 1600, this statement is incorrect. CVGHM reported that Sinabung had no radiocarbon dates documented after 1600, but that solfataric activity was observed at the summit in 1912.
An initial phreatic eruption reported by CVGHM occurred on 27 August 2010 following heavy rainfall. Later activity ejected juvenile material and was clearly magmatic. Ash and scoria fell to the E and SE, covering the villages of Sukameriah, Gangpitu, Sigarang-Garang, Sukadebi, and Susuk. On 28 August, only a cloud of sparse white smoke was observed, rising to a height of 20 m.
On 29 August observers heard a rumbling noise. The hazard status was changed to Alert Level 4 (on a scale of 1-4), resulting in authorities relocating people living within a 6 km radius of the volcano. At 1000 on 29 August a continuous eruptive signal was recorded, with amplitudes ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. During the following night of 29-30 August activity became visible, and plumes reached 1,500 m above the crater rim. An explosion several hours later produced a white to medium dark plume. Subsequent explosions sent plumes to heights of ~ 100 m.
Footage of the eruption on 29 August showed two closely spaced ash plumes from vents near the summit. The ash plumes caused domestic flights to be diverted and the local Medan airport was closed. The next day (30 August) a second, more powerful, explosion generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater. Media sources reported that 20,000-30,000 residents had evacuated as ash fell in nearby areas and a strong sulfur odor was reported. Nighttime video showed incandescent material descending an undisclosed flank of the volcano. One news report described six hours of activity on 30 August as "... raining ash and debris across several miles and killing two villagers who suffered respiratory and cardiac problems." Although these fatalities were commonly noted in press reports, the cause of these fatalities (and whether linked to the eruption or coincidental) remained uncertain.
The Darwin VAAC, based on information from CVGHM, reported a large explosion on 3 September. News reports stated that the explosion caused vibrations of homes and trees on the flanks, and generated a 3-km-high ash plume. According to news articles, during 31 August-7 September about 6,000 evacuees had been able to return home because activity had decreased.
CVGHM described the 7 September explosion as the largest of the eruptive episode. It produced a gray-to-black ash plume that rose to a nominal ~ 5 km above the crater and drifted SE. Strong vibrations caused by the explosion were detected as far away as ~ 8 km SE. Andrew Tupper (Darwin VAAC) noted that the plume rose soon after midnight on the 7th and presented huge difficulties for both visual and satellite observations. The 5-km plume altitude estimate came from ground observers (time of observation unknown), but a pilot report noted the altitude as ~ 8 km altitude (FL250, 25,000 feet, over the M300 route). A Volcanic Ash Advisory noted those values and traced the report to CVGHM and observations around 0530 on the 7th (local time and date).
Monitoring campaign. Although there is no continuous monitoring at Sinabung, there is a hazard map to provide guidance to local officials (figure 2). CVGHM installed a near-real-time video monitoring system (see Information Contacts) to assess the volcano's behavior during this active episode. Monitoring included four seismic stations high on the mountain with data telemetered to the observation post. Other monitoring included tilt (from a station at 1,200 m elevation), deformation (electronic distance measuring surveying three reflectors measured from Sukanalu Teran village, 4 km from the summit), and sulfur-dioxide emissions (mini-DOAS, and environmental monitoring using a Drager X-am 7000 in residential areas).
Figure 2. Hazard map of Sinabung showing two zones, an inner "danger zone" and an outer "alert zone." Courtesy of CVGHM. |
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Camera: http://merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/aktivitas_merapi.php?page=aktivitas-merapi&subpage=kamera-g-sinabung); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Associated Press; Daily Mail; Jakarta Post; CNN.
Decreased activity following August-September 2010 eruption
Sinabung, which sits 80 km NNW of Toba caldera, produced its first confirmed historical eruption in August 2010 (BGVN 35:07). We present clarifications on our previous report, some seismic data from the interval 2-4 September 2010 that included large local tectonic earthquakes, episodes of continuous volcanic tremor, and the return of calm after mid-September 2010.
Clarifications. Kus Hendratno (of the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM) provided additional information about the first figure in our last Sinabung report (BGVN 35:07), which we had captioned as undated. The upper photo, taken from the SW, showed the second eruption on 3 September (in the evening) and shows a plume he considered to be deflected down the E flank by strong winds blowing down-slope. The lower photo was taken on 30 August from the NE. Hedratno did not know the date that the eruption ended. In addition, we described the 27 August 2010 eruption as the "first Holocene eruption" in BGVN 35:07. There was an unconfirmed historical eruption in 1881, and there may yet emerge evidence for other Holocene eruptions. Thus, we now prefer to refer to the 27 August eruption as the first confirmed historical eruption.
Additional information about 2-4 September 2010 activity. Table 2 presents some basic data on 2 to 4 September seismicity. These data are but a portion of a 4 September report by Agus Budianto (head of a geophysical team that responded to the crisis). The seismic data reflect both the presence of volcanic earthquakes, earthquakes interpreted as associated with emissions, far tectonic earthquakes, and tremor. The latter continued in all but one 6-hour time slot on the table, and in two cases, 1800-2400 on the 3rd and 0000-0600 on the 4th, tremor reached dominant amplitudes of 50 mm.
Date | Time | Volcanic earthquakes | Shallow volcanic earthquakes | Emission earthquake | Tremor amplitudes |
02 Sep 2010 | 0000-0600 | 12 at 3-63 mm; 5-15 s; S & P 0.5-4 s | 7 at 3.5-10 mm; 3.5-6 s | 2 at 2-6 mm; 48-53 s | -- |
02 Sep 2010 | 0600-1200 | 12 at 6-44 mm; 4.5-16 s; S&P 1-4 s | -- | 6 at 2-4 mm; 5-11 s | Continous (3 mm) |
02 Sep 2010 | 1200-1800 | 5 at 9-75 mm; 5-11 s; S&P, 0.5-4s | -- | -- | Continous (3 mm) |
02 Sep 2010 | 1800-2400 | -- | -- | -- | Continous |
03 Sep 2010 | 0000-0600 | -- | -- | -- | Continous |
03 Sep 2010 | 0600-1200 | -- | -- | -- | Continous |
03 Sep 2010 | 1200-1800 | -- | -- | -- | Continous |
03 Sep 2010 | 1800-2400 | 21 at 10-30 mm; 10-30 s; S&P 0.5-1.5 s | -- | -- | Continous |
04 Sep 2010 | 0000-0600 | 2 at 21.5-25 mm;14-15 s; S&P 2.5-3 | 1 at 18.5 mm; 5 s | -- | Continous |
04 Sep 2010 | 0600- 1200 | 6 at 9-100 mm; 10-32.5 s; S&P 1.5-2 | 4 at 2.5 mm; 7.5-9.5 s | -- | Continous (7 mm) |
04 Sep 2010 | 1200-1800 | 1 at 50mm; 17 s;S&P 1.5s | -- | -- | Continous (8 mm) |
During 2-4 September, fog often obscured the view. An eruption at 0438 on 3 September was accompanied by a roaring sounds and vibrations that were felt up to 8 km SE. A thick black plume erupted up to 3 km above the crater and drifted E. An eruption on the same day during the hours 1759 to 1801 also caused a roaring sound and weak vibrations that were felt up to 8 km away. Visual observations showed several periods of the eruption; early in the eruption, a black plume soared as high as 1 km above the crater and drifted E. Then, a plume that appeared "clotted" moved approximately 2 km down the E slopes, with most of the ash falling on the E slope. Finally, a plume rose vertically and took the shape of a mushroom. Electronic distance measurements after the eruption at 1759 on 3 September 2010 showed deflation (up to 4.5 mm). On 4 September, the weather was clear, and a thick white plume was visible reaching up to 50 m above the crater and drifting as far as 100 m down the E slope.
Activity during mid- to late-September 2010. CVGHM reported a few noteworthy eruptions, emissions, and changes occurred after early September. During 8-11 September observers saw white-to-gray plumes rising 30-100 m above the crater and generally drifting E. Deformation measurements during 8-14 September showed a slow rate of inflation. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and the CVGHM web camera, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 12 and 14 September ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.3-4.6 km altitude.
During 15 September-21 September 2010, based on information from CVGHM and views through a web camera, the Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes rising to an altitude of 4.3 km and drifting W. CVGHM reported a slow rate of inflation during 15-18 September followed by deflation during 19-21 September. Fog mostly prevented visual observations. On 20 September diffuse white plumes rose 30 m above the crater and drifted NE.
On 22 September a white plume rose as high as 100 m above the crater. The decrease in activity based on visual observations, seismicity, deformation, and SO2 concentration prompted CVGHM to lower the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 23 September, where it remained through at least mid-March 2011.
Information Contacts: Kus Hendratno, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Camera URL: http://merapi.bgl.esdm.go.id/aktivitas_merapi.php?page=aktivitas-merapi&subpage=kamera-g-sinabung); Agus Budianto, Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Republik Indonesia, Badan Geologi, Jalan Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung 40122 Indonesia.
Two simultaneous ash plumes from adjacent vents on 30 August 2010
Our previous report on Sinabung (BGVN 36:03) discussed the decreased activity following the 27 August-September 2010 eruption (BGVN 35:07). That was Sinabung's first confirmed Holocene eruption (although there was an unconfirmed eruption in 1881). The decrease in activity since that event prompted Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) to lower the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 23 September, where it remained through at least mid-March 2011. Sinabung is the highest mountain in North Sumatra and sits 80 km NNW of the Toba caldera.
This report includes a more recently available post eruption photo (figure 3). That photo was taken from an aircraft on 13 May 2011 and posted by Johnny Siahaan on Flickr (Siahaan, 2010).
This report also includes aspects of the eruption (Siahaan, 2010) during August-September 2010 (BGVN 35:07), including video of the Mt. Sinabung. Johnny Siahaan's video of 30 August 2010 shows a scene with two separate ash plumes rising together (figure 4). The larger plume emitted laterally (almost horizontally) but convection of the hot ash and gasses bent it into the vertical well out over the flank of the volcano. The other plume was initially smaller, escaping from an adjacent but distinct area of the summit, and rising nearly vertically. The two plumes appear to merge at altitude and then bend in the wind. What looks like an older plume in the distance near the beginning of the video rose and was strongly sheared in the wind. The "look direction" of the video was not stated.
Figure 4. Two separate ash plumes rising from two vents at Sinabung. Photo courtesy of Johnny Siahaan's Youtube video, 30 August 2010. |
References: Siahaan, J, Image 1414, Sinabung Flickr (URL: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnnysiahaan/5735509397/)
Siahaan, J, 30 August 2010, Mount Sinabung Eruption, YouTube video (URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMSkvYRxLwA )
Siahaan, J, 30 August 2010, Gunung Sinabung Meletus, YouTube video (URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMSkvYRxLwA )
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/).
17,000 evacuees as mid- to late-2013 eruption emits pyroclastic flows
In several issues of the Bulletin (BGVN 35:07, 36:03, and 38:04) we described the first confirmed eruption at Sinabung volcano (figure 1), which began 27 August 2010. This report notes ongoing eruptions along with more evacuations, more pyroclastic flows, and plumes as tall as 10 km.
The Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported that seismicity at Sinabung fluctuated during 2012 and through September 2013. During early September 2013, dense white plumes rose 100-150 m above the crater, and, on 14 September, incandescence from the crater was observed. Although this and several other instances of incandescence from the volcano's crater were reported during this eruption period, no MODVOLC thermal alerts were measured.
An estimated 16,000 people live within 10 km of the Sinabung volcano. Many photos of the volcano during this eruption can be found in an article from The Atlantic (Taylor, 2013). Some of the photos disclosed plumes otherwise little documented.
According to news articles, an eruption at 0245 on 15 September produced an ash plume and ashfalls in the towns of Sukameriah (50 km NE), Kutarayat (location uncertain), Kutagugung (16 km SW), and Berastagi (14 km E). About 6,000 people were evacuated from areas within a 3-km radius of the volcano, and several flights at Medan's airport (55 km NW) were canceled. CVGHM raised the Alert Level to III.
An eruption at 1203 on 17 September 2013 ejected tephra and a dense ash plume that rose higher than the plume seen on 15 September. According to the Darwin VAAC, on 17 September, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km and drifted 55 km SE. On 18 September a low-level ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted SE, dissipating later that day. The VAAC also noted that CVGHM had confirmed that Sinabung was degassing but not emitting any ash. The evacuees started to return home on 22 September.
Seismicity at Sinabung declined but continued to fluctuate through 22 October. White plumes were seen rising 100-300 m from the crater. On 29 September 2013, the Alert Level was lowered to II.
On 22 October grayish plumes rose 250 m. Vents appeared on the N flank and produced dense white plumes that rose 70 m. On 23 October landslides at two locations were observed, and explosions occurred at 1619 and 1651 hours. Plumes rose from the summit crater and from a fracture formed on 15 October near Lau Kawar, a lake at the foot of Sinabung. Fog prevented observations for a period after the explosions; once the fog cleared dense gray plumes were observed. A third explosion occurred at 2100 hours. On 24 October at 0550 and 0612 explosions s generated ash plumes, and at least one rose 3 km and deposited ashfall in areas S. Based on information from the Indonesian Meteorological Office, the Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption at 1737 on 26 October 2013 generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.9 km. At 0700 and 1200 hours on 27 October a webcam showed an ash plume rising to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifting over 35 km NE.
CVGHM reported elevated seismicity including continuous tremor ongoing since 29 October 2013. Relatively small ash explosions were also reported prior to the larger events on 3 November. During 29 October-2 November plumes rose to 200-2,000 m above the volcano's summit. Gas measurements conducted by CVGHM during 31 October and on 1-2 November showed a sulfur dioxide (SO2) flux of 226-426 tons per day; this was a general decrease in emissions compared to those measured routinely during the year In addition, remote sensing data suggested the formation of a new vent sometime between 29 October and 2 November 2013 near the NE summit crater.
During 31 October ashfall was noted on the SE flank up to 1 km from the summit. CVGHM reported that explosions occurred on 3 November at 0126 and 1615, both generating ash plumes up to altitudes of 7 km that drifting W. These triggered evacuations from communities within 3 km of the volcano (~1,681 residents). Rumbling sounds that lasted up to 10 min were noted by staff at the Sinabung Observation Post (~8.5 km from the volcano). News agencies reported that this was the second largest eruption since the 24 October event that displaced more than 3,300 people. The Alert Level was increased from Level II (Watch) to Level III (Alert) at 0300 on the 31st.
Another eruption was reported by CVGHM at 1423 hours on 5 November 2013. This event lasted for 20 minutes and generated an ash plume up to 3,000 m above the crater that drifted SW. Pyroclastic flows were observed at 1431 hours on 5 November that extended 1 km down the SE flank. No casualties were reported.
Based on information from the Jakarta Meteorological Watch Office, webcam data, wind data, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 November 2013 an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3 km (figure 2). In addition, a glowing spot was seen near Sinabung's summit.
The next day an ash plume rose to the same altitude but was not observed in satellite images because of meteorological cloud cover. Webcam images showed an eruption on 8 November that produced a low-level ash plume. The Jakarta Meteorological Watch Office, the webcam, and satellite data detecting SO2 indicated two explosions on 10 November. The first one, at 0720, generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km. The altitude of the second plume, from an explosion at 1600, was unknown.
An ash plume on 11 November rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted less than 20 km SW (figure 3). The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifted almost 40 km NW.
Based on webcam data and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-14 November an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifted almost 150 km NW and W. A pyroclastic flow traveled 1.2 km down the SE flank on 14 November, prompting more evacuations from villages near the base of the volcano.
An explosion observed with the webcam on 18 November 2013 produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.6 km. About 30 minutes later an ash plume also visible in satellite images rose to an altitude of 11.3 km and drifted 65 km W. Four hours later satellite images showed fresh ash plumes at an altitude of 9.1 km to the W of Sinabung and at an altitude of 4.6 km over the crater. On 19 November the webcam recorded an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.6 km over the crater. A news article stated that later that night that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 10 km.
A news article from 20 November noted that volcanologists updated the previous hazard map for Sinabung (see figure in BGVN 35:07). The second-tier disaster-prone area, previously defined as a radius of 2-3 km from Sinabung's crater, was expanded to 4-5 km.
CVGHM reported three explosions from Sinabung on 17 November 2013. The first explosion, at 2024, generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted SW, and a pyroclastic flow that traveled 500 m down the SE flank.
At 2152 hours that day a dense ash plume from an explosion rose 500 m and drifted SW. Incandescent material was ejected 50 m away from the crater. At 2252 an ash plume rose 1 km and drifted SW. At 0704 on 18 November an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 8 km and drifted SW. A pyroclastic flow also traveled 800 m down the SE flank.
On 19 November at 2155 a dense ash plume rose 10 km, drifted SW, and exhibited lightning. Pyroclastic flows again traveled 500 m SE. Multiple explosions on 20 November (at 0240, 0405, 0529, 0619, and 0641) generated ash plumes that rose to heights between 1 and 3.5 km. An explosion at 1716 was detected by the seismic network but cloud cover prevented observations of possible plumes. White plumes rose 100 m on 21 and 23 November, but misty conditions prevented visual observations on 22 November. On 23 November scoria fell in the Sigarang-garang and Desa Kuta villages in the NNE. Two explosions on 24 November, at 0043 and 0232 hours, were detected but not visually observed. Ash plumes rose 8 km and drifted NNE at 0727, rose 1 km at 0812, and rose 3 km at 0855. Since Sinabung's activity continued to increase, CVGHM raised the Alert Level to IV on 24 November. CVGHM noted that residents and tourists were advised not to approach the crater within a 5-km radius. Remaining residents in 17 villages around the volcano were to be evacuated.
