Mexico Volcanoes
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Mexico has 35 Holocene volcanoes. Note that as a scientific organization we provide these listings for informational purposes only, with no international legal or policy implications. Volcanoes will be included on this list if they are within the boundaries of a country, on a shared boundary or area, in a remote territory, or within a maritime Exclusive Economic Zone. Bolded volcanoes have erupted within the past 20 years. Suggestions and data updates are always welcome ().
Volcano Name | Last Eruption | Volcanic Region | Primary Landform |
---|---|---|---|
Los Atlixcos | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Shield |
Barcena | 1953 CE | Mathematicians Ridge Volcanic Province | Minor |
Ceboruco | 1875 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Chichinautzin | 399 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
El Chichon | 1982 CE | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Cofre de Perote | 1150 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Colima | 2019 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Comondu-La Purisima | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Las Cumbres | 3920 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Durango Volcanic Field | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
La Gloria | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Los Humeros | 4470 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
Iztaccihuatl | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Jaraguay Volcanic Field | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Jocotitlan | 1270 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
La Malinche | 1170 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Mascota Volcanic Field | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 1952 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Naolinco Volcanic Field | 1200 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Northern EPR at 16°N | 50 BCE | Northern East Pacific Rise Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Northern EPR at 17°N | 50 BCE | Northern East Pacific Rise Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Pico de Orizaba | 1846 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Pinacate | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Popocatepetl | 2025 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Cerro Prieto | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Minor |
San Borja Volcanic Field | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Isla San Luis | 1141 BCE | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Minor (Silicic) |
San Martin | 1796 CE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Sanganguey | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Serdan-Oriental | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Socorro | 1994 CE | Mathematicians Ridge Volcanic Province | Shield |
Tacana | 1986 CE | Central America Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Nevado de Toluca | 1350 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Isla Tortuga | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Shield |
Zitacuaro-Valle de Bravo | 3050 BCE | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Chronological listing of known Holocene eruptions (confirmed or uncertain) from volcanoes in Mexico. Bolded eruptions indicate continuing activity.
Volcano Name | Start Date | Stop Date | Certainty | VEI | Evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colima | 2019 May 11 | 2019 Jul 12 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 2013 Jan 6 | 2017 Mar 7 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 2005 Jan 9 | 2025 Feb 21 (continuing) | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 2004 May 26 | 2004 May 26 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1997 Nov 22 | 2011 Jun 21 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1996 Mar 5 | 2003 Nov 22 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1994 Dec 21 | 1995 Oct 5 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1994 Jul 21 | 1994 Jul 21 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Socorro | 1993 Jan 29 | 1994 Feb 24 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 0 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1991 Mar 1 | 1991 Oct 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1988 Jun 15 ± 180 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1987 Jul 2 | 1987 Jul 2 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Tacana | 1986 Feb 16 ± 15 days | 1986 Jun 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1985 Jul 2 ± 182 days | 1986 Jan 5 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1983 Feb 11] | [1983 Feb 15] | Uncertain | ||
El Chichon | 1982 Mar 28 | 1982 Sep 11 | Confirmed | 5 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1977 Dec 16 ± 15 days | 1982 Jun 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1975 Dec 11 (?) | 1976 Jun 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1973 Jan 30] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1963 Jul 2 ± 182 days | 1970 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1961 Jul 2 ± 182 days | 1962 Dec 1 ± 30 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1957 May 14 | 1960 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Barcena | 1952 Aug 1 | 1953 Feb 24 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Socorro | 1951 May 22 | 1951 May 22 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Tacana | 1949 Dec 22 | 1950 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1947 Jan | 1947 Feb | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 1943 Feb 20 | 1952 Feb 25 | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1942 | 1943 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1941 Apr 15] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Pinacate | [1934 Dec 31] | [1935 Jan 2 (?)] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1933 Jan 23 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | [1932 Dec 31 ± 365 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Pinacate | [1928 Jun 9] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1926 ± 4 years | 1931 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1925 | 1927 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1923 Nov 27 | 1924 Mar 7 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1919 Feb 19 (?) | 1922 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1913 Jan 17 | 1913 Jan 24 | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1908 Dec 18 | 1909 Jul 1 ± 30 days | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Socorro | [1905 Jan] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1904 | 1906 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1903 Feb 15 | 1903 Oct 30 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Socorro | [1896] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1893 Dec 4 | 1902 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1891 Jul | 1892 Jun | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1890 Nov 18 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1889 Aug 9 | 1890 Feb 16 | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1887 | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1885 Dec 26 | 1886 Oct | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1882 | 1884 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1880 Dec 1 ± 30 days | 1881 Apr 12 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1879 Dec 23 | 1880 Apr 30 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Tacana | 1878 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1875 | 1878 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1874 Jun 12 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1872 Feb 26 | 1873 Mar 27 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Ceboruco | 1870 Feb 21 | 1875 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1870 | 1871 | Confirmed | 0 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1869 Jun 12 | 1869 Aug 24 (on or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Tres Virgenes | [1857] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tacana | [1855 Jan 12] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | [1852] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
El Chichon | 1850 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Anthropology | |
