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Volcanoes in the Tonga-Kermadec Volcanic Regions

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Ruapehu

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Curacoa

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Tongariro

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Whakaari/White Island

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Tafahi

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Tongariro

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Ruapehu

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Tongariro

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Tongariro

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Brothers

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Whakaari/White Island

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Taupo

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Macauley

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Taupo

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    West Mata

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Auckland Volcanic Field

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Whakaari/White Island

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Wright

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Ruapehu

  • Volcano photo slideshow

    Okataina

  • Current

Additional information about the Volcanic Regions in this group and a map display is still being prepared.

There are 45 Holocene volcanoes in the Tonga-Kermadec Volcanic Regions.

Northeast Lau Basin Volcano Group

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Niuafo'ou Tonga 1946 CE Shield
Dugong Tonga Unknown Shield
Lobster Tonga Unknown Shield
Tafu-Maka Tonga 2008 CE Cluster
West Mata Tonga 2009 CE Cluster
Niuatahi Tonga Unknown Caldera

Tofua Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Unnamed Tonga 1932 CE Composite
Unnamed Tonga Unknown Composite
Unnamed Tonga 2017 CE Composite
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Tonga 2022 CE Caldera
Fonuafo'ou Tonga 1936 CE Composite
Tofua Tonga 2024 CE Caldera
Kao Tonga 1847 CE Composite
Lateiki Tonga 2019 CE Composite
Home Reef Tonga 2024 CE Composite
Late Tonga 1854 CE Composite
Unnamed Tonga 2019 CE Composite
Fonualei Tonga 1957 CE Composite
Tafahi Tonga Unknown Composite
Curacoa Tonga 1979 CE Composite

Northern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Raoul Island New Zealand 2006 CE Composite
Monowai New Zealand 2014 CE Composite
Unnamed Tonga Unknown Composite

Middle Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Wright New Zealand Unknown Composite
Havre Seamount New Zealand 2012 CE Composite
Curtis Island New Zealand Unknown Composite
Macauley New Zealand 4360 BCE Caldera
Giggenbach New Zealand Unknown Composite

Southern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Clark New Zealand Unknown Composite
Tangaroa New Zealand Unknown Composite
Rumble V New Zealand Unknown Composite
Rumble IV New Zealand Unknown Composite
Rumble III New Zealand 2008 CE Composite
Rumble II West New Zealand Unknown Composite
Healy New Zealand 1360 CE Composite
Brothers New Zealand Unknown Caldera

Taupo Volcanic Zone

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Mayor Island New Zealand 5060 BCE Shield
Whakaari/White Island New Zealand 2024 CE Composite
Okataina New Zealand 1981 CE Cluster
Taupo New Zealand 260 CE Caldera
Taranaki New Zealand 1800 CE Composite
Tongariro New Zealand 2012 CE Composite
Ruapehu New Zealand 2007 CE Composite

Northland Volcanic Province

Volcano Name Country Last Eruption Volcanic Landform
Kaikohe-Bay of Islands New Zealand 400 CE Cluster
Auckland Volcanic Field New Zealand 1446 CE Cluster

Chronological listings of known Holocene eruptions (confirmed or uncertain) from volcanoes in the Tonga-Kermadec Volcanic Regions. Bolded eruptions indicate current continuing activity as of 16 August 2024.

Lau Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Global Volcanism Program is not aware of any confirmed Holocene eruptions in this region.

Northeast Lau Basin Volcano Group

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Tafu-Maka 2008 Nov 16 (?) ± 15 days 2008 Nov 16 (?) ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
West Mata 2008 Nov 16 (in or before) ± 15 days 2009 May 16 (in or after) ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou [1985 Mar 21] [1985 Mar 22] Uncertain  
Niuafo'ou [1947 Jan] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Niuafo'ou 1946 Sep 9 1946 Sep 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1943 Sep 26 1943 Oct 16 ± 30 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1935 Dec 7 1936 Feb (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1929 Jul 25 1929 Jul 26 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1912 Oct 15 ± 5 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou [1887] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Niuafo'ou 1886 Aug 31 1886 Sep 18 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1867 Apr 12 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou 1853 Jun 24 1853 Jun 24 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Niuafo'ou [1814] [Unknown] Uncertain  

