Report for Erta Ale
Eruptive activity at Erta Ale continued during July based on satellite data and field observations. Small thermal anomalies at both the N and S pit craters were visible in periodic satellite image views on 1, 6, 8, and 11 July. On 15 July a dense black plume rising from an unstated area was filmed by a local observer and was thought to have originated from a collapse of a portion of crust covering a lava lake. A post on social media showed pictures of the plumes and stated that the plumes sank to the ground and spread out over an area of 15 km. Plumes were visible on 16 July.

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) continued during 9-15 July. Eruptive events were recorded at 0022 and 0045 on 11 July and at 0318 and 1915 on 14 July, though not visually observed. The Darwin VAAC stated that an ash plume was visible in a satellite image at 0054 on 11 July rising to 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. (about 1.4 km above the summit) and drifting NE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Papandayan
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that blue flames on the crater walls of Papandayan’s Baru Crater were visible at 1900 on 12 July. The blue flames suggested increased temperatures at the solfatara along with the presence of oxidized sulfur. Dense emissions were seen rising 15-30 m from the crater at 2140 during a field visit. The plumes drifted W. The report noted that white plumes rose 5-30 m from both Baru and Mas craters during 1-12 July. Blue flames were last observed in March 2023. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 1-4) and tourists were advised to stay 500 m away from the active craters.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 4-10 July. Earthquake activity was more intense than the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 19 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 22 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 76 that traveled as far as 2 km W down the Sat/Putih drainage. One pyroclastic flow descended the Krasak drainage as far as 2.5 km and afterward minor ashfall was reported in Tunggularum (8 km SW) of Sleman Regency and Ngori (11 kmSW) of Magelang Regency. Small morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulted from continuing effusion and minor collapses. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 2-8 July, often with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Dense white-and-gray or gray ash plumes rose 400-1,000 m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and S during 9, 11, and 13-14 July. Incandescence at the summit was visible in a 14 July webcam image. Events were detected on 10, 12, and 15 July, though weather conditions prevented visual observations. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit in all directions, 8 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 13 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Raung
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Raung continued during 9-15 July. On most days white plumes were visible rising as high as 800 m above the summit and drifting N and S; weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. At 1923 on 11 July an ash plume was seen by a ground observer rising 800 m above the summit and drifting S and SW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 8-15 July. Avalanches of material were occasionally detected during the week but not observed. Dense gray ash plumes rose 1.2-4 km above the summit and drifted W and NW. Summit incandescence was visible on 10 July. At 1410 on 11 July a dense gray ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted W and NW. Eruptive events were detected on 9 and 14 July, but weather clouds prevented visual observations. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4) and on 25 June the exclusion zone was reduced to 6 km from the center of Laki-laki and 7 km in a semicircle clockwise from the SW to the NE.

Report for Lewotolok
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Lewotolok was ongoing during 2-15 July. White plumes on 9 and 12 July rose 100 m above the summit and drifted W and NW. Gray or white-to-gray ash plumes rose 200-400 m above the summit of the cone and drifted W during 10-11 and 13-15 July. Clear nighttime webcam images showed incandescent material being ejected above the cone. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit.

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Dukono continued during 9-15 July. Daily white-and-gray or gray-to-black gas-and-ash plumes rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted NE and E. Faint booming and rumbling was heard and felt by residents 10-11 km away. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 9-15 July. Almost daily dense gray or white-to-gray ash plumes rose 200-600 m above the summit and drifted NE and SE; weather conditions obscured views on 9 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in some webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 7-14 July. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Eruptive events during 7-8 July produced ash plumes that usually rose 1.1-1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, E, and SE, but an explosion at 1015 on 8 July sent a plume to 2 km. Minor ashfall was reported in Toshima Village (3.5 km SSW). An explosion at 0144 on 12 July generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to be cautious within 1.5 km of the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7-14 July. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Explosions at 0440 and 2314 on 9 July and at 1629 on 10 July, produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted W and NW. The first and last explosions ejected large blocks as far as 900 m from the vent. Ash plumes from eruptive activity on 13 July rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to be cautious within 2 km of both the Minimadake and Showa craters.