News reported that on the morning of 25 November 2013 six new eruptive events sent "lava and searing gas" up to 1.5 km down the slopes, causing villagers to evacuate; this description apparently refers to pyroclastic flows. Volcanic material erupted as high as 2 km above the crater. The Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) reported that 17,713 people, out of the 20,270 residents had been evacuated to 31 shelters.
Based on webcam data and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 28-31 November and 2 December ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-5.5 km. Ash plumes drifted 150 km W during 30-31 November and 55 km W on 2 December. On 3 December ash plumes rose to an altitude of 8.2 km and drifted W. According to a news report on 2 December, landslides triggered by torrential rain buried houses and killed nine people in Gundaling village, 12 km E. On 4 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 8.2 km and drifted N. Later that day and during 5-6 December ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-3.7 km and drifted NW. CVGHM reported that observers in Ndokum Siroga, about 8.5 km away from the volcano, noted gray plumes rising 1 km above Sinabung on 6 December. They also saw grayish-white and dense white plumes as high as 400 m on 7 and 8 December, respectively. Dense grayish-to-white plumes rose 70-200 m on 9 December. White plumes rose 100-150 m above the crater during 10-13 December. Tremor during 6-13 December was recorded continuously, with varying amplitude. The number of low-frequency earthquakes significantly increased on 7 December, and the number of hybrid earthquakes increased the next day. RSAM (real-time seismic amplitude measurement) values of energy steadily increased since 28 November. The Alert Level remained at IV.
In conclusion, seismicity and images of ash plumes and pyroclastic flows suggest that the current eruption of Sinabung volcano began around 14-15 September 2013 and has continued through at least 11 December 2013.
Reference: Taylor, A., 18 November 2013, In Focus: The Eruptions of Mount Sinabung, The Atlantic (URL: http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/).
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) (also known as Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi-PVMBG), National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana-BNPB), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); CBC.CA News, Toronto, Canada (URL: http://www.cbc.ca/); The Atlantic (URL: http://www.theatlantic.com); ReliefWeb (a specialized digital service of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs-OCHA) (URL: reliefweb.int); and Volcano Discovery (URL: http://www.volcanodiscovery.com).
Dome eruption continues; fatal pyroclastic flow on 1 February 2014
The latest eruption of Sinabung volcano began mid-September 2013; activity through early December 2013 was reported in BGVN 38:09. This report describes the continuing eruption from December 2013 through April 2014, primarily drawn from reports issued by the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and reports from the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC). Many videos and photographs also emerged online, some of outstanding information content.
Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB — the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management) produced a map in 2013 showing disaster-prone areas near Sinabung (figure 8 and table 3). Orange shading shows the highest hazard area, Area III. The S and SE extensions of Area III project downslope, delineating regions and villages with high exposure to pyroclastic- and lava-flow hazards.
Feature in Indonesian | Feature in English |
Gunungapi | Volcano summit (triangle) |
Desa | Village (dot) |
Jaringan Jalan - Jalan Utama - Jalan Kolektor - Jalan Local - Jalan Lain |
Road network - Main road - Collector road - Local road - Alternate road |
Radius Gunungapi | Radial distance from volcano summit (3 km, red; 5 km, purple; 7 km, yellow; 10 km, black) |
KRB Tahun 2013 - Kawasan Rawan Bencana III, II, I |
Hazard-prone areas in 2013 - Hazard-prone area III (orange), II (purple), & I (yellow) |
Sumber | Information source |
December 2013-January 2014. Based on webcam images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 22 December an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifted 55 km W. During 23-24 December ash plumes recorded by the webcam rose to an altitude of 3 km.
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Sinabung increased during 21-26 December and indicated rising magma and lava-dome growth. Observers in Ndokum Siroga, about 8.5 km away, noted dense white plumes rising 70-1,200 m above the crater. Roaring was also periodically heard. A lava dome in the North Crater, visible on 24 December, was 56 m high and 210 m wide. During 25-26 December plumes were white and gray, and rose 300-400 m above the crater. On 26 December the lava-dome volume was estimated to be over 1 million cubic meters, with a growth rate of 3.5 cubic meters per second. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km.
On 30 December Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) reported that the number of displaced people reached 19,126 (5,979 families). They also noted that activity at Sinabung had increased. Collapsing parts of the lava dome generated block-and-ash flows as well as pyroclastic flows which traveled as far as 3.5 km down the SE flank. Explosions and pyroclastic flows generated ash plumes that rose at least 6 km above the crater.
BNPB reported vigorous eruptions during 30-31 December 2013. Ash plumes rose as high as 7 km above the summit lava dome, pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 3.5 km SE, and incandescent lava and ash traveled 1.5 km SE. Dome growth and vigorous related dynamics in January were documented on the Photovolcanica (2014) web site. Lightning, lava-dome growth, pyroclastic flows, and ash whirls ("twisters", shown below) were observed during Sinabung's eruptions.
On 3 January 2014 lava-dome collapses generated more than 100 pyroclastic flows that traveled 2-4 km SE. Two villages evacuated, Jerawa (Ds. Jeraya) and Desa Pintu Besi (Ds. Pintu Besi) (figure 8). On 4 January pyroclastic flows were larger and more frequent; they traveled up to 5 km SE and 3.5 km SSE. Ash plumes rose 2-4 km (figure 9). Roaring was periodically heard and burned trees on the S flank were noted. Seismicity remained high, with constant tremor, hybrid earthquakes indicating a growing lava dome, and volcanic earthquakes. The number of low-frequency earthquakes dropped dramatically, however.
Figure 9. A woman carrying her daughter in an agricultural plot near Sinabung as an ash plume rose and pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 4 January 2014. Photo by Ifansasti (2014). |
At 1600 (UTC) (2300 local) on 4 January 2014, MODVOLC satellite thermal alerts were measured over Sinabung for the first time in at least the last 10 years. (The MODVOLC system was described in the 1980's and an online version started during 2000-2001, although some similar thermal databases now span on the order of 4 decades (Ramsey and Harris, 2011; Wright and others, 2004)). Lava effusion was high, resulting in thermal alerts during much of January 2014. From the time of that first alert, nearly daily to weekly alerts were measured through May 2014.
During 4-5 January pyroclastic flows were recorded 426 times. On 5 January the number of hybrid earthquakes increased, indicating lava-dome growth, and pyroclastic flows traveled 1.5-4.5 km SE. On 7 January ash plumes rose 1-6 km and drifted SW, and pyroclastic flows continued to travel 1.5-4.5 km SE. The village of Payang, ~4.6 km S of Sinabung's summit, was blanketed by ash on 7 January 2014 (figure 10).
A pyroclastic flow photographed on 10 January appears in figure 11. BNPB reported that the number of hybrid earthquakes decreased on 11 January and volcanic earthquakes increased. Amid these January eruptions aAsh plumes rose 1-5 km and drifted W, and pyroclastic flows traveled 1-4.5 km SE and 1 km E. Several villages in the Namanteran district reported ashfall. On 16 January, satellite imagery showed a white ash plume underlain by previous deposits of gray pyroclastic flows (figure 12). Around this time, the number of refugees reached over 22,000 persons.
A number of images of the eruption of Sinabung volcano during the second week of January 2014 are available on the Photovolcanica website (Roscoe, 2014). James Reynolds captured some remarkable videos of pyroclastic flows at Sinabung on 21 January 2014 (Earth Uncut TV, 2014; Vervaeck, 2014). Those videos showed explosions that often initiated the pyroclastic flows. As the flows moved downslope, they rapidly formed turbulent, ash-laden currents comprising the bulk of the flow volume (see Figure 3). An image of the S flank of Sinabung taken on 14 January shows lava flows erupting from the summit (figure 13).
On 31 January 2014 Sinabung continued to effusively erupt viscous lava, further contributing to both the growth of the lava dome and the lava flow that descended the SE flank. The depression on the SE side of the volcano was mostly been filled by the lava flow, prompting concerns that pyroclastic flows lacked confinement and might take other paths to the S or E.
February 2014. On the morning of 1 February 2014 the lava dome collapsed and created one or two pyroclastic flows. As a result, 17 people (mostly students) died. All known fatalities occurred in Sukameriah village ('Ds. Suka Meriah,' figure 1). That village sits just over 3 km S of the summit, thus well within the 5-km-exclusionary zone. The resulting expanse of hot deposit generated a series of narrow spinning vortices ('twisters') of rising air and ash, that with height joined a rising plume (figure 14).
Figure 14. Twisters generated from pyroclastic flows at Sinabung on 1 February 2014. Courtesy of Plait (2014) (photo from video on Photovolcanica website). |
Waning trend. According to CVGHM, during 2-4 February 2014 no significant explosions or pyroclastic flows seemed to have occurred. Activity showed an overall decreasing trend. The number of seismic events related to the rise of new magma (hybrid earthquakes and tremor) had generally decreased over the preceding weeks. This corresponded to what was observed visually (when weather permitted clear views). Occasional medium-sized explosions and dome collapses produced pyroclastic flows that reached up to 3 km in length at 1350 on 3 February and at 0750 on 4 February.
Based on webcam images, Indonesian Met office notices, wind data, and ground reports, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 12-13 and 15-18 February ash plumes from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 25-95 km N, NE, and E.
During 15-23 February 2014 the eruption continued without significant changes, but with progressively decreasing activity. CVGHM noted the slow extrusion and gradual enlargement of the lava effusing from the summit vent and onto the S slope. Occasional rockfalls, ash emissions, and minor pyroclastic flows occurred as well. The erupted lava was determined to be andesite, typical of many stratovolcanoes in subduction settings.
March 2014. Based on wind data, webcam images, and satellite images, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 25 February-1 March and 3-4 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to altitudes of 3-4 km a.s.l. and drifted 25-55 km E, NE, N, NW, W, and SW. Darwin VAAC also reported that during 4-7 and 9-11 March ash plumes from Sinabung rose to 3.7-4 km a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. During 6 and 9-11 March ash plumes drifted 35-165 km SW and W.
PVMBG described activity at Sinabung during 8-15 March based on observations from a post in the Ndokum Siroga village, 8.5 km away. Dense white plumes rose from the lava dome daily, as high as 1 km on most days; plumes rose 2 km on 12 March. Incandescent material originating from various parts of the lava dome traveled up to 2 km S and SE. Tremor and volcanic earthquakes were detected, and signals representing avalanches from the unstable and still-growing dome increased. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied between 300 and 598 tons per day. Observations on 13 March showed that lava from the dome had flowed 2.4 km downslope.
On 15 March 2014, Sinabung was still at Alert Level 4 (the highest level). During 15-22 March 2014, there was a declining trend in the RSAM (real-time seismic amplitude measurement).
The volcano continued to be active on 18 March 2014 with no significant changes, but an overall decreasing trend. Lava effusion fed the S-flank lava lobe which had been mainly growing along its E side. No significant pyroclastic flows occurred, only frequent smaller rockfalls. Small ash plumes continued to be regularly visible on satellite imagery. The 18 March report indicated that seismicity decreased overall and hybrid earthquakes had disappeared. This suggested to the authors that pressure and magma supply rate had dropped significantly and that the eruption could be ending in the near future.
Based on webcam images, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 March an ash plume from Sinabung rose to an altitude of 4.3 km. Meteorological cloud cover prevented satellite views.
On 30 March 2014, CVGHM reported a slowly decreasing trend in activity, with little variation over the preceding weeks. The viscous lava lobe remained weakly sustained and continued to grow very slowly. An intermittent steam and an occasional ash plume often rose to ~4.2 km a.s.l. No new pyroclastic flows occurred. During 23 March-8 April dense white plumes rose at most 1.2 km above the lava dome. Lava had traveled 2.5 km down the flanks as of 6 April and was incandescent at various locations. Incandescent material originating from the edges of the lava dome and flow traveled up to 2 km S and 500 m SE. Tremor and volcanic earthquakes were detected, and signals representing avalanches from the unstable and still-growing dome decreased. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied but were relatively insignificant. Based on decreasing seismicity, deformation, and SO2 gas flux, CVGHM lowered the Sinabung Alert Level from 4 to 3 on 8 April 2014.
Flow paths into April 2014. Figure 15 shows two satellite images of Sinabung, the upper taken on 7 June 2013 (before the eruption) and the lower taken on 6 February 2014 (during the current eruption). The path of the pyroclastic and lava flows on the SE flank shows the extent of the devastated area and the orientation of other images (figures 13 and 16). Ashfall coated nearby villages and the flanks, as well as the coffee, chili pepper, and other types of plantations clustered at the foot of the volcano.
CVGHM prepared an image (figure 16) of the path along which lava and pyroclastic flows traversed down the S side of Sinabung, delineating the extent of the lava flows at various dates from 31 January through 6 April 2014. On 6 April 2014 the lava flow was 2.5 km from the volcano summit. The image of 6 February 2014 (figure 15) revealed that pyroclastic flows had gone ~4 km from the summit of Sinabung. Some of those pyroclastic-flow deposits appear outboard and below the lavas at the bottom of figure 9.
A report from CVGHM dated 10 April 2014 indicated that lava had recently extruded slowly, feeding a thick lobe on the S flank. The effusion rate had declined, hybrid earthquakes disappeared, and rockfall-induced seismicity decreased. Owing to these recent decreases in the intensity of activity, on 10 April authorities decreased the alert status from the Level 4 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4). People from some of the evacuated areas (to the E and NE) were allowed to return to their homes where they began the process of cleaning up the ash (of unstated thickness). Only the areas remaining off limits were within 3 km radius (eg., Sukameriah) and the SE sector village Berastapu (figure 8).
The lava lobe descending from the summit was considered by CVGHM to represent a large unstable mass draped onto the steep slope of the volcano. They acknowledged the risk of a sudden failure that could potentially result in a devastating pyroclastic flow. A pyroclastic flow did occur on 17 April 2014 at 1740, triggered by a partial collapse of the steep lava tongue. The flow was relatively small and only reached the then depopulated area at the base of the volcano.
Based on webcam images, satellite images, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 22 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.7 km and drifted almost 40 km W. MODVOLC thermal alerts were measured on 21 April 2014 at 1540 UTC and on 26 April 2014 at 1855 UTC.
Geophysical and geochemical plots. Figures 17 and 18 summarize measurements made and provided by CVGHM; figure 17 plots seismic signals measured from 7 November 2013 to 8 April 2014, and figure 18 plots various geochemical fluxes from1 September 2013 to 8 April 2014.
The deep volcanic ('VA') and hybrid earthquakes were among the earliest to show clear escalation, with the latter the most sustained. As seen on figure 17, all seismic data, except that associated with avalanches, decreased dramatically after mid-February 2014.
Figure 18 shows in the upper panel, the same seismic peak ('Letusan,' seismically detected eruptions) seen in the previous figure, an interval of high values measured in late December and especially prominent during early to mid-January. In the 2nd panel from the top, SO2 flux, there is a gap in data during the time of the eruption, due at least in part to the challenge of obtaining meaningful measurements in ash-choked plumes. Pronounced peaks occurred in available SO2 flux measurements during the periods 11-18 January and ~mid to late February 2014, with data gaps in their midst, probably for the same reasons just mentioned. Later and earlier measurements yielded much lower fluxes.
The 3rd panel down plots hot-spring-water temperatures ('suhu air panas'), which showed but gradual changes on the order of 0.5°C increase overall. The 4th and 5th panels down plot CO2 and H2S, respectively (in percent by volume) for the same area. Both those measurements display similar patterns. They lack data from January, around the time the eruption, thwarting direct comparisons to the eruption. In addition, CVGHM measured and reported deformation nearby Sinabung from tiltmeters and electronic distance measurement (EDM) equipment (not shown here). They also employ a webcam to monitor the volcano in clear weather.
References. BNPB, 2014, Disaster Map of Mount Sinabung (URL: http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/2014/04/09/peta-penurunan-status-gunung-sinabung/ ).
Bracken, M., 2014 (10 January), Eruptions at Mount Sinabung in Indonesia displace residents, Baltimore Sun Darkroom, (URL: http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2014/01/eruptions-at-mount-sinabung-in-indonesia-displace-residents/##2).
Carl, 2014 (6 January), The Road to Sinabung, VolcanoCafe (URL: http://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2014/01/06/the-road-to-sinabung/).
Earth Uncut TV — You Tube, 2014 (16 February), (URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nGoRPeZMjo&list=UULKYsEXfI0PGXeKYL1KV7qA ).
Ifansasti, U., 2014 (4 January), Villagers Evacuated As Mount Sinabung Eruptions Continue, Getty Images (URL: http://www.google.com/hostednews/getty/article/ALeqM5i60aXEMfqnd64Q0ILmbE2qrbV98A?docId=460700117&hl=en).
India Times, 2014 (14 January), Mount Sinabung volcano spews ash as seen from Kuta Tengah village in Karo district 14 Jan, 2014, Economic Times (URL: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/day-in-pics/january-14-2014/mount-sinabung-volcano-spews-ash-as-seen-from-kuta-tengah-village-in-karo-district/slideshow/28800393.cms).