Tofua Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Home Reef 2024 Jun 10 2024 Jul 4 Confirmed   Observations: Satellite (infrared)
Home Reef 2023 Oct 12 2023 Oct 19 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Home Reef 2022 Sep 10 2022 Oct 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 2021 Dec 20 2022 Jan 15 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki 2019 Oct 13 2019 Oct 22 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 2019 Aug 6 2019 Aug 8 Confirmed   Observations: Satellite (visual)
Unnamed 2017 Jan 23 2017 Jan 31 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 2015 Oct 2 2024 Aug 14 (continuing) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 2014 Dec 19 2015 Jan 23 ± 3 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 2009 Mar 17 (?) 2009 Mar 22 ± 1 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Home Reef 2006 Aug 7 2006 Aug 16 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 2004 Mar 19 2014 Oct 18 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 2001 Sep 27 2001 Sep 28 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 1999 Jan 8 (in or before) 1999 Jan 14 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki 1995 Jun 6 1995 Jun 23 ± 2 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua [1993 Apr 29] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Lateiki 1991 Jun 24 (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 1988 Jun 1 1988 Jun 3 (in or after) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Home Reef 1984 Mar 1 1984 Mar 5 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Curacoa 1979 May 14 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki 1979 May 10 (in or before) 1979 Jul 21 (in or after) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei [1974 Feb 16] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Curacoa 1973 Jul 11 1973 Jul 16 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed [1970 Jan 3] [1970 Jan 3] Uncertain  
Lateiki 1967 Dec 11 (in or before) 1968 Jan 4 ± 4 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1958 Dec 31 ± 120 days 1960 Jul 2 (?) ± 182 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1957 Jun 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1951 Aug 21 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1939 Jun Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 1937 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou 1936 Jun Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou 1933 Apr Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 1932 Dec 1 ± 30 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou 1927 Oct 4 1928 Sep (in or after) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 1923 Jul 1 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou [1921 Nov] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 1912 Apr 29 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 1911 Aug Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Unnamed 1907 Jul Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1906 Dec Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1906 Mar Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1906 Jan 1906 Feb Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou [1894 Dec] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Lateiki [1894 (in or before)] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Lateiki 1886 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou 1885 Oct 12 (?) 1886 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1885 Oct (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki 1878 Apr (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou 1877 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou [1865] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Lateiki 1858 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Home Reef [1857] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Late 1854 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1854 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Home Reef 1852 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki [1852] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Lateiki 1851 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Kao 1847 Jul 10 (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1847 Jul 10 (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1846 Jun 11 (?) 1846 Oct 10 (in or after) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1845 Jul 1 ± 60 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tofua 1792 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonualei 1791 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Late 1790 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Lateiki 1781 (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Fonuafo'ou [1781] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Fonualei [1780 (in or before)] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tofua 1774 Jun Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai 1110 ± 70 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

Northern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Monowai [2016 Nov 11] [2016 Nov 12] Uncertain  
Monowai 2014 Oct 16 2014 Nov 5 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2014 Jan 1 2014 Jan 1 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2012 Aug 3 2012 Aug 19 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2011 May 17 2011 May 22 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2009 May 4 ± 3 days 2009 Dec 16 ± 4 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2008 Feb 8 (?) 2008 Feb 8 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2006 Dec 12 2007 Nov 4 ± 3 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Raoul Island 2006 Mar 17 2006 Mar 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Monowai 2005 Mar 2 2006 Jun 27 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2003 Apr 10 2004 Sep 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2002 Nov 1 2002 Nov 24 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 2002 May 24 2002 May 24 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1999 Jun 6 1999 Jun 11 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1997 Dec 15 1998 Feb 4 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1997 Apr 18 1997 Apr 21 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1996 Sep 20 1996 Sep 22 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1995 Nov 27 1995 Nov 30 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1990 May 30 1991 Mar 25 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1988 Sep 8 1988 Sep 8 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Raoul Island [1987 Mar 25] [1987 Mar 25] Uncertain  
Monowai 1986 Jun 16 ± 15 days 1986 Jun 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1982 May 16 ± 15 days 1982 May 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1980 Jan 16 ± 15 days 1980 Jan 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1979 Feb 16 (?) ± 15 days 1979 Apr 19 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1978 Feb 16 ± 15 days 1978 Jul 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Monowai 1977 Oct 17 1977 Oct 27 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Monowai 1977 Apr 16 ± 15 days 1977 Apr 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Raoul Island 1964 Nov 19 1965 Apr 25 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Monowai [1944] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Raoul Island 1886 Mar Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Raoul Island 1870 Jun 20 ± 4 days 1870 Oct 3 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Raoul Island 1814 Mar 9 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Raoul Island 1720 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Raoul Island 1630 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Raoul Island 1450 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0850 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0700 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0550 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Raoul Island 0400 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0100 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0050 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Raoul Island 0250 BCE ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Raoul Island 1200 BCE ± 150 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Raoul Island 2000 BCE ± 100 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