Socorro | [1848] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Pico de Orizaba | 1846 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | [1838] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | [1834] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | [1827] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1819 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1818 Feb 15 | 1818 Feb 16 (?) | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1806 | 1809 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1804 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1802 | 1804 | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | [1797] | [1805] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1795 Mar | 1795 Sep | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1794 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | 1794 May | 1796 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | 1793 Mar 2 | 1793 Dec | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1780 Nov 26 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1771 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1770 Mar 10 | 1770 Mar 12 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1769 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 1759 Sep 29 | 1774 | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1749] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tres Virgenes | [1746 May 25 ± 15 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Colima | 1744 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1743 Oct 22 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Sanganguey | [1742] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1720 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1711 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1697 Oct 20 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1690 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Pico de Orizaba | 1687 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1666 | 1667 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | 1664 Jan 15 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1663 Oct 13 | 1665 Oct 19 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1642 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1622 Jun 8 | 1622 Jun 9 | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Pico de Orizaba | 1613 | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1611 Apr 15 | 1613 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1606 Nov 25 | 1606 Dec 13 (on or after) | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | [1602] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1592 | 1594 Oct | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1590 Jan 14 | 1590 Jan 15 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1590 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1585 Jan 10 | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1580 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1576 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1571 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Pico de Orizaba | 1569 | 1589 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Ceboruco | 1567 | Unknown | Confirmed | Observations: Reported | |
Pico de Orizaba | 1566 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1560 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1548 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Pico de Orizaba | 1545 | 1555 (?) ± 10 years | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1542 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Ceboruco | 1542 | Unknown | Confirmed | Observations: Reported | |
Popocatepetl | 1539 | 1540 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
San Martin | [1534 (?)] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Pico de Orizaba | [1533] | [1539] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1530 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1528 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1519 Sep | 1523 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Colima | 1519 | 1523 | Confirmed | 3 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1518 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1512 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | [1509] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1504 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | 1488 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Popocatepetl | [1363] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
El Chichon | 1360 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Popocatepetl | 1354 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Pico de Orizaba | [1351] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Popocatepetl | 1345 | 1347 | Confirmed | 2 | Observations: Reported |
Jocotitlan | 1270 ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 1260 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
El Chichon | 1190 ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Pico de Orizaba | [1187] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Pico de Orizaba | 1175 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Correlation: Anthropology |
Pico de Orizaba | [1157] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Cofre de Perote | 1150 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Colima | 1110 ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | [1050 ± 50 years] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tacana | 1030 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Ceboruco | 0930 ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
San Martin | 0890 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Popocatepetl | 0823 Mar 1 ± 90 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Sidereal: Ice Core |
El Chichon | 0780 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Colima | 0730 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
El Chichon | 0590 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Colima | 0540 ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
El Chichon | 0480 ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
San Martin | 0480 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Chichinautzin | 0399 ± 149 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
San Martin | 0380 ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Tephrochronology | |
Popocatepetl | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 0220 ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Chichinautzin | 0203 ± 131 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
El Chichon | 0190 ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 0140 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
San Martin | 0120 ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 0090 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Tacana | 0070 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Pico de Orizaba | 0040 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
El Chichon | 0020 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Northern EPR at 17°N | 0050 BCE ± 1000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Correlation: Magnetism |
Northern EPR at 16°N | 0050 BCE ± 1000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Correlation: Magnetism |
San Martin | 0150 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Tephrochronology | |
Popocatepetl | 0200 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Colima | 0650 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
El Chichon | 0700 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
San Martin | 0750 BCE ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 0780 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Tacana | 1080 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 1140 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 1140 BCE ± 865 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Isla San Luis | 1141 BCE ± 203 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
La Malinche | 1170 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 1170 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Naolinco Volcanic Field | 1200 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Isla San Luis | 1212 BCE ± 127 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 1320 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
San Martin | 1320 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