Martin, M., 2014 (7 January), Indonesia's Mt. Sinabung continues to spew ash, Los Angeles Times Photography website (URL: http://framework.latimes.com/2014/01/07/mount-sinabung/##/9).
NASA Earth Observatory, 2014 (16 January), Roiling Ash Plume above Sinabung Volcano, (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=82872).
NASA Earth Observatory, 2014 (12 February), Changed landscape around Sinabung (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=83080&eocn=image&eoci=related_image).
Plait, P, 2014 (7 February), Like Volcanoes Aren't Scary Enough, Now They're Spawning Twisters, Slate (URL: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/02/07/volcano_twisters_ash_devils_spawned_from_sinabung.html).
Ramsey, M.S., Harris, A.JL., 2012, Volcanology 2020: How will thermal remote sensing of volcanic surface activity evolve over the next decade? J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.05.01.
Roscoe, R, 2014, Sinabung Volcano (Gunung Sinabung), Photovolcanica website (URL: http://www.photovolcanica.com/VolcanoInfo/Sinabung/Sinabung.html).
Wright, R., Flynn, L.P., Garbeil, H., Harris, A., Pilger, E., 2004.MODVOLC: near-real-time thermal monitoring of global volcanism. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 135 (1-2), 29-49; DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2003.12.008
Information Contacts: Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) (also known as Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi-PVMBG), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana-BNPB), Gedung Graha 55 Jl. Tanah Abang II No. 57, 10120, Jakarta Pusat (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); CBC.CA News (URL: http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/); Volcano Discovery (URL: http://www.volcanodiscovery.com); MODVOLC, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); and NASA Earth Observatory (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards).
Frequent eruptions, pyroclastic flows, and advancing lava-flow lobe during May-October 2014
On the basis of ash-plume reports from the aviation community around the time of this reporting, Sinabung ranked as the most active volcano in Indonesia, the world's fourth-most populated country. The volcano is located in the Karo Regency of N Sumatra (figure 19). The latest eruption began mid-September 2013; activity through April 2014 was reported in BGVN 39:01. This report describes the continuing volcanic activity from May 2014 through October 2014, primarily drawn from reports issued by the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and reports from the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC). During this reporting interval, many photographs of Sinabung emerged online, some with outstanding information content, but far too numerous to either catalog or feature here.
The Darwin VAAC describes their jurisdiction as covering ~150 active volcanoes located in the South Pacific region from the Philippines to the Solomon Islands, including Indonesia. They issued 1,511 Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) during the 12-month period, 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014 (their fiscal year 13/14; Darwin VAAC, 2014). During the next 7-month interval (ending 31 January 2015) the VAAC issued 742 reports (Darwin VAAC, 2015). These VAAs are part of their mission to create materials for warning and guidance to the aviation community, including aviation meteorologists, air traffic control offices, and airlines (e.g. dispatchers and pilots).
One way to assess the production of noteworthy ash plumes at volcanoes is to consider the number of VAAs issued, an assessment found in their Management Reports (Darwin VAAC, 2014; 2015). The Darwin VAAC issued Management Reports that both cover and extend beyond (i.e., both earlier and later than) this reporting interval (May to October 2014). Specifically, their reports cover 1 July 2013-30 June 2014 and 1 July 2014-31 January 2015. In both those intervals the largest number of VAAs issued for any single volcano in their region went to Sinabung. In the earlier interval this consisted of 537 out of 1,511 total regional reports; in the later interval, 321 out of 742 total regional reports.
The table in the section "Data compilation" at the bottom of this report also highlights a case at 12:32 UTC on 22 May 2014 of a rapidly growing cloud around Sinabung plausibly associated with an eruption there. The cloud reached ~15.2 km altitude and was initially assessed as eruptive and ash bearing. At the time forecasters felt there was sufficient evidence the cloud contained ash to warrant an advisory. A more detailed assessment made later determined the cloud to probably have been a cumulonimbus cloud (abbreviated Cb; a towering vertical dense cloud often associated with thunderstorms and atmospheric instability). The case illustrates the challenge of creating VAAs rapidly with limited information and time for analysis, balanced against the desire for high accuracy (with low rates of false positives and false negatives). Darwin VAAC (2015) also described the region as one with "...moist tropical convection that makes remote sensing difficult for much of the year."
During the reporting interval, Sinabung was the scene of both lava flows and vigorous dome-building eruptions that discharged significant ash plumes and pyroclastic flows (PFs). Lava flows constructed a several kilometer long tongue or lobe of lava on the flank to the S-SE. These events accompanied elevated seismicity.
During the reporting interval the Aviation Colour Code (ACC) issued by the VAAC was generally Orange; however, during the week of 15-21 October, the ACC was Red.
The ACC is a four-color scale used to inform the needs of the aviation community. The four colors denoting increasing risk are Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red. According to the World Organization of Volcano Observatories' website, Orange connotes "Volcano is exhibiting heightened unrest with increased likelihood of eruption." Red connotes "Eruption is forecast to be imminent with significant emission of ash into the atmosphere likely."
The CVGHM uses a separate volcanic hazard status code to warn people in the region. The Darwin VAAC Weekly report issued for 29 October-4 November 2014 gave this overview of the eruption and the variation in CVGHM's volcanic hazard status: "On 14 September 2013, a new eruptive phase began. By mid-October the volcano was degassing almost daily with small phreatic eruptions. Seismic and visual activity continued to build into November. After nine powerful explosions in a 24 hour period, the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) raised the Alert level to Level IV on 24 November 2013, the highest volcano rating. The status was decreased to Alert Level III on 8 April 2014."
During this reporting interval, lava flows advanced in the sector S- SE from the summit (figure 20). In accord with that lobe or tongue of lava, incandescent zones were at various times noted in different parts of the flows. As reported by CVGHM, avalanches from the front of the advancing lava flows occurred often. Scientists associated this process with a distinct seismic signal called an avalanche earthquake. CVGHM repeatedly warned residents that the lava flows and their associated avalanches could threaten areas to the S and SE within 5 km of the summit. Measurements of the length of this flow are included in the table at the bottom of this report. A previous map with clearer labels of the earlier flows appears as figure 16 in BGVN 39:01.
Seismicity at Sinabung included avalanche earthquakes, low-frequency earthquakes, tectonic earthquakes, volcanic earthquakes and ongoing tremor. Totals and measured averages of these seismic events are included when available (see table at bottom). CVGHM reported that the dominating seismic signals, avalanche earthquakes and intervals of constant tremor, were associated with the instability of the growing lava dome and lava flows.
During this reporting interval, numerous eruptions took place, often generating ash plumes and in some cases pyroclastic flow. During the eruptions, some ash plumes were detected by satellite imagery. Ground-based observations were also important. For example, CVGHM often detected Sinabung eruptions, PFs, and plumes via webcam. Darwin VAAC also benefited from the CVGHM webcam data in several of their VAAs. The VAAC has also begun to use social media to both dispense and retrieve operationally relevant information (Darwin VAAC, 2015). This has aided VAAC forecaster's understanding of, for example, whether residents have noticed ashfall during times when ash is not discernable due to meteorological clouds (Darwin VAAC, 2015).
During May and October 2014, PFs had runout distances up to 4.5 km and ash plumes rose up to 5.2 km altitude. White or slightly discolored plumes were the most common type reported by CVGHM. These plumes sometimes rose to as high as on the order of 1 km over the summit.
Figure 21 is a map of Sinabung and towns surrounding the volcano.
Photographs. The following are photos documenting events at Sinabung during this reporting interval. Ancillary information pertaining to each photo can be found in a table at the bottom of this report.
Figure 23. A pyroclastic flow (PF) captured at 0940 UTC on 2 September 2014. This PF traveled 1.5 km to the SE. Taken from the 27 August-2 September 2014 Darwin VAAC weekly activity report. |
Data compilation. Table 4 summarizes activity at Sinabung from May-October 2014. Data sources include reporting by CVGHM (often the original source), the Darwin VAAC (their Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs), Weekly Activity Reports; and other reports), the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana-BNPB), occasional news articles; and the Smithsonian-USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Reports.
Week | Remarks |
30 Apr-20 May 2014 | ACC: Orange |
21 May-31 May 2014 | ACC: Orange 22 May: At 1132 UTC, Darwin VAAC noted a suspicious, possibly ash bearing cloud around Sinabung in a MTSAT-2 IR image. In retrospective analysis, Darwin VAAC concluded the cloud was the beginning of a cumulonimbus (Cb) cloud forming due to atmospheric instability in the area (unrelated to the eruption). For more information, see text and the 21-27 May 2014 issue of the Darwin Weekly Activity Report. 26 May: Ash plume observed at 0132 UTC on MTSAT-2 satellite imagery. Plume extended 28 km SE at 3.4 km alt. Plume observed via webcam. Similar length ash plume again observed by satellite at 0432 UTC on 27th. VAA ended after plume no longer visible. |
01 Jun-17 Jun 2014 | Lava flow associated with dome growth. S and SE flank lava avalanches. Columns of white plumes rose 100-400 m over crater. Seismicity dominated by avalanche EQs and tremor, both associated with instability of dome and lava flows. 13th: Lava flow: ~2.796 km long. |
18 Jun-28 Jun 2014 | Visual monitoring from ~10 km ESE from summit (Post PGA Sinabung located in Ndokum Siroga village) confirmed ongoing dome growth and glowing areas of the lava flow. Avalanches from the flow front seen. 18-24th: Seismicity dominated by avalanche signals; minor deformation. |
29 Jun 2014 | CVMGH reported an eruption with a 4 km alt. ash plume. PF flows traveled 4.5 km SE. Ashfall noted in settlements of Sigarang-Garang and Sukanalu (figure 21). Earthquakes reached high (105 mm) amplitude for 64 minutes. Dome growth continued. A Xinhua news report from 29 June 2014, noted a reporter's telephone interview with a CVGHM authority; the basis for the article's claim of up to 14,382 people still evacuated. |
30 Jun-15 Jul 2014 | 8-14th: Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement (RSAM) values from 8-15th remained steady. SO2 flux: 1,252 metric tons/day. Dome growth and lava flows continued. 8 Jul: Thick white plume 100-200 m above summit. 38 avalanche EQs (max. amp. 2-70 mm). 9 Jul: Thick bluish plume to 100 m above summit. 54 avalanche EQs; continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-53 mm). 10 Jul: PF traveled up to 3 km S. Plumes of blue and brown color rose 200-2000 m above summit. 52 avalanche EQs and continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-53 mm.). 11 Jul: Thick white plume 300-1000 m above summit. 59 avalanche EQs; continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-52 mm). 12 Jul: Eruption at 2305; a PF moved ~4 km E. Ashfall at several places around Karo district. Maximum height of eruption column indeterminate. 88 avalanche EQs; 2 deep volcanic (VA) EQs. Continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-66 mm). No further evacuations reported. 13 Jul: Thick white plume to 400 m over summit. 92 avalanche EQs; 1 deep volcanic (VA) EQ. Continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-45 mm). 14 Jul: Lava flow: 2.824 km long. Thick white to bluish plume to 200 m above summit. 83 avalanche EQs; 3 deep volcanic (VA) EQs; continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-62 mm). 15th (until 0600LT): 34 avalanche EQs; continuous tremor (max. amp. 2-42 mm). |
16 Jul-29 Jul 2014 | 23 Jul: Molten lava captured in photo posted by CVGHM at 2207 on 22 July 2014 UTC. No ash identified on satellite imagery. No Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued. |
23 Jul-29 Jul 2014 | ACC: Orange |
13 Aug-19 Aug 2014 | ACC: Orange 13 Aug: 94 avalanche EQs; 2 deep volcanic EQs; 2 deep tectonic EQs; and continuous tremor. Lava ~1000-1500 m from summit moving SE. 14 Aug: PFs at 0728UTC and 0750UTC (figure 22). PFs traveled 1-1.5 km. White plumes rose 300-1000 m above the summit. 102 avalanche EQs; 3 deep volcanic EQs; and continuous tremor. Lava flow: ~2.904 km long. |
20 Aug-26 Aug 2014 | ACC: Orange 20-23 Aug: White plumes rose 100-300 m over crater. Continuous tremor. Avalanche EQs reported on 20-21 and 23 Aug. 22 Aug: PFs traveled 1.5 km to SE. 3 deep volcanic EQs recorded. 23 Aug: 3 southerly moving PFs observed. (1) 0356 UTC, and travelling 2 km; (2) 1140 UTC, and travelling 2 km; (3) 0409 UTC and traveled 1.5 km. |
27 Aug-02 Sep 2014 | ACC: Orange 29 Aug: PF traveled 1.5 km to SE. Time of PF is unknown. 2 Sep: PF at 0940 UTC traveled a distance of 1.5 km SE (figure 23). |
03 Sep-09 Sep 2014 | ACC: Orange 5-11 Sep: White plumes, appeared bluish on some days, rose 50-500 m over crater. Avalanche EQs (average of 96 events/day), low frequency EQs (average of 75 events/day), deep tectonic EQs, and deep volcanic EQs often recorded. Avalanches, travelling various distances observed moving SE and S. 6 Sep: Lava flow: 2.915 km long (figure 20). 7 Sep: Eruption at 1358 UTC that lasted 19 minutes. Plume rose 2 km above summit and ash from plume blown S (figure 24). Eruption's PFs traveled max distances of 2 km to SE. 1 eruption earthquake noted. |
10 Sep-16 Sep 2014 | 10-16 Sep: RSAM stable. 12-16 Sep: White plumes rose 100-1000 m over crater. On occasions, the plumes had a bluish tint. 12 Sep: Ash plume on webcam moving E/NE at 0140 UTC. Plume not identifiable on satellite imagery due to overlying clouds. Plume height of 3.7 km alt. (based on model data). Advisory terminated on UTC 13th at 0732 after satellite imagery indicated ash had dissipated. 15 Sep: PF traveled 2.5 km to SE. |
17 Sep-23 Sep 2014 | ACC: Orange 12-20 Sep: Average total of avalanche EQs was 110 events/day, average for volcanic EQs was 1 event/day, average for low frequency EQs was 75 events/day and tremor was continuously recorded. 17-20 Sep: White (sometimes bluish) plumes rose 100-200 m; RSAM stable. 18th: PFs reached 2 km to S. |
24 Sep-30 Sep 2014 | ACC: Orange 24 Sep: Eruption at 1343 emitted hot ash and gravel. Eruption lasted ~15 minutes and a PF descended ~2 km from summit. Eruption column height could not be determined. 4,700 residents remain in evacuation centers. 30 Sep: Eruption at 1720 sent volcanic ash 2 km above the summit. A PF traveled 3.5 km from summit; PF's direction was unstated. Recent eruptions covered settlements and agricultural lands around Sinabung with ash. News sources noted that farmers harvested their crops early to reduce losses. |
01 Oct-07 Oct 2014 | 5 Oct: Four eruptions took place. (1) 0146: volcanic ash sent 2 km over crater and a PF moved max distance of 4.5 km S; (2) 0638: PFs traveled 2.5 km S; (3) 0736: PFs traveled 3 km S; and (4) 0753: eruption column with ash rose 3 km and PFs traveled 4.5 km S. No additional refugees were reported. Two other eruptions that caused PFs were reported at 0900 and 1200. 6 Oct: Low-level eruption observed on webcam starting at 0120 UTC. Eruption plume moved E and a PF also seen moving below the summit. 7 Oct: Volcanic ash at 5.2 km alt. moving S. Ash not identifiable in satellite imagery. |
08 Oct-14 Oct 2014 | ACC: Orange 8 Oct: At 0543 UTC, an initial VAA issued for an in-progress eruption. Eruption first noted through webcam, but no ash was seen in satellite imagery. Eruption produced a 4.9 km eruption column and a PF (both were observed by webcam at 0543 UTC) (figure 25). Another eruption observed at 2336 UTC by webcam. 9 Oct: A low-level plume moving NE seen in satellite imagery at 0332 UTC. According to a 0531 UTC VAA, several eruptions were observed over the last 6 hours via webcam. Darwin VAAC weekly report noted that eruption from 8th reached the provincial capital Medan and disrupted flights on the 9th. 10 Oct: Eruption was observed via webcam at 0200 UTC and through satellite imagery at 0132 UTC. In the imagery from 0132 UTC, an eruption plume extended 30 NM NE. Volcanic ash was noted at 0335 UTC in satellite imagery and was last seen at 0632 UTC extending 30 NM NE. 11 Oct: Webcam captured a 3 km ash plume drifting SW. 12 Oct: Volcanic ash on webcam at 0030 UTC to SE at 3.1 km alt. Volcanic ash was again observed at 0600 UTC via webcam. 14 Oct: Ash plume recorded by webcam rising 4 km and moving SW. |
15 Oct-21 Oct 2014 | ACC: Red 15 Oct: At 0036 UTC, an eruption took place that sent ash 500 m over crater and a PF 2.5 km (direction unstated). At 0200 UTC, Sinabung was observed on webcam to 4.3 km alt. Eruption column moved N. Continuous small eruptions seen via webcam, during daylight hours. 17 Oct: Ash rose to ~ 3.7 km alt. In photos taken by a pilot, ash seen extending ~15 mi to W of Sinabung. On ground, PF extended 3.5 km and ash was thrown up 2.5 km, according to a picture taken at 0409 UTC. 19-20 Oct: Eruption columns seen via both ground-based and aerial images (figure 26) |
22 Oct-28 Oct 2014 | ACC: Orange 23 Oct: Eruption observed via webcam. Eruption column rose to 4.3 km alt. and extended 10 NM to N at 0400 UTC. 25 Oct: Eruption at 0249 UTC seen via webcam. Volcanic ash at 4.6 km alt. identifiable through satellite images from 0332 UTC. Plume extended 15 NM to W-NW. Eruptions also seen via webcam at 1000 UTC and 2312 UTC. In a 2331 UTC VAA, ash plume reported at 3 km and drifting E based on webcam. 26 Oct: Activity reported as high. PFs traveled 3.5 km S on two occasions and an ash plume rose 2 km over crater. Lava moved distances of 700-1000 m from summit. 27 Oct: Eruption at 1013 UTC seen via webcam. BNPB reported ~3,000 people remained in evacuation shelters. |
29 Oct-30 Oct 2014 | ACC: Orange |
References. Associated Press, 2014, Volcano in Western Indonesia erupts again, accessed on 28 September 2014, (URL: http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/volcano-western-indonesia-erupts-25720623 )
Darwin VAAC, (6 August) 2014, VAAC Darwin Management Report [discussing 1 July 2013 to the 30 June 2014], International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); Eighteenth Meeting of the Meteorology Sub-Group (Met Sg/18) Of Apanpirg; ICAO Regional Sub-Office, Beijing, China; 18–21 August 2014 [Agenda Item 7.4: Research, development and implementation issues in the MET field, [7.4] Advisories and warnings, MET SG/18 - IP/17; Agenda Item 7.4; 6 August 2014; (Presented by Australia)]; 5 pp. (URL: http://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/2014 METSG18/IP17_AUS AI.7.4 - VAAC Darwin Management.pdf )
Darwin VAAC, (18 February) 2015, Darwin VAAC Management Report [discussing 1 July 2014-31 January 2015], International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Fifth Meeting of Meteorological Hazards Task Force (MET/H TF/5), Seoul, Republic of Korea, 18 March 2015 [Thirteenth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Regional Opmet Bulletin Exchange Working Group (Robex Wg/13), ROBEX WG/13 & MET/H TF/5 – WP/C6; Agenda Item (conjoint session) 2 (Presented by Australia)] (URL: http://www.icao.int/APAC/Meetings/2015 ROBEXWG13/WP-C6 - AI.2 - AUS - Darwin VAAC Management Report.pdf )
Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana-BNPB), 2014, Four time Sinabung, Normal Community Activity, accessed on 6 October 2014, (URL: http://bnpb.go.id/berita/2211/empat-kali-sinabung-meletus-masyarakat-beraktivitas-normal)
The Jakarta Post/Asia News Network, 2014, Mount Sinabung erupts again, accessed on 6 October 2014, (URL: http://news.asiaone.com/news/asia/mount-sinabung-erupts-again)
Okezone.com, 2014, accessed on 28 September 2014, (URL: http://news.okezone.com/read/2014/10/01/340/1046715/hujan-abu-gunung-sinabung-guyur-karo-petani-menderita )
Pixshark.com, accessed on 7 April 2015 (URL: http://pixshark.com/peta-gunung-sinabung.htm)
World Organizations of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), Aviation Colour Codes, accessed on 8 April 2015, (URL: http://www.wovo.org/aviation-colour-codes.html)
Xinhua News Agency, 2014, 2nd LD Writethru: Mount Sinabung in Indonesia erupts, triggering massive evacuation, accessed on 29 June 2014, (URL: http://www.globalpost.com/article/6190943/2014/06/29/2nd-ld-writethru-mount-sinabung-indonesia-erupts-triggering-massive)
Xinhua News Agency, 2014, Mount Sinabung erupts in Sumatra, Indonesia, accessed on 28 September 2014, (URL: http://english.cntv.cn/2014/09/24/ARTI1411549583755731.shtml).