Report for Kirishimayama
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity continued at Shinmoedake (Shinmoe peak, a stratovolcano of the Kirishimayama volcano group) during 10-16 July. The number of volcanic earthquakes with epicenters directly beneath Shinmoedake had been fluctuating since late October 2024; volcanic tremor was occasionally detected. Eruptive activity occurred intermittently with grayish-white plumes rising as high as 400 m above the crater rim. On 15 July sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 1,600 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to exercise caution within 3 km from Shinmoedake Crater.

Report for Bezymianny
The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) reported that eruptive activity at Bezymianny continued during 6-13 July. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 5 km a.s.l., or around 2.1 km above the summit, and drifted W and SW during 6-7 July. Gas-and-steam plumes with possible ash content rose as high as 3.3 km a.s.l., or about 400 m above the summit, and drifted SW and W during 8-9 July. Thermal anomalies were visible during 6-10 July. Weather clouds obscured views during 10-13 July.

Report for Sheveluch
The Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS) reported that eruptive activity at Sheveluch continued during 6-13 July. Daily gas-and-ash plumes from the lava-dome complex rose as high as 4 km a.s.l., or around 750 m above the summit, and drifted W and NW during 6-8 July, based on webcam views and statements issued by the Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). On 9 July a gas-and-steam plume with possible ash content rose 3 km a.s.l. and drifted NW. Thermal anomalies were sometimes visible during 6-9 July. Weather clouds obscured views during 10-13 July.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 9-15 July. Lava-flow advancement was concentrated at the SW lobe. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network, including signals probably caused by small rockfalls from the steep flanks. Elevated surface temperatures consistent with lava effusion were observed in clear satellite views during the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Rainier
The Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) reported that a seismic swarm at Rainier that began at 0129 on 8 July continued through 15 July, though at a slower rate. As of 1100 on 15 July CVO and the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) had located 540 events since the start of the swarm; many more could not be located. The rate of earthquakes decreased from 33 located events per hour at the swarm's peak during the morning of 8 July to a couple events per hour by 9 July; the rate remained at the lower rate during the rest of the week. The largest event of the swarm was a M 2.4 that occurred at 1223 on 11 July. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale).

Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, characterized by episodic fountaining and intermittent spatter at two vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 9-15 July. Cycles of minor lava spattering, lava jetting, and gas flames were visible during 7-8 July. Activity increased at 0410 on 9 July with a large lava overflow and fountaining at the N vent. At 0515 the lava fountains became higher and more vigorous, rising to 365 m. Eruption plumes consisting of gas, ash, and Pele’s Hair, rose above the ground and drifted SW. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes visible in satellite images at 0626 and 0706, and in webcam images, drifted about 55 km W at 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l., and then at 1236 a gas-and-steam plume with minor amounts of ash drifted about 37 km SW. Lava flows covered a portion of the crater floor, advancing about halfway across the floor by 1100 based on a helicopter overflight. The fountain occasionally fanned out from the vent and was sometimes bifurcated near the top. After nine hours of continuous fountaining, of which eight were high fountaining, the N vent stopped erupting at 1320. The growing cone around the N vent began to connect with the top of the surrounding caldera wall in some places. No activity at the S vent was observed and it was completely covered by new deposits. After the fountaining episode had ended geologists inspected the tephra deposit SW of the eruptive vents, in the closed area of Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park. They noted that the tephra continued to accumulate, building a mound more than 25 m high and covering parts of Crater Rim Drive. During 10-15 July slumping of the eruptive cone around the vent area was apparent in webcams as it exposed significant incandescent material. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Popocatepetl
The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 7-15 July. Between six and 87 low-energy, long-period (LP) seismic events occurred daily, accompanied by primarily gas and steam emissions. The emissions contained minor amounts of ash during 13-15 July. Daily low-amplitude tremor, consisting of high-frequency and harmonic signals, lasted between about six and a half hours to around 18 and a half hours. The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) stated that an ash plume rose to 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. (around 1.3 km above the summit) and drifted NNE. On 12 July a gas-and-steam plume with possible ash rose to 6 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. A diffuse ash plume drifted NW on 13 July. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.