El Chichon | 1340 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Nevado de Toluca | 1350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 1450 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 1500 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 1880 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Popocatepetl | 1890 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 1890 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 1940 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
El Chichon | 2030 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Anthropology | |
Pico de Orizaba | 2110 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
San Martin | 2130 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Chichinautzin | 2238 BCE ± 1413 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Pico de Orizaba | 2300 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Popocatepetl | 2370 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 2370 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Pico de Orizaba | 2500 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Isla San Luis | 2647 BCE ± 128 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 2750 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Pico de Orizaba | 2780 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Colima | 2800 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 3030 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Zitacuaro-Valle de Bravo | 3050 BCE ± 2000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Isotopic: K/Ar |
Socorro | 3090 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 3180 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 3270 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Tephrochronology | |
Colima | 3350 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
San Martin | 3440 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 3510 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 3600 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Popocatepetl | 3700 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Las Cumbres | 3920 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 4110 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 4140 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Chichinautzin | 4250 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Colima | 4430 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Los Humeros | 4470 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 4500 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 4690 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Tacana | 4740 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Colima | 4960 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Popocatepetl | 5150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
La Malinche | 5580 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Tacana | 5720 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Chichinautzin | 5840 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
La Malinche | 5870 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 5880 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Tacana | 5940 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 5940 BCE ± 335 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
La Malinche | 6120 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 6220 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Popocatepetl | 6250 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Correlation: Tephrochronology | |
La Malinche | 6310 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 6320 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 6480 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
El Chichon | 6510 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 6710 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
La Malinche | 6710 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
La Malinche | 6890 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 7030 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Popocatepetl | 7150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Chichinautzin | 7340 BCE ± 1050 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Michoacan-Guanajuato | 7350 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Chichinautzin | 7370 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Colima | 7420 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Pico de Orizaba | 7530 BCE ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Colima | 7690 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Jocotitlan | 7740 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |
Chichinautzin | 7930 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) |
Tacana | 9450 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) |
Mexico has 42 Pleistocene volcanoes. Note that as a scientific organization we provide these listings for informational purposes only, with no international legal or policy implications. Volcanoes will be included on this list if they are within the boundaries of a country, on a shared boundary or area, in a remote territory, or within a maritime Exclusive Economic Zone. Suggestions and data updates are always welcome ().
Volcano Name | Volcanic Region | Primary Volcano Type |
---|---|---|
Acatlan Volcanic Field | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
Acoculco | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
El Aguajito | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Caldera |
Aldama Volcanic Field | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Apan-Tezontepec | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Apas-Navenchauc | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
Los Azufres | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
Camargo Volcanic Field | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Volcan el Cantaro | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Coronado | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Composite |
Los Flores | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Cerro Grande | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Huitepec | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | Minor |
Isla Isabel | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Minor |
Cerro Leon | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Minor |
Cerro Mencenares | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Minor |
Mispia | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | Minor |
Moctezuma Volcanic Field | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Las Navajas | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Shield |
Northern Atenguillo | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Northern Guadalajara Mesa | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Papayo | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Minor |
Poza Rica | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Sierra la Primavera | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
Punta Pulpito | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Minor |
La Reforma | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Caldera |
San Ignacio Volcanic Field | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Cluster |
San Juan | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
San Martin Pajapan | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
San Pedro | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Caldera |
San Quintin Volcanic Field | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Cluster |
San Sebastian Volcanic Field | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Santa Maria del Oro | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Minor |
Santo Domingo Volcanic Field | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Southern Guadalajara | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
Telapon | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Tepetiltic | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Tequila | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Tlaloc | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Composite |
Tres Virgenes | Gulf of California Rift Volcanic Province | Composite |
Ventura Volcanic Field | Basin and Range Volcanic Province | Cluster |
Los Volcanes | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc | Cluster |
There are 519 photos available for volcanoes in Mexico.