Information Contacts: Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) (also known as Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi-PVMBG), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana-BNPB), Gedung Graha 55 Jl. Tanah Abang II No. 57, 10120, Jakarta Pusat (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); and Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/).
Eruption continues during November 2014-April 2015
The latest eruption of Sinabung began in mid-September 2013 (BGVN 38:09) and was previously described through October 2014 (BGVN 39:01 and 39:10). This report describes the continuing eruption from November 2014 through April 2015. Data were primarily drawn from reports issued by the Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) and the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC).
The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) throughout the reporting period. Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 5 km on the S and SE flanks, and 3 km in the other directions. According to the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB), by the middle of November, activity had displaced 2,086 people from 956 households.
Activity fluctuated during the reporting period, with frequent explosions, intermittent pyroclastic flows, and lava flows. Explosions generated ash plumes that generally rose to altitudes of 3-4.6 km. According to PVMBG, a new lava dome began to develop in October 2014 on the W side of the SSE-flank lava flow.
On 14 November there were 79 avalanches reported, with three of them generating pyroclastic flows that traveled 4 km S. PVMBG reported that 53 pyroclastic flows occurred during 8-16 December 2014 and they traveled as far as 4.5 km S and 1 km SE; ash plumes rose as high as 5 km. By 15 December the dome was 215 m long and the main lava flow was about 3 km long.
BNPB reported that an explosion in the evening of 3 January 2015 was larger than previous, almost daily, explosions. Pyroclastic flows traveled 2-4 km down the flanks and ash plumes rose as high as 3 km. Ashfall was reported in Payung (5 km SSW), Tiganderket (7 km W), Selandi (5 km SSW), Juhar (20 km SW), and Laubaleng (35 km WSW).
On 18 January BNPB reported that activity remained high, with low-frequency earthquakes and constant tremor being recorded. A pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km S and ash plumes rose 700 m. The number of displaced people had increased to 2,443 (795 families).
Elevated activity continued through February and March 2015. Plumes on 20 February and 5 March 2015 rose to altitudes as high as 13.7 km and 9.1 km, respectively. Based on PVMBG notices, BNPB reported that activity increased on 1 April. Seismicity increased and pyroclastic flows traveled 3.5 km S and produced ash plumes that rose 2 km. Avalanches were detected and incandescent lava was observed at night. On 2 April pyroclastic flows traveled 4 km S and 1 km SE, and avalanches continued.
PVMBG reported that seismicity declined during 6-12 April, compared to 30 March-6 April. However, lava was incandescent as far as 1.5 km S and SE of the lava dome. The main lava flow remained 2.9 km long. After pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 2 April, a new lava flow from the growing dome formed near the crater and traveled 170 m SSE. Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, local and distant tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Tilt and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) data fluctuated but showed overall deflation.
Thermal anomalies, based on MODIS satellite instruments analyzed using the MODVOLC algorithm, were observed an average of 3-5 days per month during the reporting period. Four pixels were observed 8 and 15 December 2014, 5 March 2015, and 2 April 2015, and five pixels were observed on 13 December 2015.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB) (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/)
Eruption that began in September 2013 continued during May-October 2015
The eruption of Sinabung which began in mid-September 2013 (BGVN 38:09 continued during May-October 2015. Data were primarily drawn from reports issued by the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG, CVGHM) and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB).
During the reporting period, activity remained at high levels, but fluctuated over time, with frequent explosions, intermittent pyroclastic flows, and lava flows. PVMBG reported that fog and other inclement weather often prevented visual observations.
The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) through May, but on 2 June it was raised to 4, signifying that people within 7 km in the SSE sector and 6 km in the ESE sector should evacuate. According to BNPB, this increase was a result of a sharp rise in activity during the previous several days, including an increase in the lava dome volume to more than 3 million cubic meters and greater dome instability. The higher Alert Level prompted the evacuation of 2,727 people (677 families) from the S and SE flanks. BNPB noted that by 29 June a total of 10,645 people (3,150 families) had been displaced.
White and white-gray plumes frequently rose 200-1,000 m above the crater. Ash plumes were common, some caused by explosions and others generated by pyroclastic flows. The ash plumes generally rose up to 4.3 km in altitude, but several rose to 6-7 km and one rose to 7.6 km on 30-31 October. During 9-15 September, explosions caused thick ashfall deposits in Berastagi, Kabanjahe, and surrounding areas.
Pyroclastic flows from the lava dome were common, ranging from 0 to 8 per day. The flows traveled up to 4 km down the S, SE, ESE, and SSE flanks, often generating ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km above the crater. Lava from the dome traveled down the S and SE flanks during late May to late June, and down the E, ESE, SSE, and SE flanks during September and October. The lava was incandescent 1.5-3 km down the flanks.
Seismicity consisted of avalanche signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. During mid-May seismicity declined, but at the end of May, avalanche signals increased. Elevated numbers of avalanche signals were also reported during 24-30 June and 12-18 August. During 27 May-2 June, deformation data trended toward inflation. The trend continued until 16-22 September, when deflation was observed.
Thermal anomalies based on MODIS satellite instruments analyzed using the MODVOLC algorithm, were observed each month during June-October 2015. None were reported in May, while the highest number, ten, occurred in June. The number of days with anomalies during other months ranged from 3-8. In September, five alert pixels were present on the 4th, and four on the 20th.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB)(URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Eruption that began in September 2013 continues during November 2015-April 2016
The latest eruption of Sinabung began mid-September 2013 (BGVN 38:09). Since then, activity was persistent through October 2015 (BGVN 39:01, 39:10, 40:10, and 41:01). This report describes the continuing eruption from November 2015 through April 2016. Data were primarily drawn from reports issued by the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG, CVGHM), the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB).
Inclement weather sometimes prevented visual observations, including the growing lava dome in the summit crater. Throughout the reporting period, the Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that people within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, should evacuate.
According to Darwin VAAC and PVMBG reports, a number of ash plumes were observed each month (table 5). They generally rose to altitudes of 3-4.5 km, although a few rose as high as 5.5 km; the summit is about 2.5 km. A pyroclastic flow on 8 November 2015 generated an ash plume, but clouds obscured its altitude.
Date | Ash plume altitude (km) | Ash plume drift |
06 Nov 2015 | 4.6 | -- |
15-16 Nov 2015 | 3.7 | SW, E |
24 Nov 2015 | 3.3 | -- |
26 Nov 2015 | 4.3 | SW |
01 Dec 2015 | 3.4 | -- |
03 Dec 2015 | 3 | 35 km SE |
07 Dec 2015 | 3.7 | SW |
13 Dec 2015 | 4.3 | SW |
15 Dec 2015 | 4 | 75 km W |
16-22 Dec 2015 | 3.7-4.3 | SW, SE, E |
25 Dec 2015 | 3.4-4 | -- |
27-28 Dec 2015 | 3.4-4 | 10 km SW |
06-12 Jan 2016 | 3.7-4.3 | 15-40 km SW, W, NW, NE |
13-15, 17-19 Jan 2016 | 3.4-4.3 | NW, W, SW |
20-22, 25 Jan 2016 | 3-3.7 | NW, W, N |
30 Jan, 01-02 Feb 2016 | 3.7-4.3 | SW |
09 Feb 2016 | 3.7 | 40 km NW |
12 Feb 2016 | 3.4-5.2 | W, 30 km NE |
18, 20-23 Feb 2016 | 3-5.5 | 55 km S, SW, W, NW |
24 Feb-01 Mar 2016 | 3.6-4.3 | 45 km various |
02, 05-06 Mar 2016 | 3.6-4.3 | 55 km SE, SW, W |
09-10, 13-15 Mar 2016 | 3.6-4.9 | 25-55 km NW, W, SW |
16-19, 21-22 Mar 2016 | 2.7-4.9 | 65 km WSW, W, WNW, NW |
23-24, 27-29 Mar 2016 | 3.9-5.5 | 55 km NW, W, SW |
30 Mar-02 Apr, 04 Apr 2016 | 3.3-4.2 | W, NW |
06, 08-10, 12 Apr 2016 | 3.3-4.8 | SW, W, WNW |
14-16 Apr 2016 | 3.9-4.5 | NNW, NW, W |
20-21, 23-24, 26 Apr 2016 | 3.6-4.5 | 15-50 km SW, W, NW |
28-30 Apr 2016 | 3.6-4.2 | W, WSW |
PVMBG reported that, during 21-28 December 2015, as many as 21 hot avalanches and pyroclastic flows traveled 0.7-1.5 km ESE, producing ash plumes that rose 1 km. Ash plumes from explosions rose as high as 3 km and drifted E and SW. Seismicity consisted of avalanche and pyroclastic-flow signals, low-frequency and hybrid events, tremor, tectonic events, and volcanic earthquakes. Seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week, and indicated lava-dome growth.
According to PVMBG, during 4-14 January 2016, as many as 192 hot avalanches and 12 pyroclastic flows traveled 0.5-3 km ESE (figure 27). Ash plumes from a total of 40 events rose as high as 3 km. Consistent with the previous month, seismicity fluctuated at high levels, although it had declined compared to the previous week.
On 10 April 2016, BNPB reported that activity remained high, characterized by almost daily lava extrusion and pyroclastic flows, and high levels of seismicity. BNPB noted that 9,322 people (2,592 families) remained in 10 evacuation centers. Many families awaited relocation; 1,212 people had already been permanently relocated to new homes.
Thermal anomalies, based on MODIS satellite instruments analyzed using the MODVOLC algorithm, were observed seven days every month during November 2015-April 2016, except for six days in December and 12 days in January. Three pixels were observed on 25 December, 30 January, and 2 February; four pixels were observed on 12 November and 19 January; five pixels were observed on 23 January. The Mirova (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity) volcano hotspot detection system, also based on analysis of MODIS data, detected numerous hotspots every month during the reporting period.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/, http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Eruptions Blog, Wired Magazine (URL: https://www.wired.com/category/science/science-blogs/eruptions/).
Eruption continues during May-October 2016; multiple fatalities from pyroclastic flows and lahars
The latest eruption of Sinabung that began mid-September 2013 (BGVN 38:09) had persisted through April 2016 (BGVN 41:09). This report describes the continuing activity from May-October 2016, and unfortunately included a fatality. Data were primarily drawn from reports issued by the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (PVMBG, CVGHM), the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB).
Inclement weather sometimes prevented visual observations. Throughout the reporting period, the Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4), indicating that the public should remain outside of a 3-km radius; those within 7 km of the volcano on the SSE sector, and within 6 km in the ESE sector, and 4 km in the NNE sector should evacuate.
According to the Darwin VAAC and PVMBG reports, a number of ash plumes were observed each month (table 6). They generally rose to altitudes of 3.3-5.5, although one rose as high as 5.9 km.
Date | Ash plume altitude (km) | Ash plume drift |
04-05, 09-10 May 2016 | 3.6-4.8 | W |
11-13, 16 May 2016 | 3-4.5 | SW, W, WNW, NW |
18, 21-22, 24 May 2016 | 3.6-5.5 | S, E |
26-29 May 2016 | 3.6-4.9 | -- |
05-07 Jun 2016 | 3.3-3.9 | SW |
10-11 Jun 2016 | 3.3-5.9 | S, WSW, W |
19-20 Jun 2016 | 4.3-4.6 | SE, E |
25-27 Jun 2016 | 3.7 | E |
29 Jun-05 Jul 2016 | 3.4-5.5 | Multiple |
06, 08-09, 11 Jul 2016 | 3.7-5.5 | SE, E, NE, W |
15-16, 19 Jul 2016 | 4.6 | NW, W, SW |
21-22, 24-25 Jul 2016 | 3.7-4.6 | NW, NE, SE |
27-28 Jul, 01 Aug 2016 | 4-4.3 | NE, E, SSE |
03-05, 07 Aug 2016 | 3.7-5.5 | SE, NE, NNW |
15 Aug 2016 | 4.3 | E |
17, 21-22 Aug 2016 | 4 | SE |
26 Aug 2016 | 6.1 | NW, NNE |
29 Aug 2016 | 4.6 | ENE |
30 Aug 2016 | 5.2 | NW |
01-03 Sep 2016 | 4.3-5.5 | W, WSW |
17 Sep 2016 | 3.3 | E |
23-25 Sep 2016 | 3.6-4.2 | E, ESE, SE |
28-29 Sep 2016 | 3.6-3.9 | E |
05 Oct 2016 | 3.3 | SE |
12 Oct 2016 | 4.6 | E |
26, 29 Oct 2016 | 4.2 | SSE |
31 Oct-01 Nov 2016 | 3.4 | NE |
According to BNPB, a lahar passed through Kutambaru village, 20 km NW of Sinabung and near the Lau Barus River, at 1545 on 9 May 2016, killing a boy and injuring four more. One person was missing. A news article (Okezone News) noted that three houses were also damaged.
BNPB reported that a pyroclastic flow descended the flanks at 1648 on 21 May, killing six people and critically injuring three more. A later CBS news account on 22 May indicated that seven people had died, with two in critical condition. The victims were gardening in the village of Gamber, 4 km SE from the summit crater, in the restricted zone. The report noted that activity remained high; four pyroclastic flows descended the flanks on 21 May.