Middle Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Havre Seamount 2012 Jul 17 2012 Jul 19 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Curtis Island [2009 Jan 18] [2009 Jan 19] Uncertain  
Curtis Island [1936 Jun 18] [1936 Dec] Uncertain  
Macauley [1887 Dec 1] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Macauley [1825 Sep 6] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Macauley 4360 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

Southern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Rumble III 2008 Jul 2 ± 1 years ± 182 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Rumble III 1986 Jun 15 1986 Aug 5 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Rumble III 1973 Oct 15 1973 Oct 17 Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Rumble III 1970 Jul 2 ± 182 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Rumble III 1963 Jan 16 ± 15 days 1966 Dec 16 (in or after) ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Rumble III 1958 Jul 9 1962 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed   Observations: Hydrophonic
Healy 1360 ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

Taupo Volcanic Zone

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Whakaari/White Island 2024 May 24 2024 Aug 16 (continuing) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2019 Dec 9 2019 Dec 9 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2016 Sep 13 2016 Sep 14 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2016 Apr 27 2016 Apr 27 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 2012 Nov 21 2012 Nov 21 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2012 Aug 7 2013 Oct 11 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 2012 Aug 6 2012 Aug 7 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 2007 Sep 25 2007 Sep 25 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 2006 Oct 4 2006 Oct 4 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2001 Feb 19 2001 Feb 19 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 2000 Mar 7 2000 Sep 5 ± 4 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1998 Aug 22 1999 Aug 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1998 Mar 28 1998 Mar 29 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1997 Oct 9 1997 Oct 18 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1996 Jun 16 1996 Sep 1 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu [1996 Mar 21 (in or before)] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Whakaari/White Island 1995 Jun 28 (?) 1995 Jun 29 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1995 Jan 11 (?) 1995 Nov 9 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu [1994 Feb 12] [1994 Apr 1] Uncertain  
Ruapehu 1992 Feb 8 1992 Mar 6 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1991 Jul 5 (?) 1991 Jul 14 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1990 Jun 17 1990 Sep 8 (in or before) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1990 Jan 7 1990 Jan 26 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1989 Jul 1 1989 Sep 20 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1988 Dec 8 1989 Mar 5 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1988 Mar 20 1988 May 25 ± 3 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1987 Aug 24 1987 Aug 30 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1986 Feb 8 1986 Feb 9 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1986 Feb 1 (?) 1994 Jul 28 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1985 Nov 15 1985 Nov 15 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1985 May 21 (in or before) 1985 Jun 9 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1984 Oct 25 (?) 1984 Dec 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1984 Apr 2 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1983 Dec 26 ± 5 days 1984 Feb 12 ± 5 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1981 Oct 25 (?) 1982 Apr 12 ± 3 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1981 May 16 ± 15 days 1981 May 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1980 Oct 18 1980 Nov 3 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1980 Jan 15 (?) 1980 Mar 27 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1979 Jun 30 1979 Jul 15 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1978 Feb 23 1978 Feb 23 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1977 Jul 16 1979 Jan 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1977 Jul 4 1977 Jul 4 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1976 Dec 18 1982 Jan 29 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1976 Sep 12 (in or before) 1976 Nov 22 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1976 Aug 23 1976 Aug 28 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1976 Mar 6 1976 Mar 6 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1975 Oct 17 (in or before) 1975 Oct 17 (in or before) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1975 Apr 24 1975 Apr 27 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1975 Feb 12 1975 Feb 23 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1974 Sep 8 ± 10 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1973 Oct 31 1974 Oct 25 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1973 Feb 22 1973 Feb 22 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1972 Nov 22 1974 Aug 19 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1972 Oct 22 1973 Jan 10 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1972 Mar 19 1972 Jun 6 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1971 Jul 19 1971 Jul 20 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1971 Apr 9 ± 3 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1971 Apr 3 1971 Nov 1 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1970 Sep 16 1970 Sep 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1970 Jun 30 ± 30 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1969 Aug 16 ± 15 days 1969 Sep 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1969 Jun 22 1969 Jun 23 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1969 Jan 21 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1968 Aug 18 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1968 Apr 6 1968 Jun 10 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1968 Jan 27 1969 Feb 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1967 Jul 22 1967 Oct 4 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1966 Nov 13 1967 Mar 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1966 Apr 4 1966 Sep 27 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1962 Dec 15 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1962 May 24 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1959 Dec 14 1959 Dec 20 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1959 Jun 1 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1959 May 21 1959 Aug 31 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1958 Dec 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1958 Nov 5 1958 Nov 18 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1957 Dec 11 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1956 Nov 18 1956 Nov 18 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1956 Jan 11 1956 Feb 11 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1955 Jan 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1954 May 13 1955 Jun 25 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1953 Dec 28 (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1952 Nov 29 1953 Jul 16 ± 15 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1952 Jul 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1951 Jun 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1951 May 16 ± 15 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1951 Mar 19 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1950 Jun 26 1950 Jun 26 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1950 Jun 16 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1949 Feb 9 1949 Mar 3 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1948 Sep Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1948 May 1 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1948 Apr 30 1948 May Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1947 Jan (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1946 Nov 21 1947 May 31 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1946 Apr 1946 Jun Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1945 Mar 8 1945 Dec Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1944 Oct Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1942 Aug 10 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1940 Sep 1940 Oct Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1940 Apr Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1939 Aug Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1937 Jan Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1936 May 9 (?) 1936 May 13 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1934 Dec 1935 Feb Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1934 Dec 1935 Feb Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1934 Aug 11 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1934 Jun Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1933 Apr 2 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1931 Feb 1931 May Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1930 Mar 16 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1928 Sep 1 1928 Sep 3 ± 1 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1928 Jul Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1928 Mar 3 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro [1927] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tongariro 1926 Dec 21 1926 Dec 30 (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1926 Nov 17 1926 Nov 18 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1926 Apr 16 1926 Jun Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1926 Feb 3 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1925 Nov 1925 Dec Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1925 Jan 22 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1924 Oct 1924 Nov Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1924 May 22 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1924 Jan 9 1924 Jan 30 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1924 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1924 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1922 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1921 Oct Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1918 Jun 29 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1918 1920 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1917 Oct 1917 Nov Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1917 Mar 24 1917 Apr 4 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1915 Nov 5 1915 Nov 9 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1915 Feb 4 1915 Apr 13 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1914 Sep 1914 Oct Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1914 Jan 28 1914 Feb Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1913 May Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1913 Jan 27 1913 Jan 27 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1913 Jan Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1912 Apr Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1910 Oct 1911 Jan Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1910 Jul 24 1910 Jul 25 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1910 Jan Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1909 May 13 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1909 Mar 1909 Jul Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island [1908 Nov 28] [1908 Dec 6] Uncertain  
