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The Ischia volcanic complex forms a rectangular, 6 x 9 km island immediately SW of the Campi Flegrei area at the western side of the Bay of Naples. The eruption of the trachytic Green Tuff ignimbrite about 56,000 years ago was followed by caldera formation. The high point on the island, 789-m-high Monte Epomeo, is a volcanic horst composed of the Green Tuff ignimbrite deposit that was submerged after its eruption and then uplifted. Volcanism on the island has been significantly affected by tectonism that formed a series of horsts and grabens; at least 800 m of uplift has formed as a result of resurgent doming during past 33,000 years. Many small monogenetic volcanoes were formed around the uplifted block. Volcanism during the Holocene produced a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows, and a major collapse of Mount Epomeo produced a large submarine debris-avalanche deposit. The latest eruption, in 1302 CE, produced a spatter cone and the Arso lava flow, which reached the NE coast.

Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

Start Date	Stop Date	Eruption Certainty	VEI	Evidence	Activity Area or Unit
1302 Jan 18	1302 Mar	Confirmed		Historical Observations	Arso
1290 (?)	Unknown	Confirmed		Radiocarbon (corrected)	FBT tephra
0820 ± 300 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Radiocarbon (corrected)	Near Arso, FiT tephra
0540 ± 150 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Radiocarbon (corrected)	Montagnone-Moschiata area, BCT tephra
0295 ± 10 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations	Vateliero, Molara-Cava Nocelle, Rotaro
0145 (?)	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations
0080 ± 1 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations
[ 0069 ]	[ Unknown ]	Uncertain
0040 ± 75 years	Unknown	Confirmed	3	Radiocarbon (corrected)	Near Bosco della Maddalena, Cretaio Tephra
0006 BCE ± 20 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations
0091 BCE	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations
0200 BCE ± 200 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Magnetism	Ischia Porto (Spiaggia dei Pescatori)
0370 BCE ± 150 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Magnetism	Ischia Porto (San Pietro)
0470 BCE (?)	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations	Bosco dei Conti and Fondo Ferraro ?
0490 BCE ± 150 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Magnetism	Case Balestrieri?, Cava Nocelle?
0700 BCE ± 75 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Tephrochronology	Costa del Lenzuolo
0930 BCE ± 150 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Radiocarbon (corrected)	SE of Selva del Napolitano, CaT tephra
1480 BCE ± 300 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Magnetism	Castiglione
2350 BCE ± 1400 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Potassium-Argon	Costa Sparaina
2700 BCE ± 1750 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Tephrochronology	Punta della Cannuccia
3050 BCE ± 1000 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Potassium-Argon	Cantariello
3580 BCE ± 300 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Radiocarbon (corrected)	Submarine SE flank (Secca d'Ischia)
3880 BCE ± 200 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Magnetism	Zaro, Marecocco, Spiaggia degli Inglesi
7550 BCE ± 2400 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Potassium-Argon	Selva del Napolitano, Piedmonte

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Synonyms
Epomeo | Ischia, Isola dell'
Cones
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Arso	Cone
Bosco dei Conti	Cone
Bosco Della Maddalena	Stratovolcano
Cantariello	Cone
Cava Petrella	Cone
Ciglio	Cone
Cotto Barano, Mount	Cone
Cotto, Monte	Cone
Guardiola, La	Cone
Porto D'ischia	Vent
Punta Della Cannuccia	Cone
Punta La Scrofa	Cone
Scarrupo	Cone
Secca D'ischia	Cone
Craters
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Cafieri	Crater
Campagnano, Mount	Crater
Campotese	Crater
Cava Nocelle	Crater
Costa De Lenzuola	Crater
Fundera	Crater
Molara	Crater
Punta Imperatore	Crater
Rio Corbore	Crater
Santa Michele	Crater
Testaccio	Crater
Vateliero	Crater
Domes
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Castello D'ischia     Castle of Ischia	Dome
Castiglione	Dome
Costa Sparaina	Dome
Fondo Ferraro	Dome
Marecocco	Dome
Montagnone-Maschiata	Dome
Piedmonte	Dome
Posta Lubrano	Dome
Rotaro	Dome
Santa Angelo	Dome
Santa Pancrazio	Dome
Sant'angelo	Dome
Selva del Napolitano	Dome
Tabor, Monte	Dome
Trippodi, Monte	Dome
Vezzi, Monte di	Dome
Vico, Monte	Dome
Zara	Dome

The Ischia volcanic complex forms a 6 x 9 km island at the western side of the Bay of Naples. The tip of the island of Procida, ENE of Ischia, is visible at the left in this Space Shuttle image. Tectonism has influenced volcanic activity at Ischia, and its high point (the dark-colored area at the center of the island) is a volcanic horst composed of ignimbrite deposits associated with Pleistocene caldera formation. During the Holocene, a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows were erupted. NASA Space Shuttle image ISS002-E-8200, 2001 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.