On 3 July, BNPB reported that the eruption continued at a very high level. Lava was incandescent as far as 1 km down the SE and E flanks, and multiple avalanches were detected. An explosion at 1829 generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km and drifted E and SE, causing ashfall in Medan (55 km NE). There were 2,592 families (9,319 people) displaced to nine shelters, and an additional 1,683 families in temporary shelters waiting for relocation.
According to BNPB, on 24 August, observers at the PVMBG Sinabung observation post noted a marked increase in seismicity and counted 19 pyroclastic flows and 137 avalanches from the early morning until the late afternoon. Foggy conditions obscured visual observations through most of the day, although incandescent lava as far as 500 m SSE and 1 km ESE was noted in the morning, and a pyroclastic flow was seen traveling 3.5 km ESE at 1546. The lava dome had grown to a volume of 2.6 million cubic meters. Activity remained very high on 25 August; pyroclastic flows continuously descended the flanks, traveling as far as 2.5 km E and SE, and 84 avalanches occurred during the first part of the day.
Thermal anomalies. During the reporting period, thermal anomalies, based on MODIS satellite instruments analyzed using the MODVOLC algorithm, occurred during one to five days every month. Only three days had more than one pixel (1, 3 May, 8 October). The Mirova (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity) volcano hotspot detection system, also based on analysis of MODIS data, detected thermal anomalies every month during the reporting period within 5 km of the volcano, with the heaviest concentration in May and fewest in September and October.
Information Contacts: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Okezone News (URL: http://news.okezone.com/); CBS News (URL: http://www.cbsnews.com/).
Constant activity through September 2017, with ash plumes, block avalanches, and pyroclastic flows
Indonesia's Sinabung volcano, located on North Sumatra, had its first confirmed Holocene eruption between 27 August and 18 September 2010; ash plumes rose up to 2 km above the summit, and falling ash and tephra caused fatalities and thousands of evacuations (BGVN 35:07). It remained quiet after the initial eruption until 15 September 2013, when a new eruption began that has continued for over three years. Details of events during October 2016-September 2017 are covered in this report. Information is provided by, Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), referred to by some agencies as CVGHM, the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB).
Summary of activity during November 2013-September 2016. Thousands of evacuations took place during November and December 2013 when ash plumes reached heights between 6 and 11 km altitude multiple times. Ashfall from hundreds of pyroclastic flows in January 2014 covered communities in the region. Lava flows emerged from the summit in mid-January 2014 and traveled down the S flank. Pyroclastic flows on 1 February 2014 killed 17 people in the village of Sukameriah, located 3 km S of the summit (BGVN 39:01). The lava flow had advanced 2.5 km from the summit by 6 April 2014. Lava flows, ash plumes, and pyroclastic flows persisted throughout 2014 and 2015. Ash plumes generally rose up to about 5 km altitude, and pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4.5 km from the summit throughout this period (BGVN 39:10). Repeated lava dome growth and destruction was also reported by PVMBG during this time (BGVN 40:10).
Increases in lava dome volume and instability during June 2015 again led to evacuations of thousands living within 7 km of the volcano. Ash deposits were common in the communities up to 10-15 km away. Similar activity continued into 2016, with tens of pyroclastic flows affecting nearby communities during many months. In April 2016, over 9,000 people remained in evacuation centers. Ash plumes were reported 3-8 times each month by the Darwin VAAC between April and October 2016, with plume altitudes ranging generally from 3-5.5 km. Several fatalities were reported during May 2016 (BGVN 42:02). A lahar passed through Kutambaru village, 20 km NW of Sinabung, on 9 May and killed one and injured four people. A pyroclastic flow on 21 May 2016 killed 7 people in the village of Gamber, 4 km SE from the summit. Ashfall was reported during July 2016 more than 50 km NE, and incandescent lava was visible up to a kilometer from the summit. Continuous pyroclastic flows were reported on 25 August 2016, with an ash plume observed at 6.1 km altitude the following day.
Summary of activity during October 2016-September 2017. Ash plumes, block avalanches, and pyroclastic flows were all nearly constant at Sinabung throughout this period (table 7). The number of explosions recorded every month ranged from 37 (March 2017) to 105 (June 2017). The number of Volcanic Observatory Notices to Airmen (VONAs) each month ranged from 34 (September 2017) to 93 (June 2017). The Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes on 17 or more days every month of 2017 through September. Thermal anomaly signals also persisted throughout, likely caused primarily by dome growth and incandescent block avalanches.
Month | Days with Ash Plume Reports | Ash Plume Altitudes (km) | Ash Plume Drift | Explosions reported (PVMBG) | Number of VONA's issued (MAGMA) | Comments |
Oct 2016 | 5, 12, 26, 28-29, 31 | 3.4-4.6 km | SE, E, SSE, NE | -- | -- | -- |
Nov 2016 | 1, 2, 6, 11, 13, 14, 20, 29, 30 | 3.4-5.8 km | E, W, E, NE, SE | -- | -- | Multiple brief explosions; pyroclastic flows observed 1, 2 Nov |
Dec 2016 | 15, 17, 19-21, 26, 27, 29-31 | 3.0-6.1 km | SSE, E, S, SE, NW, S, SW | -- | -- | Hotspot visible in satellite images on 30 Dec |
Jan 2017 | 1, 8-15, 17-20, 22, 24, 26-31 | 3.4-5.5 km | WSW, W, E, ESE, SW | 101 | 58 | Ash 50 km E and 75 km NE on 8 Jan; hot spot in satellite imagery 10 Jan |
Feb 2017 | 1-14, 16-22, 24-26, 28 | 3.0-5.5, 6.7, 7.4 km | SSE, S, NE, E, SE, SW, WSW, W | 88 | 70 | 4 Feb explosion caused ash plume to 7.4 km altitude |
Mar 2017 | 1, 2, 5, 7-18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29 | 3.0-5.5 km | WNW, NW, SSE, NNW, W, S, SW, NE, N, E, ESE | 37 | 34 | Highest plumes, on 17 and 18 March, rose to 5.5 km altitude and drifted W and WSW |
Apr 2017 | 5, 7, 9-20, 22, 24-30 | 3.0-5.5, 8.4 km | ESE, E, SE, WNW, SSE, SSW, W, SW, WSW, NNE, S | 104 | 58 | Large explosion on 9 April, ash plume reported by a ground observer to 8.4 km altitude, drifting SE |
May 2017 | 2-12, 14-17, 19-20, 23-31 | 3.4-8.8 km | WSW, WNW, NW, SW, S, E, SE, NE, ESE, W, ENE | 87 | 58 | Series of large explosions during 17-20 May, several plumes rose to altitudes between 6.1 and 8.8 km |
Jun 2017 | 1-27, 29, 30 | 2.7-5.5, 6.4 km | NE, N, WNW, ENE, ESE, SE, SW, W, S, E, NW, NE, SSW, SSE | 105 | 93 | -- |
Jul 2017 | 2-3, 6, 8-11, 14, 15, 17-31 | 2.7-6.1 km | ESE, NW, ENE, E, SE, W, WSW, SSW, ENE, NE | 91 | 64 | -- |
Aug 2017 | 1, 2, 6-10, 12, 16, 23-29, 31 | 2.7-5.5, 6.4 km | ENE, SE, E, S, W, ESE, WNW, NNW, WSW | 61 | 76 | Large explosion on 2 Aug with ashfall in many places; Hotspots reported 6, 7 Aug |
Sep 2017 | 1, 3, 7, 8, 12-16, 18, 22, 23, 25-29 | 3.0-5.5, 6.1-6.4 km | ENE, WSW, E, W, NW, SE, ESE, SW | 55 | 34 | -- |
Activity during October 2016-September 2017. The visiting head of PVMGB observed an ash plume from an explosion on 28 September 2016. Ash emissions continued at Sinabung, with multiple aviation advisories issued by the Darwin VAAC through the end of 2016. Explosions generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3.0-6.1 km, and drifted in multiple directions during the last quarter of 2016 (table 7). Pyroclastic flows were observed several times during November (figure 28), and a hotspot was visible in satellite imagery on 30 December.
Figure 28. A large pyroclastic flow descended the E flank of Sinabung on 29 November 2016 in this view taken a few kilometers SE of the volcano. . Courtesy of Sadrah Peranginangin. |
Activity during January 2017 was dominated by incandescent block avalanches (figure 29). PVMBG reported 101 ash-bearing explosions with plumes rising up to 1 km above the summit, and pyroclastic flows that traveled up to 3 km ESE and 500 m S. A You Tube video captured a pyroclastic flow and ash plume on 17 January 2017. Ash plumes were reported by the Darwin VAAC on 21 days during the month with plume heights ranging from 3.4-5.5 km altitude.
Figure 29. Block avalanches descended the E flank of Sinabung many times during January 2017, including at 0134 local time on 17 January, as seen looking to the WSW. Courtesy of Endro Lewa. |
Near-daily ash plumes from 88 explosive events during February 2017 rose to heights of 500-5,000 m above the summit (3.0-7.5 km altitude), and pyroclastic flows traveled 3.5 km E and 1 km S. The Darwin VAAC reported ash emissions on all but three days of the month. A large explosion on 4 February sent an ash plume to 7.4 km altitude that then drifted SE (figure 30), and on 9 February a large ash plume drifted WSW at 6.7 km altitude.
Block avalanches continued to travel 500-2,000 m down the ESE flank during March 2017. Ash plume heights ranged from 500 to 3,000 m above the summit (3.0-5.5 km altitude) during the 37 explosion events reported by PVMBG (figure 31). Pyroclastic flows traveled 2.5 km down the S flank. The highest plumes of the month were recorded on 17 and 18 March; they rose to 5.5 km altitude and drifted W and WSW. The Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes during 21 days of the month.
Figure 31. Photo of an ash plume at Sinabung on 29 March 2017 at 1548 local time, in this view looking W. Courtesy of Igan S. Sutawijaya. |
During April 2017, block avalanches were observed traveling between 800 and 3,500 m down the SSE flank (figure 32), and 104 explosions were recorded by PVMBG. Ash plumes from these explosions rose to heights of 800 to 3,500 m above the summit. Pyroclastic flows descended 2.8 km down the S flank. A large explosion on 9 April reported in a VONA by a ground observer sent an ash plume to 8.4 km altitude, drifting SE. Pyroclastic flows were also observed on the SE flank. The Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes on 22 days of the month.
Ash plumes rose between 500 and 6,000 m above the summit during May 2017. Eighty-seven explosive events were recorded (figure 33), and block avalanches were observed traveling 500-1,500 m down the S and SE flanks. The Darwin VAAC reported ash plumes on 26 days during the month. A series of large explosions during 17-20 May resulted in several plumes that rose to altitudes between 6.1 and 8.8 km, in addition to numerous others at lower altitudes between 3.7 and 5.8 km. As of late May, over 9,000 people were still displaced from the volcano, living in either shelters or evacuation camps, according to BNPB.
Figure 33. Strombolian activity at the summit of Sinabung on 1 May 2017. Courtesy of Sadrah Peranginangin. |
Incandescent block avalanches and pyroclastic flows were persistent during June 2017. They moved down the SE and S flanks up to 2,500 m. PVMBG reported 105 explosive events with plume heights ranging from 500-4,000 m above the summit (figure 34). The largest explosions of the month, on 17 June, generated ash plumes that rose to 6.4 km altitude and drifted 15 km SW. The Darwin VAAC reported ash emissions every day except for 28 June.
Figure 34. Ash plume rose from Sinabung on 26 June 2017. The view is from a small village about 7 kilometers ENE of the summit. Courtesy of Endro Lewa. |
PVMBG reported 91 explosive events during July 2017 that produced ash plumes that rose 500-3,500 m above the summit. They also noted four pyroclastic flows that traveled 1-3 km down the S and SE flanks. Block avalanches continued on the S and E flanks, traveling as far as 3 km. The Darwin VAAC issued reports on 24 days during July. The largest explosions occurred on 20 and 23 July when ash plumes rose to 5.8 and 6.1 km altitude and drifted WSW, ENE, and SE (figure 35).
Figure 35. A large ash plume from Sinabung rose more than 5 km above the summit on 20 July 2017. The view is from a small village about 7 kilometers ENE of the summit. Courtesy of Endro Lewa. |
Although fewer explosive events (61) were reported during August, block avalanches continued to travel 500-2,300 m down the SE flank. Ash plumes rose 500-2,000 m above the summit; 22 pyroclastic flows traveled up to 4.5 km down the SE flank. The Darwin VAAC issued reports of ash emissions on 17 days of the month.
A large explosion on 2 August sent ash emissions to 5.5-6.4 km altitude (figure 36). The S-drifting plume brought ashfall to the communities of the Ndokum Siroga District (SE), Simpang (7 km SE), Gajah (8 kmE), Kabanjahe (13 km SE), and Naman Teran (5 km NE) (figures 37 and 38). PVMBG reported that the explosions of 2 August destroyed the lava dome at the summit, which had grown since April 2017 to about 2.3 million m3 in size before the explosion (figure 39). The volume of the lava dome was an estimated 23,700 m3 on 6 August, after the explosions.
Figure 36. Photo showing the large eruption from Sinabung on 2 August 2017, with a dark ash plume and pyroclastic flows. Image taken 5 kilometers E of the summit, looking W. Courtesy of Endro Lewa. |
The explosions also produced pyroclastic flows that traveled SE and E 2.5-4.5 km and reached the Laborus river, increasing the size of a natural dam on the river that had been evolving from previous deposits. Ashfall was also reported to the E and NE at Berastagi (12 km E). Hot spots were recorded in satellite imagery on 6 and 7 August. Additional ash plumes to similar altitudes (5.5-6.4 km) were reported several other times during August (figure 40 and 41).
Figure 41. Ash and steam plumes and block avalanches at Sinabung on 25 August 2017 in this view from a small village about 7 km ENE of the summit. Courtesy of Endro Lewa. |
The impact of numerous pyroclastic flows on the SE and E flanks during 2016-2017 caused a natural dam to form on the Laborus River near Desa Sukanalu and Kutanonggal Village (figure 42). The estimate of the area covered by water behind the dam was over 100,000 m2 prior to the early August explosions, about one-tenth the size of Lake Laukawar, located further upstream.
Activity diminished only slightly during September 2017. PVMGB reported 55 explosive events with ash plumes that rose 500-4,000 m above the summit (figure 43). Block avalanches fell 500-1,500 m down the SE flank, and five pyroclastic flows were observed in the same area which traveled 1.5 – 2.0 km. Reports of ash emissions were issued by the Washington VAAC on 17 days of the month. The highest ash plume during the month rose to 6.4 km altitude on 25 September.
Figure 43. A lava dome and ash plume at the summit of Sinabung on 17 September 2017. Courtesy of Sadrah Peranginangin. |
Thermal anomalies. Thermal anomalies persisted throughout October 2016-September 2017. MODVOLC thermal alerts were reported 1-10 times every month except for June 2017. The MIROVA system recorded persistent low to moderate radiative power (figure 44) consistent with the dome growth, explosions, and block avalanches reported by PVMBG.
References: Associated Press, 2017, Raw: Indonesia's Sinabung Volcano Spews Hot Ash (URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3KhjpHVeaw), posted to YouTube 17 January 2017.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URLs: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/, https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, (URL: https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Xinhua News (URL: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-08/03/c_136497362.htm); Igan S. Sutawijaya (URL: https://www.facebook.com/igansutawijaya/); Endro Lewa (URL: https://www.instagram.com/endro_lewa/); Sadrah Peranginangin (URL: https://www.facebook.com/sadrah.peranginangin).
Large explosion with 16.8 km ash plume, 19 February 2018
Indonesia's Sinabung volcano has been highly active since its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010; ash plumes initially rose up to 2 km above the summit, and falling ash and tephra caused fatalities and thousands of evacuations (BGVN 35:07). It remained quiet after the initial eruption until 15 September 2013, when a new eruptive phase began that has continued uninterrupted through February 2018. Ash plumes rising several kilometers, avalanche blocks falling several kilometers down the flanks, and deadly pyroclastic flows travelling more than 4 km have all been documented repeatedly during the last several years. Details of events during October 2017-March 2018, including the largest explosion to date on 19 February 2018, are covered in this report. Information is provided by, Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), referred to by some agencies as CVGHM or the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB). Additional information comes from satellite instruments and local observers.
When activity began in 2010, and again when eruptions resumed in 2013, many news accounts included statements that Sinabung had last been active 400 years ago, or even saying specifically that the last eruption was in 1600 CE. Those claims appear to have been caused by a misunderstanding related to the boundary time that Indonesian volcanologists use to categorize volcanoes. Those volcanoes with historical activity, defined as being about 400 years ago (corresponding to the beginning of the Dutch East India Company era), are in the "Type A" group. Those in the "Type B" group, including Sinabung prior to 2010, have not had reported activity in more than 400 years. Using charcoal associated with the most recent pyroclastic flow, Hendrasto et al. (2012) determined that the last previous eruptive activity was 1200 years before present using carbon dating techniques, or 740-880 CE (at 1 sigma).
Although activity remained high from October 2017 through March 2018, a gradual decline in the overall eruptive activity from the beginning of 2017 was apparent. The number of explosions per month generally declined, with no explosions reported during March 2018, for the first time since August 2013 (figure 45). The thermal anomaly record was similar; periods of high heat flow persisted through mid-November 2017, followed by a gradual reduction in the amount of thermal activity, although the intensity remained consistent, according to the MIROVA project (figure 46). Much of the heat flow was attributed to the dome growth at the summit; the dome was destroyed in the large explosion of 19 February 2018.