Okataina 1908 Oct 1 1908 Oct 1 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1907 Nov Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1907 Feb 1907 May Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1906 Mar 15 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1906 Mar Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1906 Feb 21 1906 Feb 21 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1905 Jun 17 1905 Jun 17 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1905 Feb 18 1905 Feb 23 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1905 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1904 Nov 22 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1903 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1900 Jan 1904 Nov 1 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1898 Jan Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1897 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1896 Nov 1896 Dec 26 ± 5 days Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Okataina 1896 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1895 Mar 10 1895 Mar 14 (in or after) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1892 Nov 30 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1892 Nov 1892 Dec Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1892 Feb 1892 Mar Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro [1890 Mar] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Ruapehu 1889 May 1 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1886 Sep 16 1886 Dec (?) Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island [1886 Jun 10] [1886 Jun 15] Uncertain  
Okataina 1886 Jun 10 1886 Aug Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1886 Jun Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1885 Oct Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island [1885 Jan] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tongariro 1885 ± 1 years 1887 Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1883 Apr 25 ± 5 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1881 Jul 6 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1878 Sep 1 ± 120 days Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro [1875 Oct 1 ± 90 days] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tongariro 1870 Apr 1870 Aug Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1869 Aug Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1869 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1864 Dec 1865 Jan Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1863 1864 Apr Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1862 Jan Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Ruapehu 1861 May 16 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1859 Apr 21 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1857 Feb 1857 Mar Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island [1856 ± 8 years] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tongariro 1855 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Taranaki [1854] [Unknown] Uncertain  
Tongariro 1844 Oct 1845 Jan Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1841 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Tongariro 1839 Feb 1839 Mar Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1836 ± 2 years Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Whakaari/White Island 1826 Dec 1 Unknown Confirmed   Observations: Reported
Taranaki 1800 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 1755 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Sidereal: Dendrochronology
Taranaki 1700 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1655 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Sidereal: Dendrochronology
Taranaki 1590 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1570 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1560 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1550 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1500 ± 30 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Tongariro 1500 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 1480 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1400 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1340 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Okataina 1310 ± 12 years 1315 (?) Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 1300 ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Ruapehu 1210 ± 150 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1070 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0970 ± 30 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0820 ± 30 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0550 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 0520 ± 150 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0390 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taupo 0260 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 0233 Mar 15 ± 13 years ± 20 days Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Okataina 0180 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 0150 (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 0100 ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0040 BCE ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0150 BCE ± 30 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taupo 0200 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Okataina 0300 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 0420 BCE ± 30 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Tongariro 0550 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 0590 BCE ± 500 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 0800 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 1010 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 1050 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 1130 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 1190 BCE ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1250 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 1250 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Okataina 1330 BCE ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 1460 BCE ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 1560 BCE ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 1700 BCE ± 100 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Okataina 1750 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 2150 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 2400 BCE ± 40 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 2450 BCE ± 300 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 2500 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 2600 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 2700 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 2800 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 2850 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 2850 BCE ± 300 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 2900 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 3070 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 3120 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 3170 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 3250 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 3420 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Okataina 3580 BCE ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 4000 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 4100 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 4700 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Mayor Island 5060 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 5100 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 5120 BCE ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Okataina 5550 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Ruapehu 5550 BCE ± 2500 years Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taranaki 6050 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Mayor Island 6050 BCE ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Okataina 6060 BCE ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taranaki 7000 BCE ± 100 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 7270 BCE ± 50 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 7330 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Okataina 7560 BCE ± 18 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Ruapehu 7590 BCE ± 100 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Taranaki 7650 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Ruapehu 7840 BCE (in or before) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)
Okataina 8050 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 8130 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 9210 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Taupo 9240 BCE ± 75 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Tongariro 9350 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Tongariro 9450 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Taupo 9460 BCE ± 200 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Tongariro 9650 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Ruapehu 9650 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Correlation: Tephrochronology
Ruapehu 9850 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Tongariro 9850 BCE (?) Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)