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

NASA Landsat satellite image, 1999 (courtesy of Loren Siebert, University of Akron).

Photo by Dr. Atl (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2002 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy Julian Flores, 1982 (University of Guadalajara).

Photo courtesy of Colima Volcano Observatory, 2007.

Photo by Carl Fries, 1945 (U.S. Geological Survey, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1992 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by David Roddy, 1965 (U.S. Geological Survey).

ASTER satellite image, 2001 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

Photo by Renato Castro, 2000 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1994 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Autónoma Nacional de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2004 (Smithsonian Institution).

NASA Landsat image (processed by Brian Hausback, UC Sacramento).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1996 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy of F. Núñez-Cornú, G. Reyes-Davila, and C. Suárez-Plascencia, 1999 (University of Guadelajara).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by René Canul, 1981 (Comisión Federal de Electricidad).

Photo by William Foshag, 1943 (Smithsonian Institution, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1993 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Keith Sutter, 2000.

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1978.

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo courtesy Julian Flores (University of Guadalajara), 1903.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo courtesy Julian Flores (University of Guadalajara), 1936.

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 2000 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lucio Cardenas, 1996 (CENAPRED, courtesy of Hugo Delgado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

ASTER satellite image, 2002 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Juan Presno, 1947 (courtesy of E. Chavira, INAOE).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2004 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Robert Petrie, 1952 (U.S. Navy; courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Painting by Daniel Thomas Eggerton (Collection of the National Bank of Mexico; courtesy José Macías, UNAM).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1978 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Guillermo Saucedo, 1958 (courtesy Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Carl Fries, 1945 (U.S. Geological Survey, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1996 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Juan Carlos Gavilanes, 1998 (Colima Volcano Observatory, Universidad de Colima).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Anonymous, 1913.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2002 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1993 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1996 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy of Claus Siebe, 1998 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1996 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Marjorie Summers, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution).

NASA Landsat image by Michael Abrams, 1996 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1994 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by William Melson, 1968 (Smithsonian Institution)

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

NASA Landsat satellite image, 1999 (courtesy of Loren Siebert, University of Akron).

Satellite image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel Data, 2019.

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lucia Capra, 1993 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2002 (Smithsonian Institution).

NASA Landsat satellite image, 1999 (courtesy of Loren Siebert, University of Akron).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Marjorie Summers, 1989 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1998 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1982 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1998 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Steve Nelson, 1987 (Tulane University).

Photo by William Foshag, 1944 (Smithsonian Institution, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1998 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 2002 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Keith Sutter, 2000.

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by William Foshag, 1943 (Smithsonian Institution, published in Foshag and Gonzáles-Reyna, 1956).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1993 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

Photo by Andy Saunders, 1984 (University of Leichester).

Photo by Steven Nelson, 1996 (Tulane University).

Photo by Keith Sutter, 2000.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Painting by Juan Mauricio Rugendas (courtesy of Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1976 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Andy Saunders, 1984 (University of Leichester).

Photo by Steve Nelson, 1986 (Tulane University).

Photo by Robert Petrie, 1952 (U.S. Navy; courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1998 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1997 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1986 (Michigan Technological University).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1982 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo by José Suarez Jaramillo, 1961 (courtesy of Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1983 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Juan Manuel Espíndola, 1991 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Ken Segerstrom, 1945 (U.S. Geological Survey, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1996 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bob Luhr, 1979.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy CENAPRED, Mexico City, 1994.

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Norm Banks, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

ASTER satellite image, 2001 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

NASA Landsat satellite image, 1999 (courtesy of Loren Siebert, University of Akron).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Arno Brehme, 1944 (U.S. National Archives, published in Foshag and Gonzáles-Reyna, 1956).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy of Abel Cortés, 1998 (Colima Volcano Observatory, Universidad de Colima).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1990 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Mauricio Bretón, 2002 (Colima Volcano Observatory, University of Colima).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1983 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1994 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), courtesy of Steve Nelson.

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1993 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1987 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1986 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1982 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1978 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1982 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo by Roberto Quass, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Alfredo Ramirez (pilot Ernesto Gómez Hofman), 1991 (courtesy Melchor Urzua, Protección Civil de Colima).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1989 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 2002 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by William Foshag, 1944 (Smithsonian Institution, published in Foshag and Gonzáles-Reyna, 1956).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1989 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Carl Fries, 1948 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1:25,000, 1945.

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Paul Damon, 1974 (University of Arizona).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Keith Sutter, 2000.

Photo by José Suarez Joramillo, 1958 (courtesy of Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Carl Fries, 1943 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2004 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Norm Banks, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lucia Capra, 1993 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Dan Dzurisin, 1995 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Sketch by Dr. Atl, 1943 (published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Salvador Ceja, 1943 (U.S. National Archives, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by José Macías, (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Ken Segerstrom, 1944 (U.S. Geological Survey, published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1:25,000, 1999.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Charles Conner, 1997 (Southwest Research Institute).

Painting by Dr. Atl (published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Wendell Duffield, 1982 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1998 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by L.W. Walker, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jorge Aranda-Gómez, 1994 (Universidad Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2004 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Renato Castro, 2000 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jorge Aranda-Gómez, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1998 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1990 (California State University, Sacramento).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1997 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Juan Carlos Gavilanes, 1999 (Colima Volcano Observatory, University of Colima).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Ma. Arreola, 1901 (courtesy of Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by William Foshag, 1943 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1994 (California State University, Sacramento).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1:25,000, 1978.

Photo courtesy CENAPRED, Mexico City, 1994.

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Ray Wilcox (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jorge Aranda-Gómez, 1994 (Universidad Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1994 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Adrian Richards, 1955 (U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy of CENAPRED, Mexico City, 1994.