Throughout the period from October 2017 through 19 February 2018, steam plumes were constantly rising to heights of 1,000-2,400 m above the summit. Avalanche blocks were ejected daily down the E and S flanks from 500-3,500 m, and multiple pyroclastic flows each month traveled between 1,000 and 4,600 m down the SE flank. Tens of explosions occurred monthly, generating ash plumes that rose from 500 to 5,000 m above the summit. Explosive activity was more intermittent during February than the previous months, until 19 February when the largest explosion to date occurred; it included an ash plume that rose to at least 16.8 km altitude and at least ten pyroclastic flows. In spite of the size of the explosion, no injuries or fatalities were reported as most nearby communities had been evacuated from the ongoing activity. Activity decreased substantially during March 2018; there were no explosions, block avalanches, or pyroclastic flows reported, only steam plumes rising 1,000 m above the summit.
Activity during October 2017-January 2018. During October 2017, steam plume heights reached 1,500 m above the summit. Avalanche blocks traveled down the E and S flanks 500-2,500 m, and eight pyroclastic flows traveled 1,000-4,500 m down the SE and S flanks. Ash plume heights ranged from 500 to 3,600 m above the summit. The Darwin VAAC issued 38 aviation alerts during the month. On 1 October they reported an ash plume drifting both NW at 4.6 km altitude and NE at 3.7 km. The next day, the webcam observed an ash emission that rose to 5.5 km altitude. On 4 October an ash plume was spotted in the webcam rising to 5.8 km altitude and drifting ENE. Later that day it had detached from the volcano and was seen drifting NW in satellite imagery. An ash plume on 5 October rose to 3.9 km altitude and drifted ESE. Two ash emission were reported on 7 October; the first rose to 3 km altitude, the second rose to 4.3 km, they both dissipated quickly. On 8 October, three plumes were reported. The first rose to 4.6 km and drifted WSW, the second rose to 3 km and drifted S and the third rose to 3.4 km and also drifted S. The following day, an ash plume rose to 4.6 km and drifted E. BNPB stated that on 11 October, an event at Sinabung generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted ESE, causing ashfall in several local villages. On 12 October an event produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater and was followed by pyroclastic flows traveling 1.5 and 2 km down the S and ESE flanks, respectively.
PVMBG reported ash plumes rising to 3.7 km on 11, 12, and 13 October 2017. Later on 13 October the Jakarta MWO reported an ash plume at 4.3 km. The next day PVMBG reported an ash plume at 5.5 km altitude. A plume on 15 October rose to 3 km and drifted E. A steam plume on 16 October drifted down the SE flank before drifting SE no 16 October (figure 47). On 17 October, a discrete emission rose a few hundred meters above the summit drifted NE. Later that day, an ash plume was seen in the webcam moving SE at 3.4 km. On 18 October, two ash emissions were reported. The first rose to 3.7 km and drifted E, the second rose to 3.9 km and drifted W. An ash plume rose to 4.6 km altitude on 21 October, and to 3.9 km, drifting S, on 23 October. The next day, three ash plumes were reported; the first rose to 3 km, the second to 4.6 km, and the third to 3.7, all drifting E. After five days of quiet, the webcam observed ash plumes that rose to 4.3 km on 30 October, and to 3.9 km on 31 October. Only two MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued, on 20 and 27 October.
Figure 47. A steam plume drifted down the SW flank of Sinabung before moving SE on 16 October 2017. View is from the SE. Courtesy of PVMBG. |
Steam plumes were higher during November 2017, rising 2,400 m above the summit. Block avalanches traveled 500-3,000 m down the E and S flanks most days, and ten pyroclastic flows traveled between 2,000-3,500 m down the ESE and S flanks. The ash plumes rose 700-3,200 m above the summit. The Darwin VAAC issued 41 aviation alerts in November. Near-daily ash plumes were observed mostly in the webcam and occasionally in satellite imagery. They generally rose to 3.4-4.9 km altitude; the most common drift directions were S and SW. A number of times, multiple ash plumes were reported in a single day. On 14 November, four ash plumes were observed. The first rose to 3.7 km, the second and third rose to 4.6 km and drifted S and SSW, the last rose to 3.9 km and also drifted SSW. On 20 November a discrete emission produced an ash plume that rose to 5.5 km altitude and drifted SSW. Three ash plumes were recorded the next day, rising 3.9-4.6 km and drifting in multiple directions under variable winds. An ash plume on 23 November was reported by PVMBG at 6.7 km altitude drifting W, the highest noted for the month. MODVOLC thermal alerts appeared twice on 5 November, once on 14 November, and three times on 17 November.
Activity during December 2017 was similar to the previous two months; steam plumes rose 2,000 m above the summit, block avalanches traveled 500-3,500 m down the E and S flanks numerous times, and nine pyroclastic flows descended the ESE and S flanks distances ranging from 2,000 to 4,600 m. Ash plume heights were from 700-4,000 m above the summit. The Darwin VAAC issued 43 aviation alerts in December 2017. They reported ash plume heights of 3.4-4.9 km altitude on most days. Every day during 10-19 December, ash plumes were reported at altitudes of 4.6-5.5 km drifting SW, E or SE. PVMBG reported ash plumes on 26, 27 and 28 December that rose to 3.9, 5.2, and 5.5 km, respectively. BNPB reported pyroclastic flows on 27 December that traveled 3.5-4.6 km SE, and ashfall was reported in many nearby villages including Sukanalu Village (20 km SE), Tonggal Town, Central Kuta, Gamber (4 km SE), Berastepu (4 km SE), and Jeraya (6 km SE). The highest ash plume of the month rose to 6.4 km altitude on 29 December and drifted E. This was followed by another discrete ash emission the same day that rose to 5.8 km and two plumes the next day that rose to 5.2 km and drifted W. There was only one MODVOLC thermal alert issued on 7 December.
The Darwin VAAC issued 56 aviation alerts for January 2018. Multiple discrete ash emissions were reported on most days. Plume altitudes generally ranged from 3.4 to 5.5 km. A 6.1 km altitude plume was visible in satellite imagery on 18 January (figure 48). The drift directions were highly variable throughout the month. Most plumes dissipated within six hours. Incandescent blocks were reported by PVMBG falling 500-1,500 m down the ESE flank on most days when the summit was visible. They also reported a pyroclastic flow on 27 January that traveled 2,500 m ESE from the summit (figure 49). Three MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued on 6 January, and one on 12 January.
Figure 48. An ash plume rose 3,000 m from the summit of Sinabung on 18 January 2018 in this view looking at the SE flank. Photographer unknown, courtesy of Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Twitter. |
Activity during February 2018. During most of February, steam plumes rose only 1,000 m above the summit, and avalanche blocks traveled 500-2,500 m down the ESE and S flanks. Far fewer ash emissions were reported than previous months, but the largest explosive event recorded to date took place on 19 February (figure 50). The Darwin VAAC issued 29 aviation alerts during February 2018. Short-lived ash emissions were reported on 1, 3, 5, 11, and 15 February. The ash plume heights ranged from 3.4-4.6 km altitude, and they drifted S or SW.
The large explosion was first reported by the Darwin VAAC at 0255 UTC on 19 February 2018. It produced an ash plume, which was clearly observed in satellite imagery (figure 51), that quickly rose to at least 16.8 km altitude and began drifting NW (figure 52). It also produced a large SO2 plume that was recorded by satellite instruments (figure 53). Over the next 15 hours the plume dispersed in three different directions at different altitudes. The highest part of the plume drifted NW at 13.7 km and was visible over 300 km from the summit. The lower part of the plume drifted S initially at 6.7 km and gradually lowered to 4.3 km; it was visible 75 km from the summit before dissipating. A middle part of the plume drifted NW at 9.1 km during the middle of the day. Three subsequent minor ash emissions were observed on 20 and 25 February that rose to 3.4 km altitude. There were no VAAC reports issued during March 2018. A MODVOLC thermal alert issued on 11 February was the last for several months.
As many as 10 pyroclastic flows were observed during the 19 February explosion, traveling as far as 4.9 km SSE and 3.5 km E (figures 54 and 55). Ash and tephra as large as a few millimeters in diameter fell in areas downwind, including Simpang Empat (7 km SE), the Namanteran district, Pqyung (5 km SSW), Tiganderket (7 km W), Munthe, Kutambaru (20 km NW), Perbaji (4 km SW), and Kutarayat (figure 56 and 57).
Figure 57. Ash from the eruption at Sinabung on 19 February 2018 covered vegetable plants the following day in the village of Payung (5 km SSW). Photograph by Antara Foto, Ahmad Putra via Reuters. |
Villagers were temporarily evacuated from nearby villages, but were able to return a few days later (figure 58). Conditions in five districts were so dark that visibility was reduced to about 5 m. In addition, ashfall was recorded as far away as the town of Lhokseumawe, 260 km N. Magma Indonesia reported that the lava dome that had been growing at the summit for some time was destroyed in the 19 February explosion (figure 59). A PVMBG volcanologist reported the volume of the destroyed lava dome was at least 1.6 million cubic meters.
Reference: Hendrasto M, Surono, Budianto A, Kristianto, Triastuty H, Haerani N, Basuki A, Suparman Y, Primulyana S, Prambada O, Loeqman A, Indrastuti N, Andreas A S, Rosadi U, Adi S, Iguchi M, Ohkura T, Nakada S, Yoshimoto M, 2012. Evaluation of Volcanic Activity at Sinabung Volcano, After More Than 400 Years of Quiet. Journal of Disaster Research, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 37-44.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, Head of Information Data and Public Relations Center of BNPB via Twitter (URL: https://twitter.com/Sutopo_PN); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Associated Press (AP), Endro Rusharyanto, Photographer (URL: http://www.ap.org/); Reuters (http://www.reuters.com/).
No significant ash plumes seen after 22 June 2018; minor ash in early July
Sinabung volcano is located in the Karo regency of North Sumatra, Indonesia. The current eruptive episode commenced in late 2013, after phreatic activity in 2010, producing ash plumes, lava domes and flows, and pyroclastic flows that caused evacuation and relocation of nearby communities. This report covers activity from April through early July, and is based on information provided by MAGMA Indonesia, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM, also known as PVMBG), satellite data, and field photographs. Sinabung has been on Alert Level IV, the highest hazard status, since 2 June 2015.
The eruption has built a pyroclastic flow and lava fan to the SE (figure 60). This activity continued into 2018, with the last significant ash plume reported on 22 June (table 8). However, minor ash emissions continued at least through 5 July 2018.
Date | Ash plume altitude (km) | Ash plume drift direction | Pyroclastic flows |
06 Apr 2018 | 7.5 | W, S | 3.5 km |
12 Apr 2018 | 2.7 | WNW | Yes |
19 Apr 2018 | 5.5 | ESE | 1 km |
19 May 2018 | 3.2 | NW | -- |
20 May 2018 | 5.0 | WNW | -- |
15 Jun 2018 | 3.0 | ESE | -- |
22 Jun 2018 | 3.5 | SE | -- |
An eruption on 6 April 2018 at 1607 local time produced an ash plume that reached about 7.5 km above the summit. The eruption also produced pyroclastic flows that traveled about 3.5 km from the summit down the SE slope (figure 61). The eruption resulted in the closure of a nearby airport and ashfall affected hundreds of hectares of agricultural land. Two more notable ash plumes were reported on 12 and 19 April, to altitudes of about 2.7 and 5.5 km, respectively. A pyroclastic flow was reported during the 12 April eruption. Smaller ash and gas emissions occurred through the month.
Two ash plumes were recorded on 19 and 20 May, rising to about 3.2 and 5 km altitude, respectively. Throughout June small diffuse gas-and-ash plumes continued (figures 62 and 63). The last activity reported by the agencies was on the 15 and 22 June, when ash plumes reached 3 and 3.5 km altitude (figure 64). Activity after 22 June was limited to seismicity and ash, gas, and steam plumes to several hundred meters above the summit (figure 65). Although an elevated thermal signature was detected in Sentinel-2 satellite data on 30 August 2018, there were no reports of renewed activity.
Figure 64. Small ash plume rising from Sinabung at 2106 on 22 June 2018. The ash plume reached about 1 km above the crater. Courtesy of BNPB (color adjusted). |
Figure 65. Minor ash venting at Sinabung on 5 July 2018. Photo courtesy of Brett Carr, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. |
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/, Twitter: https://twitter.com/BNPB_Indonesia ); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/, Twitter: https://twitter.com/id_magma); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Brett Carr, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY (URL: https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/user/bcarr); Agence France-Presse (URL: http://www.afp.com/); Straits Times (URL: https://www.straitstimes.com).
Large ash explosions on 25 May and 9 June 2019
Indonesia's Sinabung volcano in north Sumatra has been highly active since its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. It remained quiet after the initial eruption until September 2013, when a new eruptive phase began that continued uninterrupted through June 2018. Ash plumes often rose several kilometers, avalanche blocks fell kilometers down the flanks, and deadly pyroclastic flows traveled more than 4 km repeatedly during the eruption. After a pause in eruptive activity from July 2018 through April 2019, explosions took place again during May and June 2019. This report covers activity from July 2018 through July 2019 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), referred to by some agencies as CVGHM or the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB). Additional information comes from satellite instruments and local news reports.
After the last ash emission observed on 5 July 2018, activity diminished significantly. Occasional thermal anomalies were observed in satellite images in August 2018, and February-March 2019. Seismic evidence of lahars was recorded almost every month from July 2018 through July 2019. Renewed explosions with ash plumes began in early May; two large events, on 24 May and 9 June, produced ash plumes observed in satellite data at altitudes greater than 15 km (table 9).
Month | Steam Plume Heights (m) | Dates of VONA reports | Satellite Thermal Anomalies (date) | Seismicity indicating Lahars (date) | Ash Plume Altitude (date and distance) | Pyroclastic flows |
Jul 2018 | 100-700 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Aug 2018 | 50-700 | -- | 30 | 1, 20 | -- | -- |
Sep 2018 | 100-500 | -- | -- | 1st week, 12, 29 | -- | -- |
Oct 2018 | 50-1,000 | -- | -- | 1 | -- | -- |
Nov 2018 | 50-350 | -- | -- | 14 | -- | -- |
Dec 2018 | 50-500 | -- | -- | 30 | -- | -- |
Jan 2019 | 50-350 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Feb 2019 | 100-400 | -- | 6, 21 | -- | -- | -- |
Mar 2019 | 50-300 | -- | 3, 8 | 27 | -- | -- |
Apr 2019 | 50-400 | -- | -- | 2, 4, 11 | -- | -- |
May 2019 | 200-700 | 7, 11, 12, 24, 26, 27 (2) | -- | 4, 14 | 7 (4.6 km), 24 (15.2 km), 25 (6.1 km) | -- |
June 2019 | 50-600 | 9, 10 | -- | -- | 9 (16.8 km), 10 (3.0 km) | 9-3.5 km SE, 3.0 km S |
July 2019 | 100-700 | -- | -- | 10, 12, 14, 16, 4th week | -- | -- |
No eruptive activity was reported after 5 July 2018 for several months, however Sentinel-2 thermal imagery on 30 August indicated a hot spot at the summit suggestive of eruptive activity. The next distinct thermal signal appeared on 6 February 2019, with a few more in late February and early March (figure 66, see table 9).
PVMBG reported the first ash emission in 11 months early on 7 May 2019. They noted that an ash plume rose 2 km above the summit and drifted ESE. The Sinabung Volcano Observatory (SVO) issued a VONA (Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation) that described an eruptive event lasting for a little over 40 minutes. Ashfall was reported in several villages. The Jakarta Post reported that Karo Disaster Mitigation Agency (BPDB) head Martin Sitepu said four districts were affected by the eruption, namely Simpang Empat (7 km SE), Namanteran (5 km NE), Kabanjahe (14 km SE), and Berastadi (12 km E). The Darwin VAAC reported the ash plume at 4.6 km altitude and noted that it dissipated about six hours later (figure 67). The TROPOMI SO2 instrument detected an SO2 plume shortly after the event (figure 68).
Figure 68. The TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite captured an SO2 emission from Sinabung shortly after the eruption on 7 May 2019. Courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. |
On 11 May 2019 SVO issued a VONA reporting a seismic eruption event with a 9 mm amplitude that lasted for about 30 minutes; clouds and fog prevented visual confirmation. Another VONA issued the following day reported an ash emission that lasted for 28 minutes but again was not observed due to fog. The Darwin VAAC did not observe the ash plumes reported on 11 or 12 May; they did report incandescent material observed in the webcam on 11 May. Sutopo Purwo Nugroho of BNPB reported that the 12 May eruption was accompanied by incandescent lava and ash, and the explosion was heard in Rendang (figure 69). The Alert Level had been at Level IV since 2 June 2015. Based on decreased seismicity, a decrease in visual activity (figure 70), stability of deformation data, and a decrease in SO2 flux during the previous 11 months, PVMBG lowered the Alert Level from IV to III on 20 May 2019.