Northland Volcanic Province

Volcano Name Start Date Stop Date Certainty VEI Evidence
Auckland Volcanic Field 1446 ± 5 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Auckland Volcanic Field 1397 ± 7 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (calibrated)
Kaikohe-Bay of Islands 0400 ± 300 years Unknown Confirmed   Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated)

There are 74 Pleistocene volcanoes in the Tonga-Kermadec Volcanic Regions.

Lau Ridge Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Mago Fiji Minor
Katafaga Fiji Composite
Kabara Fiji Composite

Northeast Lau Basin Volcano Group

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
East Mata Tonga Composite
Northern Matas Tonga Cluster
Niua Volcanic Complex Tonga Composite

Tofua Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Ata Volcanic Complex Tonga Composite
Feinga Seamount Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Toku Tonga Composite
Niuatoputapu Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite

Northern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Hinetapeka New Zealand Composite
Volcano OP New Zealand Composite
Putoto New Zealand Composite
Volcano Q New Zealand Composite
Gamble New Zealand Composite
Rakahore New Zealand Composite
Hinepuia New Zealand Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite
Unnamed Tonga Composite

Middle Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Sonne New Zealand Composite
Ngatoroirangi New Zealand Composite
Cole New Zealand Composite
Kuiwai New Zealand Composite
Haungaroa New Zealand Composite
Oliver-Speight New Zealand Composite

Southern Kermadec Volcanic Arc

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Rumble II East New Zealand Composite
Thompson New Zealand Composite
Silent II West New Zealand Composite
Silent II East New Zealand Composite
Yokosuka New Zealand Composite
Rapuhia New Zealand Composite
Giljanes New Zealand Composite
Kibblewhite New Zealand Composite

Taupo Volcanic Zone

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Reporoa New Zealand Caldera
Maroa New Zealand Caldera
Moutohora Island New Zealand Composite
Rotorua New Zealand Caldera
Kapenga New Zealand Caldera
Mangakino New Zealand Caldera
Rungapapa Knoll New Zealand Minor
Maungatautari New Zealand Composite
Tauranga Volcanic Centre New Zealand Cluster
Kaitake New Zealand Composite
Pouakai New Zealand Composite
Northern Tongariro Group New Zealand Composite

Northland Volcanic Province

Volcano Name Country Volcanic Landform
Puhipuhi-Whangarei New Zealand Cluster
South Auckland New Zealand Cluster
Karioi New Zealand Composite
Pirongia New Zealand Composite
Kakepuku New Zealand Minor
Te Kawa New Zealand Minor
Mokohinau Islands New Zealand Cluster
Little Barrier New Zealand Composite
South Coromandel Peninsula New Zealand Cluster