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1998 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Julian Flores, 1999 (University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by René Canul, 1981 (Comisión Federal de Electricidad).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 2000 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

NASA Landsat image (processed by Brian Hausback, UC Sacramento).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1978.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2004 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jean-Christophe Komorowski, 1991(Arizona State University).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1983 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1991 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by David Roddy, 1965 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 2002 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1982 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo courtesy of Centro de Sismologia y Volcanología de Occidente, Centro Universitario de la Costa, 2001.

Photo from Waitz 1915 (Zeitschrift Vulkanologie).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1981 (published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by James Allan, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1990 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Marshall Reed, 1959 (U.S. Department of Energy).

Photo by Juan Carlos Gavilanes, 1998 (Colima Volcano Observatory, Universidad de Colima).

Courtesy of Enrique Chavira (INAOE; from Elia Rascón Cano family archive).

Photo by Warren Huff, 1997 (University of Cincinnati).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Stephen O'Meara, 1993.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2002 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2002 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by James Allan, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Armando García, 1998 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

ASTER satellite image, 2001 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1986 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Claus Siebe, 1991 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1993 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Sketch by Emiliano Meza (courtesy of Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Steve Nelson, 1989 (Tulane University).

Photo by Norm Banks, 1987 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

ASTER satellite image, 2001 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1993 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1994 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

ASTER satellite image, 2002 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration, processed by Doug Edmonds).

Photo courtesy of Jim Luhr (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1981.

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo courtesy Julian Flores (University of Guadalajara), 1941.

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1996 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo courtesy CENAPRED, Mexico City, 1997.

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1983.

Photo by Bill Rose, 1997 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1983 (Michigan Technological University).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Drawing from Archivo General de la Nación (México), courtesy of Larry Feldman.

Photo by Steve Nelson, 1989 (Tulane University).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1991 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by James Allan, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado, 1996 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1991 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados, (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

Photo courtesy CENAPRED, Mexico City, 2000.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1969 (Michigan Technological University).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

NASA Landsat 7 image (worldwind.arc.nasa.gov)

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1976 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Martha Marin, 1998 (Mexican Navy).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1995 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1998 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Ismael Morales, 1993 (Universidad Autónoma de Puebla).

Photo by Luis Mora-Garcia, 1943 (published in Foshag and González-Reyna, 1956).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1983 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Anita Cadoux, 2007 (Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Mexico).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1995 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1991 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Alfredo Ramirez (pilot Ernesto Gómez Hofman), 1991 (courtesy Melchor Urzua, Protección Civil de Colima).

Photo by Adrian Richards, 1952 (U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Hugo Delgado-Granados (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1998 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by José Macías, 1997 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1970.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Guillermo Castellano, 1990 (courtesy of Jim Luhr, Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Ezequiel Ordonez, 1943 (U.S. National Archives).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1980 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by U.S. Navy, 1952 (courtesy of Sherman Neuschel, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Paul Wallace, 1992 (University of California Berkeley).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1982 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1987 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez, 2002 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1986 (Michigan Technological University).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1978.

Photo by Adrian Richards, 1955 (U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office).

Photo by Brian Hausback, 1995 (California State University, Sacramento).

Photo by Frederick Pough, 1943 (American Museum of Natural History).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1974 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1981 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1974 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1979 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1998 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1990 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Andy Saunders, 1984 (University of Leichester).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Copyrighted photo by Katia and Maurice Krafft, 1981.

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Pat Dobson, 1998 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Aerial photo by Comisión de Estudios del Territorio Nacional (CETENAL), 1:25,000.

Photo by Steve Nelson, 1987 (Tulane University).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Richard Waitt, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by David Roddy, 1965 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Bill Rose, 1983 (Michigan Technological University).

Photo by Frank Zierer, 1944 (published in Foshag and González-Reyna, 1956).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by James Allan, 1985 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 2000 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo from Mooser and Maldonando-Koerdell 1961 (XIIIth General Assembly IUGG).

Photo by Guillermo Saucedo, 1958 (courtesy Julian Flores, University of Guadalajara).

Photo by Instituto de Geología, 1943 (published in Luhr and Simkin, 1993).

NASA Space Shuttle image, 1982 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Servando De la Cruz-Reyna, 1982 (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Image courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov).

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1997 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Lucia Capra, 1993 (courtesy of José Macías, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México).
This is a compilation of Mexico volcano information sources, such as official monitoring or other government agencies.
Civil Protection Agencies | |
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Civil Protection Jalisco |
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center | |
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Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) | |
- Washington VAAC Archive | |
- Washington VAAC Notices |