Figure 69. Incandescent lava and ash were captured by a webcam at Sinabung on 12 May 2019. Courtesy of Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, BNPB. |
A large explosion was reported by the Darwin VAAC on 24 May 2019 (UTC) that produced a high-altitude ash plume visible in satellite imagery at 15.2 km altitude moving W; the plume was not visible from the ground due to fog. The Sinabung Volcano Observatory reported that the brief explosion lasted for only 7 minutes (figure 71), but the plume detached and drifted NW for about 12 hours before dissipating. The substantial SO2 plume associated with the event was recorded by satellite instruments a few hours later (figure 72, left). Another six-minute explosion late on 26 May (UTC) produced an ash plume that was reported by a ground observer at 4.9 km altitude drifting S (figure 72, right). About an hour after the event, the Darwin VAAC observed the plume drifting S at 6.1 km altitude; it had dissipated four hours later. Sumbul Sembiring, a resident of Kabanjahe, told news outlet Tempo.com that ash had fallen at the settlements. Two more explosions were reported on 27 May; the first lasted for a little over 12 minutes, the second (about 90 minutes later, 28 May local time) lasted for about 2.5 minutes. No ash plumes were visible from the ground or satellite imagery for either event.
An explosion on 9 June 2019 produced an ash plume, estimated from the ground as rising to 9.5 km altitude, that drifted S and E; pyroclastic flows traveled 3.5 km SE and 3 km S down the flanks (figure 73). The explosion was heard at the Sinabung Observatory. The Darwin VAAC reported that the eruption was visible in Himawari-8 satellite imagery, and reported by pilots, at 16.8 km altitude drifting W; about an hour later the VAAC noted that the detached plume continued drifting SW but lower plumes were still present at 9.1 km altitude drifting W and below 4.3 km drifting SE. They also noted that pyroclastic flows moving SSE were sending ash to 4.3 km altitude. Three hours later they reported that both upper level plumes had detached and were moving SW and W. After six hours, the lower altitude plumes at 4.3 and 9.1 km altitudes had dissipated; the higher plume continued moving SW at 12.2 km altitude until it dissipated within the next eight hours. Instruments on the Sentinel-5P satellite captured an SO2 plume from the explosion drifting W across the southern Indian Ocean (figure 74).
Figure 74. An SO2 plume from the 9 June 2019 explosion at Sinabung drifted more than a thousand kilometers W across the southern Indian Ocean. Courtesy of Sentinel Hub and Annamaria Luongo. |
The SVO reported continuous ash and gas emissions at 3.0 km altitude moving ESE early on 10 June; it was obscured in satellite imagery by meteoric clouds. There were no additional VONA's or VAAC reports issued for the remainder of June or July 2019. An image on social media from 20 June 2019 shows incandescent blocks near the summit (figure 75). PVMBG reported that emissions on 25 June were white to brownish and rose 200 m above the summit and drifted E and SE.
PVMBG detected seismic signals from lahars several times during the second week of July 2019. News outlets reported lahars damaging villages in the Karo district on 11 and 13 July (figure 76). Detik.com reported that lahars cut off the main access road to Perbaji Village (4 km SW), Kutambaru Village (14 km S), and the Tiganderket connecting road to Kutabuluh (17 km WNW). In addition, Puskesmas Kutambaru was submerged in mud. Images from iNews Malam showed large boulders and rafts of trees in thick layers of mud covering homes and roads. No casualties were reported.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); The Jakarta Post (URL: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/05/07/mount-sinabung-erupts-again.html); Detikcom (URL: https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4619253/hujan-deras-sejumlah-desa-di-sekitar-gunung-sinabung-banjir-lahar-dingin); iNews Malam (URL: https://tv.inews.id/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAI4CpSb41k); Tempo.com (URL:https://en.tempo.co/read/1209667/mount-sinabung-erupts-on-monday-morning); David de Zabedrosky, Calera de Tango, Chile (Twitter: @deZabedrosky, URL: https://twitter.com/deZabedrosky/status/1125814504867160065/photo/1, https://twitter.com/deZabedrosky/status/1125814504867160065/photo/2); Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, BNPB (Twitter: @Sutopo_PN, URL: https://twitter.com/Sutopo_PN); Tom Pfeiffer, Volcano Discovery (URL: http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/); Øystein Lund Andersen? (Twitter: @OysteinLAnderse, URL: https://twitter.com/OysteinLAnderse, URL: http://www.oysteinlundandersen.com image at https://twitter.com/OysteinLAnderse/status/1132849458142572544); Jaime Sincioco, Phillipines (Twitter: @jaimessincioca, URL: https://twitter.com/jaimessincioco); Annamaria Luongo, University of Padua, Venice, Italy (Twitter: @annamaria_84, URL:https://twitter.com/annamaria_84).
Explosions begin again on 8 August 2020; dome growth confirmed in late September
Indonesia’s Sinabung volcano in north Sumatra has been highly active since its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. It remained quiet after the initial eruption until September 2013, when a new eruptive phase began that continued through June 2018. A summit dome emerged in late 2013 and produced a large lava “tongue” during 2014. Multiple explosions produced ash plumes, block avalanches, and deadly pyroclastic flows during the eruptive period. A major explosion in February 2018 destroyed most of the summit dome. After a pause in eruptive activity from September 2018 through April 2019, explosions resumed during May and June 2019. The volcano was quiet again until an explosion on 8 August 2020 began another eruption that included a new dome. This report covers activity from July 2019 through October 2020 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), referred to by some agencies as CVGHM or the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), and the Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Disaster Management Authority, BNPB). Additional information comes from satellite instruments and local news reports.
Only steam plumes and infrequent lahars were reported at Sinabung during July 2019-July 2020. A new eruption began on 8 August 2020 with a phreatic explosion and dense ash plumes. Repeated explosions were reported throughout August; ashfall was reported in many nearby communities several times. Explosions decreased significantly during September, but SO2 emissions persisted. Block avalanches from a new growing dome were first reported in early October; pyroclastic flows accompanied repeated ash emissions during the last week of the month. Thermal data suggested that the summit dome continued growing slowly during October.
Activity during July 2019-October 2020. After a large explosion on 9 June 2019, activity declined significantly, and no further emissions or incandescence was reported after 25 June (BGVN 44:08). For the remainder of 2019 steam plumes rose 50-400 m above the summit on most days, occasionally rising to 500-700 m above the crater. Lahars were recorded by seismic instruments in July, August, September, and December. During January-July 2020 steam plumes were reported usually 50-300 m above the summit, sometimes rising to 500 m. On 21 March 2020 steam plumes rose to 700 m, and a lahar was recorded by seismic instruments. Lahars were reported on 26 and 28 April, 3 and 5 June, and 11 July.
A swarm of deep volcanic earthquakes was reported by PVMBG on 7 August 2020. This was followed by a phreatic explosion with a dense gray to black ash plume on 8 August that rose 2,000 m above the summit and drifted E; a second explosion that day produced a plume that rose 1,000 m above the summit. According to the Jakarta Post, ash reached the community of Berastagi (15 km E) along with the districts of Naman Teran (5-10 km NE), Merdeka (15 km NE), and Dolat Rayat (20 km E). Continuous tremor events were first recorded on 8 August and continued daily until 26 August. Two explosions were recorded on 10 August; the largest produced a dense gray ash plume that rose 5,000 m above the summit and drifted NE and SE (figure 77). The Darwin VAAC reported the eruption clearly visible in satellite imagery at 9.7 km altitude and drifting W. Later they reported a second plume drifting ESE at 4.3 km altitude. After this large explosion the local National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB) reported significant ashfall in three districts: Naman Teran, Berastagi and Merdeka. Emissions on 11 and 12 August were white and gray and rose 100-200 m. Multiple explosions on 13 August produced white and gray ash plumes that rose 1,000-2,000 m above the summit. Explosions on 14 August produced gray and brown ash plumes that rose 1,000-4,200 m above the summit and drifted S and SW (figure 77). The Darwin VAAC reported that the ash plume was partly visible in satellite imagery at 7.6 km altitude moving W; additional plumes were moving SE at 3.7 km altitude and NE at 5.5 km altitude.
White, gray, and brown emissions rose 800-1,000 m above the summit on 15 and 17 August. The next day white and gray emissions rose 2,000 m above the summit. The Darwin VAAC reported an ash plume visible at 5.2 km altitude drifting SW. A large explosion on 19 August produced a dense gray ash plume that rose 4,000 above the summit and drifted S and SW. Gray and white emissions rose 500 m on 20 August. Two explosions were recorded seismically on 21 August, but rainy and cloudy weather prevented observations. White steam plumes rose 300 m on 22 August, and a lahar was recorded seismically. On 23 August, an explosion produced a gray ash plume that rose 1,500 m above the summit and pyroclastic flows that traveled 1,000 m down the E and SE flanks (figure 78). Continuous tremors were accompanied by ash emissions. White, gray, and brown emissions rose 600 m on 24 August. An explosion on 25 August produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the peak and drifted W and NW (figure 79). During 26-30 August steam emissions rose 100-400 m above the summit and no explosions were recorded. Dense gray ash emissions rose 1,000 m and drifted E and NE after an explosion on 31 August. Significant SO2 emissions were associated with many of the explosions during August (figure 80).
Figure 79. An explosion on 25 August 2020 at Sinabung produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the peak and drifted W and NW. Courtesy of PVMBG (Sinabung Eruption Notice, 25 August 2020). |
Explosive activity decreased substantially during September 2020. A single explosion reported on 5 September produced a white and brown ash plume that rose 800 m above the summit and drifted NNE. During the rest of the month steam emissions rose 50-500 m above the summit before dissipating. Two lahars were reported on 7 September, and one each on 11 and 30 September. Although only a single explosion was reported, anomalous SO2 emissions were present in satellite data on several days.
The character of the activity changed during October 2020. Steam plumes rising 50-300 m above the summit were reported during the first week and a lahar was recorded by seismometers on 4 October. The first block avalanches from a new dome growing at the summit were reported on 8 October with material traveling 300 m ESE from the summit (figure 81). During 11-13 October block avalanches traveled 300-700 m E and SE from the summit. They traveled 100-150 m on 14 October. Steam plumes rising 50-500 m above the summit were reported during 15-22 October with two lahars recorded on 21 October. White and gray emissions rose 50-1,000 m on 23 October. The first of a series of pyroclastic flows was reported on 25 October; they were reported daily through the end of the month when the weather permitted, traveling 1,000-2,500 m from the summit (figure 82). In addition, block avalanches from the growing dome were observed moving down the E and SE flanks 500-1,500 m on 25 October and 200-1,000 m each day during 28-31 October (figure 83). Sentinel-2 satellite data indicated a very weak thermal anomaly at the summit in late September; it was slightly larger in late October, corroborating with images of the slow-growing dome (figure 84).
Figure 83. Block avalanches from the growing summit dome at Sinabung descended the SE flank on 28 October 2020. The dome is visible at the summit. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA. |
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); The Jakarta Post, 3rd Floor, Gedung, Jl. Palmerah Barat 142-143 Jakarta 10270 (URL: https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2020/08/08/mount-sinabung-erupts-again-after-year-of-inactivity.html);Rizal (URL: https://twitter.com/Rizal06691023/status/1319452375887740930); CultureVolcan (URL: https://twitter.com/CultureVolcan/status/1321156861173923840).
Block avalanches, pyroclastic flows, and ash explosions continue through February 2021
Indonesia’s Sinabung volcano in north Sumatra had its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. It remained quiet until September 2013 when a new eruptive phase began that continued through mid-2018. Dome growth and destruction resulted in block avalanches, multiple explosions with ash plumes, and deadly pyroclastic flows during the period. After a pause in activity from September 2018 through April 2019, explosions resumed during May and June 2019. Dome growth began again with an explosion on 8 August 2020, and similar activity continued through October 2020. This report covers ongoing activity from November 2020 through February 2021 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG), referred to by some agencies as CVGHM or the Indonesian Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, and the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC). Additional information comes from satellite instruments and local news reports.
Activity at Sinabung during November 2020-February 2021 was characterized by tens of daily rock avalanches, periodic pyroclastic flows, and ash-bearing explosions. The rock avalanches traveled up to 1,000 m down the E and SE flanks. The pyroclastic flows also traveled down the E and SE flanks, and the largest reached 2.5 km from the summit. Periodic explosions produced ash plumes that rose up to 2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Although cloudy much of the time, intermittent satellite images showing two thermal anomalies at the summit suggested that the dome remained active (figure 85).
White steam emissions rose 50-500 m above the summit of Sinabung during most days in November 2020. Block avalanches were frequent during the first half of the month, traveling 200-1,000 m down the S and SE flanks. The Darwin VAAC reported small ash plumes from block avalanches on 1 and 2 November that rose to 3 km altitude and quickly dissipated. Clouds prevented observations during the last week of the month, but tens of seismic events interpreted by PVMBG as block avalanches were detected. Pyroclastic flows were either observed visually or measured seismically on 2-7, 10, 12, 16, 18 and 19 November (figure 86). They most often occurred on the E or SE flanks and traveled 1,500-2,500 m. Seismic signals indicating lahars were recorded on 26, 27, and 30 November.
Figure 86. A pyroclastic flow descended the S flank of Sinabung on 7 November 2020. Courtesy of Rizal. |
Nine explosions with ash plumes were reported during November 2020. On 2 November a gray ash plume rose 1,500 m above the summit, to about 3.9 km altitude, and drifted E. The next day the Darwin VAAC reported an explosion to 3.7 km altitude that drifted E. An ash explosion on 4 November was recorded seismically for 117 seconds but was not seen due to fog. An explosion on 10 November produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the summit and drifted E, along with pyroclastic flows that traveled 1,500-2,500 m down the E and SE flanks. On 18 November an explosion created an ash plume that rose to 3.7 km altitude and drifted SW; it was measured seismically as a continuous volcanic tremor that lasted for 160 seconds. Seismic activity confirmed an explosion on 21 November, but meteoric clouds obscured observations of ash. An ash plume drifting SW at 3 km altitude, about 500 m above the summit, was reported on 25 November. On 29 November an explosion produced an ash plume to the same altitude that drifted E (figure 87). The next day seismic activity indicated another explosion, but it was not observed due to cloudy weather.
Figure 87. An ash plume at Sinabung rose to 3 km altitude and drifted E on 29 November 2020. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
Explosive activity decreased during December 2020. Steam plumes rose 50-500 m and tens of rock avalanches were recorded seismically every day. On 6 December block avalanches rolled 300-500 m down the E and SE flanks; they traveled 500-1,000 m down the SE flank on 8 December. During 12-14 December they traveled 1,000-1,500 m down the E and S flanks. On 30 and 31 December they were seen moving 500-1,000 m down the same flanks. Lahars were measured seismically on 4 and 5 December with no reports of damage.
An explosion on 2 December produced an ash plume that rose about 500 m above the summit and drifted ESE. Clouds and rain prevented views of the summit on 5 December, but the seismogram recorded an explosive event that lasted for 168 seconds (figure 88). The Darwin VAAC reported an ash plume moving ESE at 3 km altitude on 13 December. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery captured a thermal anomaly on the E flank on 17 December that was likely from a pyroclastic flow (figure 89). Two explosions were recorded each day on 28 and 29 December. On the first day the ash plume from the first explosion rose to 500 m and drifted S. The second explosion was not observed due to weather, but a thermal anomaly was intermittently visible. The explosions on 29 December were only recorded seismically, as was one explosion on 30 December.
Figure 88. The KESDM seismogram at Sinabung recorded an explosive event on 5 December 2020 that lasted for 168 seconds. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
Tens of daily rock avalanches continued to be recorded during January 2021, although most were not observed. During 2-5 January they traveled 500-1,200 m down the E and SE flanks, and on 14 January they fell 700-1,000 m down the SE flank. The number of explosions with ash plumes increased significantly from December. On 3 January two explosions were recorded seismically; an ash plume from the first rose 1,000 m above the summit and drifted NW in the morning. A few hours later a second explosion was recorded but not observed due to clouds. Three explosions were recorded each day on 4 and 5 January. The first on 4 January produced a 700-m-high ash plume, the second and third sent ash 1,000 m above the summit to the W and NW (figure 90). The next day, the first explosion sent an ash plume 800 m above the summit that drifted E and SE; the other two were recorded seismically but not observed due to weather. One or two explosions were recorded daily during 6-10 January; most were obscured by clouds. One of the explosions on 8 January produced an ash plume that rose to 700 m and drifted N, and the explosion on 9 January rose to 1,000 m and drifted N and NE. Two explosions were recorded on 12 January, and two or three explosions were reported daily during 16-18 January. Explosions were also recorded on 20-21, 23, 25-27, and 29 January. The three ash plumes on 17 January all rose 500 m above the summit and drifted E, NE, or SE; the plumes on 21 and 27 January rose 500 m and drifted E and SE.
Figure 90. An explosion at Sinabung on 4 January 2021 produced an ash emission that rose 1,000 m above the summit and drifted W and NW. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
Steam emissions rose 50-700 m above the summit throughout February 2021. Over 100 seismic events from rock avalanches were reported daily; on 6 February a maximum of 231 events were recorded. Numerous explosions, many with pyroclastic flows, were only detected seismically on 5-12, 14, 17, 22, 25, and 28 February. On 6 February the Darwin VAAC reported a continuous ash eruption identified in satellite imagery at 3.1 km altitude drifting NW. PVMBG also reported a pyroclastic flow that traveled 2,500 m down the S flank that day. The Antara News Agency reported an ash plume rising 1,000 m above the summit from a pyroclastic flow and drifting E, SE, and S on 7 February, and another pyroclastic flow on 9 February that traveled 1,000 m down the SE flank (figure 91). Cloudy weather obscured views on most days, but during 12-14 February blocks traveled 500-1,500 m down the S, SE, and E flanks.