Report for Santa Maria
The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported high levels of ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito dome complex during 8-15 July with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, 1-2 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1 km above the dome and drifted as far as 30 km W and SW. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended multiple flanks; the collapsed material sometimes produced short pyroclastic flows that reached the base of the volcano. Incandescence was visible at Caliente dome and upper part of the W flank lava flow. Minor ashfall was reported in communities surrounding the volcano during 8-9 July inclsuing San Marcos (10 km SW), Loma Linda (7 km W), Palajunoj (17 km SSW).

Report for Fuego
The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity at Fuego continued during 8-15 July. Incandescence at the summit was occasionally observed in webcam images. During 8-9 July a gas-and-steam plume with minor ash content rose from the summit crater. Block avalanches descended the Ceniza (SSW) drainage, producing plumes of ash that rose along the pathways. A small ash emission drifted S and SW during 9-10 July. Two weak explosions during 12-13 July produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose as high as 650 m above the summit and drifted 4-6 km W. Fumarolic plumes were visible on the other days. Lahars descended the Ceniza, Zarco, and Mazate drainages on 14 July, carrying tree branches, trunks, volcanic material, and blocks as large as 3 m in diameter.

Report for Apaneca Range
According to the Universidad de El Salvador a hydrothermal explosion occurred at Agua Shuca, a fumarolic field and lake (roughly 30 x 60 m) in the SW part of the Ahuachapán Geothermal Field in the Apaneca Range, on 10 July. Video of the event showed steam-and-gas plumes expanding from the lake area, ejections of boiling sediment and water, and waves of muddy water flowing over the surrounding land; a few people were seen running from the area, with one person taking shelter behind a wall. A team from the Universidad de El Salvador traveled to the area the next day to assess the event and the impacts, to take measurements, and to provide information to the nearby residents. The explosion created a crater about 70 m in diameter and 20 m deep. Photos indicated that mud and water were ejected mainly to the SE, covering an extending beyond a road, but deposits were seen around the margins of the lake in most directions. Gas emissions were low, suggesting that activity had returned to baseline levels; Agua Shuca does not have a monitoring network.

Report for Telica
The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that at 0600 on 14 July a diffuse ash plume from Telica was identified in a satellite image drifting about 20 km S at an altitude of 1.5 (5,000 ft) a.s.l. The ash emission was also visible in webcam views.

Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported continuing gas-and-steam emissions at Poás during 8-15 July. Strong incandescence at Boca A vent was observed and the level of the hyperacid lake over Boca C remained stable. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained high and were between 500 and 1,500 tons per day during the week. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale).

Report for Reykjanes
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that an eruption began on 16 July in an area NE of Stóra Skógfell, along the Sundhnúkur crater row, within the Reykjanes volcanic system. IMO issued a Volcano Observatory Notices for Aviation (VONA) at 0106, raising the Aviation Color Code to Red (the highest level on a four-color scale), after monitoring data indicated a dike intrusion. An intense seismic swarm that began at 0120 was located between Stóra-Skógfell and Sýlingarfell, and deformation data indicated that the dike was propagating towards the S and rising to the surface. A fissure eruption began at 0356. The eruption was observed in webcams along with both drone and helicopter overflights. Lava fountains rose along the fissure, but no ash was present in the air; the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange at 0435. By 0505 the fissure was 700-1,000 m long and opening towards the N. Lava fountains continued to rise along the fissure and lava flows traveled mostly SE. Seismicity had decreased by 0845. Lava flows advanced W and to a greater extent to the E. Pele’s hair drifted downwind. High levels of volcanic gases were measured in Reykjanesbær prompting authorities to advise residents to stay indoors. By noon two fissures were erupting; the larger fissure at the Sundhnúkur crater row was about 2.4 km long, and a smaller fissure, about 500 m long, had opened W of Fagradalsfjall.