Acocella V, Funiciello R, 1999. The interaction between regional and local tectonics during resurgent doming: the case of the island of Ischia, Italy. J Volc Geotherm Res, 88: 109-123.

Brown R J, Orsi G, de Vita S, 2008. New insights into Late Pleistocene explosive volcanic activity and caldera formation on Ischia (southern Italy). Bull Volc, 70: 583-603.

Capaldi G, Civetta L, Gasparini P, 1976-77. Volcanic history of the island of Ischia (south Italy). Bull Volc, 40: 11-22.

Chiocci F L, de Alteriis G, 2006. The Ischia debris avalanche: first clear submarine evidence in the Mediterranean of a volcanic island prehistorical collapse. Terra Nova, 18: 202-209.

Imbo G, 1965. Italy. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 18: 1-72.

Katsui Y (ed), 1971. List of the World Active Volcanoes. Volc Soc Japan draft ms, (limited circulation), 160 p.

Krafft M, 1974. Guide des Volcans d'Europe. Neuchatel: Delachaux & Niestle, 412 p.

Lucchi F, Tranne C A, De Astis G, Keller J, Losito R, Morche W, 2008. Stratigraphy and significance of Brown Tuffs on the Aeolian Islands (southern Italy). J Volc Geotherm Res, 177: 49-70.

Manzo M, Ricciardi G P, Casu F, Ventura G, Zeni G, Borgstrom S, Berardino P, Del Gaudio C, Lanzari R, 2006. Surface deformation analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) based on spaceborne radar interferometry. J Volc Geotherm Res, 151: 399-416.

Molin P, Acocella V, Funiciello R, 2003. Structural, seismic and hydrothermal features at the border of an active intermittent resurgent block: Ischia Island (Italy). J Volc Geotherm Res, 121: 65-81.

Orsi G, Gallo G, Heiken G, Wohletz K, Yu E, Bonani G, 1992. A comprehensive study of pumice formation and dispersal: the Cretaio Tephra of Ischia (Italy). J Volc Geotherm Res, 53: 329-354.

Orsi G, Gallo G, Zanchi A, 1991. Simple-shearing block resurgence in caldera depressions. A model from Pantelleria and Ischia. J Volc Geotherm Res, 47: 1-11.

Orsi G, Piochi M, Campajola L, D'Onofrio A, Gialanella L, Terrasi F, 1996. 14C geochronological constraints for the volcanic history of the island of Ischia (Italy) over the last 5000 years. J Volc Geotherm Res, 71: 249-257.

Peccerillo A, 2005. Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Italy. Berlin: Springer, 365 p.

Poli S, Chiesa S, Gillot P-Y, Gregnanin A, Guichard F, 1987. Chemistry versus time in the volcanic complex of Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italy): evidence of successive magmatic cycles. Contr Mineral Petr, 95: 322-335.

Slejko F F, Petrini R, Orsi G, Piochi M, Forte C, 2004. Water speciation and Sr isotopic exchange during water--melt interaction: a combined NMR-TIMS study on the Cretaio Tephra (Ischia Island, south Italy). J Volc Geotherm Res, 133: 311-320.

Vezzoli L, 1986. Geologic Map of the Island of Ischia. CNR Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, Rome.

Vezzoli L, Principe C, Malfatti J, Arrighi S, Tanguy J-C, Le Goff M, 2009. Modes and times of caldera resurgence: the <10 ka evolution of ischia caldera, Italy, from high-precision archeomagnetic dating. J Volc Geotherm Res, 186: 305-319.

Volcano Types Complex Caldera Lava dome(s) Tuff ring(s) Tectonic Setting Subduction zone Continental crust (> 25 km) Rock Types Major Trachyte / Trachyandesite Trachyandesite / Basaltic trachy-andesite Minor Phonolite Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite Phono-tephrite / Tephri-phonolite Population Within 5 km Within 10 km Within 30 km Within 100 km 18,669 20,210 383,661 5,729,354

Affiliated Databases Large Eruptions of Ischia Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). WOVOdat WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore. EarthChem EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). Smithsonian Collections Search the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections database. Go to the "Search Rocks and Ores" tab and use the Volcano Name drop-down to find samples.