Figure 91. A pyroclastic flow traveled 1,000 m down the SE flank of Sinabung on 9 February 2021. Courtesy of Anadolu Agency. |
The Darwin VAAC received a report on 10 February of an ash plume at 4.6 km altitude moving E; it was not identifiable in satellite imagery due to meteoric clouds. Two pyroclastic flows on 12 February moved as far as 2,000 m down the E and SE flanks. On 17 February an ash plume rose 1,000 m above the summit and drifted S and W and a pyroclastic flow was reported. A lahar was reported on 21 February. A pyroclastic flow on 22 February traveled 2,000 m down the E and SE flanks. The ash plume from the 25 February event rose to 1,500 m above the summit to about 3.9 km altitude and drifted E and SE (figure 92) and was accompanied by four pyroclastic flows that traveled 500-1,000 m down the E and SE flanks. A discrete ash plume was reported by the Darwin VAAC on 28 February that rose to 3.1 km altitude and drifted SW, dissipating withing six hours. Pyroclastic flow were observed that day moving 1,000-1,250 m down the S, SE, and E flanks.
Figure 92. The ash plume at Sinabung from a 25 February 2021 explosion rose to 1,500 m above the summit and drifted E and SE. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Rizal (URL: https://twitter.com/Rizal06691023/status/1324972883634917376); Antara News Agency (URL: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1986704/guguran-abu-gunung-sinabung-teramati-setinggi-1000-meter); Anadolu Agency (URL: https://www.aa.com.tr/ba/svijet/indonezija-u-vulkanu-sinabung-odjeknula-eksplozija/2138389).
Ash plumes rise to 12.2 km with pyroclastic flows on 2 March and 13-14 May 2021
Indonesia’s Sinabung volcano in north Sumatra had its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. It remained quiet until September 2013 when a new eruptive phase began that continued through mid-2018. Dome growth and destruction resulted in block avalanches, multiple explosions with ash plumes, and deadly pyroclastic flows during the period. After a pause in activity from September 2018 through April 2019, explosions resumed during May and June 2019. Rock avalanches, frequent, dense, ash-bearing explosions, and periodic pyroclastic flows continued through February 2021. This report covers ongoing similar activity from March through June 2021 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM, the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation), MAGMA Indonesia, and the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC). Additional information comes from satellite instruments and the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB).
Hundreds of block avalanches and tens of ash-bearing explosions were reported each month during March to mid-May 2021. Ash plumes rose 500-2,000 m above the summit (3,000-4,500 m altitude) on most days; occasional larger events produced much higher plumes. Two major sets of explosions, on 2 March and 13-14 May, each produced ash plumes that rose to 12.2 km altitude, more than 10 pyroclastic flows, and significant SO2 plumes measured by satellite instruments. Reports of activity during the period came from the Sinabung Observation Post (in Surbakhti, 10 km SE of the volcano) and from geoscientists monitoring seismic instruments and webcams from remote locations; the combined information provides a more complete picture of activity at the volcano (table 10). Thermal activity was recorded by the MIROVA project and indicated a spike in radiative power that began in late February and lasted through May 2021, attributable to increased explosive activity (figure 93). Two notable sequences of explosions on 2 March and 13-14 May produced significant plumes of SO2 that were measured by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite (figure 94). None of the other explosions during the period produced significant SO2 anomalies. Only two days of explosions, 3 and 6 June, occurred after 19 May through the end of June.
Month | Block Avalanches Distances (m) | Eruptions reported by Sinabung Observation Post | Eruptions reported by MAGMA Indonesia via seismometers and webcams | Pyroclastic flows reported by Sinabung Observation Post | VONAs (m above the summit) | Lahar Seismic Signals |
Mar 2021 | 500-1,500, E SE flanks | 49 (1-6 per day), 1,000 m high, gray ash | 42 (500-2,000), dense gray emissions | 20 (15 on 2 March), 1,000-3,700 E, SE, and S | 22 (500-1,000) | 3 |
Apr 2021 | 500-1,500, E SE flanks | 123 (1-10 per day) 500-1,000 m, gray ash | 74 (500-2,000) dense gray emissions | 7, 1,500-2,000 E and SE | 30 (500-2,000) | 5 |
May 2021 | 500-1,500 E SE flanks | 37 (1-6 per day), 500-3,000 m, gray ash | 26 (500-3,500) dense gray emissions | 15 (14 on 13 May), 2,500-4,000 m; E, SE | 10 (700-3,000) | 5 |
Jun 2021 | Not Observed | 2, Not Observed | 3, Not Observed | 1, Not Observed | 2, Not Observed | 5 |
Activity during March-June 2021. Significant explosive activity continued at Sinabung during March 2021. In a special press release on 2 March, PVMBG reported a series of pyroclastic flows that began at 0642 local time and traveled 2,000-5,000 m ESE from the summit accompanied by a column of ash that rose 4,000-5,000 m above the body of the pyroclastic flow (figure 95). MAGMA Indonesia reported three explosions that rose to about 1,000 m above the summit and drifted E and SW. The Darwin VAAC first reported that the ash emissions from the eruption rose to 7.6 km altitude (5.1 km above the summit) and drifted W; they were clearly discernable in satellite imagery. About an hour later they updated the altitude of the plume to 12.2 km based on analysis of HIMAWRI-8 imagery. In the following hours the plume was observed drifting W at 12.2 km altitude and SW at 7.6 km before dissipating. According to BNPB ashfall was noted in 17 villages in the Tiganderket District, eight villages in the Kutabuluh District, and 15 villages in the Tigabinaga District.
On most days in March steam plumes were observed rising 50-500 m above the summit; they reached 1,000 m high on 7 March. Block avalanches were reported descending the E and SE flanks 500-1,500 m on 12 days of the month. The Sinabung Observation Post reported 49 explosion earthquakes and gray ash emissions. There were 1-2 explosions on most days; six were observed on 11 March (figure 96) that all rose only 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted W and SW with no ashfall reported. MAGMA Indonesia reported an explosion on 15 March that rose 2,000 m above the summit; the Darwin VAAC could not confirm it in satellite imagery due to meteoric clouds. For the second half of March, 1-4 explosions were reported daily; dense gray ash rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, NW, and NE.
Figure 96. Six explosions with ash emissions from Sinabung were reported on 11 March 2021. The plumes rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted S and SW. Courtesy of MAGMA Indonesia. |
MAGMA Indonesia reported 42 eruptions throughout March with dense gray ash emissions that rose 500-2,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, or NW. The Darwin VAAC issued 53 ash advisories. VONAs were issued 22 times; two on 2 and 11 March were for pyroclastic flows, the others were for ash plumes from explosions. There were 20 pyroclastic flows reported by PVMBG during the month; 15 of them occurred on 2 March when they traveled 1,000-3,700 m down the E and SE flanks and 2,300 m down the S flank (figure 97). One pyroclastic flow was reported on 1 March, and two others were reported on 3 and again on 11 March that traveled 2,000-3,000 m ESE from the summit. Three seismic signals indicative of lahars were recorded on 12, 16, and 18 March.
The frequency of explosive activity increased significantly during April 2021. Block avalanches were reported on 15 days, traveling 500-1,500 m down the S and SE flanks. PVMBG reported 123 eruptions with gray ash plumes rising 500-1,000 m above the summit. VONA’s were issued for 30 events. MAGMA Indonesia reported 74 explosions with dense gray ash emissions rising 500-2,000 m above the summit. There were 1-10 explosions nearly every day; only two days had no explosions reported. Eight explosions were reported on 2 April with heights of 500-1,000 m above the summit. On 4 April PVMBG reported an ash emission to 3.7 km altitude, but the Darwin VAAC revised that estimate to 5.5 km based on satellite infrared temperature data (figure 98). During 7-8 April the VAAC reported ash emissions at 4.3 km altitude. MAGMA Indonesia reported eight explosions on 17 April with plume heights ranging from 500 to 1,500 m above the summit, drifting S and W. On 19 April emissions were reported by the Darwin VAAC drifting SE at 4.6 km altitude; they reached 4.3 km on 24 April. For the remainder of the month six or more explosions occurred most days, with altitudes of 3.0-3.9 km. Seven pyroclastic flows were reported during April. On 1 April, one traveled 1,500 m down the SE flank. One was reported on 8 April, two on 13 April, and one each on 19, 21, and 29 April. The pyroclastic flow on 21 April traveled 2,000 m down the flank. Signals indicating lahars were recorded on 12, 16, 24, 29, and 30 April.
Substantially fewer explosions were reported during May 2021 than April, although the ash plumes were higher for several events. The Sinabung Observation Post reported 37 explosions that produced gray ash plumes rising 500-3,000 m above the summit; 1-6 explosions occurred daily through 14 May; a single explosion on 19 May was the last one recorded for the month. The ten VONA’s also recorded plume heights 700-3,000 m. MAGMA Indonesia reported 26 seismic events with dense gray emissions ranging from 500-3,500 m high. During 6-10 May ash emissions were reported 2,000 m or higher above the summit each day; six explosions were reported by PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia on 8 May. The Darwin VAAC noted that ash plumes on 6 May rose to 4.6 km altitude. The next day the emissions rose to 5.2-5.5 km altitude and were discernable late in the day drifting NNW in RGB satellite imagery. On 8 May the ash plumes were reported at 4.3-5.2 km altitude drifting E; on 10 May two discrete events rose to 4.9 and 3.7 km and drifted S, both noted in satellite imagery (figure 99). Four explosions were reported on 11 May. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery recorded incandescent material in the large SE flank ravine that day (figure 100).
During 13-14 May six explosions and 15 pyroclastic flows were reported by PVMBG with ash plumes 700-1,000 m above the summit, and pyroclastic flows descending the SE and E flanks 2,500-4,000 m. A larger eruption with ash to 12.2 km that drifted NW, clearly identifiable in satellite imagery, was reported by the Darwin VAAC on 13 May. A second explosion three hours later produced a plume that was identifiable in RGB satellite imagery at 9.8 km altitude moving WNW. Eruptions were ongoing on 14 May, with plumes rising to 9.1-10.7 km altitude and drifting NW (figure 101). A significant SO2 plume was measured by satellite instruments that day. A single large explosion early on 19 May (local time) produced an ash plume to 3,500 m above the summit (5.9 km altitude). The Jakarta Meteorological Office reported the eruption to the Darwin VAAC but it was not visible in satellite imagery due to meteoric clouds. This was the last explosion reported for May. Five lahars were recorded during the month; one each day on 12, 15, and 16 May, and two on 13 May.
Very little activity was reported from Sinabung during June 2021. Steam emissions rose 50-300 m above the summit on most days, occasionally rising to 500 m. Block avalanches were reported only on 11 and 12 June. PVMBG reported two seismic eruption events, on 3 and 5 June, but they were not observed. A single pyroclastic flow occurred on 6 June, the only day a single VONA was issued. MAGMA Indonesia reported two eruption events on 4 June and one on 6 June; none were observed due to poor weather conditions. The Darwin VAAC reported a significant eruption on 6 June that sent an ash plume to 9.1 km altitude that drifted W. Initially it was not visible, but later appeared on RGB satellite imagery moving N and W. A few hours after the eruption the plume was drifting N at 4.3 km altitude, W at 7.3 km, and WSW at 9.1 km. It dissipated the following morning, and was the last explosion reported for June. Lahars were recorded on 3, 15, and 25 June.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1); Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), National Disaster Management Agency, Graha BNPB - Jl. Scout Kav.38, East Jakarta 13120, Indonesia (URL: http://www.bnpb.go.id/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); amoy rest buying (URL: https://twitter.com/jjaemshine/status/1393531437949743111).
Explosions, ash plumes, and block avalanches during June-September 2021
Sinabung in north Sumatra, Indonesia had its first confirmed Holocene eruption during August and September 2010. Dome growth, block avalanches, multiple explosions with ash plumes, and pyroclastic flows are common events that occur. The continuing eruption that began in August 2020 has recently consisted of ash plumes, pyroclastic flows, hundreds of block avalanches, and explosions (BGVN 46:08). This report covers intermittent explosions, ash plumes, and block avalanches from June through September 2021 with information provided by Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM, the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation), MAGMA Indonesia, and the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC).
White gas-and-steam emissions dominantly occurred throughout the reporting period; during June, they rose 50-500 m above the summit and drifted E, SE, SW, W, and NW (figure 102). An eruption occurred at 2004 on 3 June, though it was not visually confirmed due to cloud cover. Another event at 2335 on 6 June consisted of ash plumes and pyroclastic flows, though weather again obscured views. A Darwin VAAC notice reported an ash plume visible in satellite images, with the multi-level plume rising to 4.3 km altitude (N), 6.1 km altitude (WNW), 7.3 km altitude (W), and 9.1 km altitude (drifted W and WSW). During 11-13 June block avalanches from the summit lava dome were occasionally recorded, but not visually observed due to weather conditions. Occasional deep volcanic earthquakes occurred through September.
Figure 102. Image of a white gas-and-steam plume rising above Sinabung on 30 June 2021. Courtesy of PVMBG and MAGMA Indonesia. |
During July, white gas-and-steam emissions continued to rise 100-500 m above the summit and drift in multiple directions. On 1 July at 1151 a gray plume rose 800 m above the summit and drifted SW and W. An ash plume rose 500 m above the summit and drifted ESE at 0925 on 13 July due to an eruptive or collapse event. Video taken on 13 July showed new vents on the upper W flank that generated gas-and-ash emissions. An eruptive event at 1850 on 19 July produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the summit and extended ESE; the activity lasted about 11 minutes. A strong explosion on 28 July at 1320 produced an ash plume that rose 4.5 km above the summit and drifted E and S (figure 103) and pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 1 km down the E and SE flanks, prompting PVMBG to raise the Aviation Color Code (ACC) to Red. Ashfall was reported in areas to the E, including the subdistricts of Namanteran, Merdeka, Berastagi, and Simpang Empat; the event lasted for about 12.5 minutes. In addition, a small sulfur dioxide plume that exceeded two Dobson Units (DU) was detected above the volcano, based on data from the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite (figure 104).
Figure 103. Image of the resulting ash plume that rose 4.5 km above Sinabung from the strong explosion on 28 July 2021. Courtesy of PVMBG. |
Persistent white gas-and-steam emissions rose 50-500 m above the summit and drifted in different directions during August. An avalanche of incandescent material was observed descending 500-700 m to the E and SE during 4-7 August. Another block avalanche descended 700 m on 25 August. Activity decreased during September and October and mostly consisted of white gas-and-steam emissions that rose 50-800 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. On 23 September infrared Sentinel-2 satellite imagery showed a small thermal anomaly in the summit crater (figure 105).
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); MAGMA Indonesia, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (URL: https://magma.esdm.go.id/v1); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Firdaus Surbakti (URL: https://www.facebook.com/firdaus.surbakti).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Sinaboeng | Sinabun | ||||
Craters |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Sigala, Batu | Crater |
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There is data available for 5 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2020 Aug 8 - 2021 Sep 23 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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2020 Aug 8 - 2021 Sep 23 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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2019 Feb 6 (?) - 2019 Jun 9 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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2019 Feb 6 (?) - 2019 Jun 9 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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2013 Sep 15 - 2018 Jun 22 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater and SE flank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2013 Sep 15 - 2018 Jun 22 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 698 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater and SE flank
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2010 Aug 27 - 2010 Sep 17 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2010 Aug 27 - 2010 Sep 17 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phreatic explosions on 27 August 2010 were followed by ash eruptions with incandescence and ejection of juvenile material. A 30 August photo showed ash plumes from two closely spaced vents near and below the summit. Nighttime video showed incandescent material descending a flank, and one 3 September daytime photo showed a ground-hugging lateral plume considered by CVGHM to be due to plume deflection by strong winds. The largest explosion occurred on 7 September, producing ash plumes to about 5 km above the vent. Up to 30,000 people were evacuated, and press reports noted two deaths from respiratory and cardiac issues. The last reported activity was an ash plume seen on a webcam on 17 September. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 26 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater
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[ 1881 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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1881 - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||
Neumann van Padang (1983) cited a 1893 report from Hoekstra of ash cloud emissions in 1881, but did not list the volcano as historically active on page 3. | |||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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0810 ± 70 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SE flank | |||||||||||||||||||
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0810 ± 70 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
A pyroclastic flow deposit on the SE flank is composed of material from a thin lava flow effused during low- to moderate-intensity eruptions. | ||||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at SE flank
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There is data available for 1 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Reference List: Chaussard and Amelung 2012.
Full References:
Chaussard E, Amelung F, 2012. Precursory inflation of shallow magma reservoirs at west Sunda volcanoes detected by InSAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L21311. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053817
There is data available for 1 emission periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Start Date: 2014 Jan 11 | Stop Date: 2014 Jan 11 | Method: Satellite (Aura OMI) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 7 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 7 km | Total SO2 Mass: 20 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
20140111 | 7.0 | 20.000 |
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
There are no samples for Sinabung in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Sinabung. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Sinabung. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Sinabung | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |