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The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial basaltic crater rows and small shield volcanoes. The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system is contiguous with and is considered part of the Reykjanes volcanic system, which is the westernmost of a series of four closely-spaced en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the subaerial part of the volcanic system (also known as the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system) is covered by Holocene lavas. Subaerial eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system, and numerous submarine eruptions at Reykjaneshryggur dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Basaltic rocks of probable Holocene age have been recovered during dredging operations, and tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the nearby Reykjanes Peninsula.

Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).

Start Date	Stop Date	Eruption Certainty	VEI	Evidence	Activity Area or Unit
[ 1970 (?) ]	[ Unknown ]	Uncertain	0		Reykjaneshryggur (Eldeyjarbodi)
[ 1966 ]	[ Unknown ]	Uncertain	0		Reykjaneshryggur (Eldeyjarbodi)
1926 Jun 5 ± 4 days	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (NE of Eldey)
[ 1884 Jul 26 ]	[ Unknown ]	Uncertain	2		Reykjaneshryggur (NW of Eldey)
1879 May 30 (?)	1879 Jun 15 ± 5 days	Confirmed	1	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (Geirfugladrangur)
1830 Mar 13 (?)	1831 Mar (?)	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (Eldeyjarbodi)
1783 May 1 (in or before)	1783 Aug 15 ± 60 days	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (Nyey)
[ 1661 Dec ]	[ Unknown ]	Discredited
1583 Jul 15 ± 45 days	Unknown	Confirmed	2	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (near Eldeyjar Islands)
1422	Unknown	Confirmed	2	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur (Geirfuglasker-Eldey area)
1340 (?)	Unknown	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur
1240	Unknown	Confirmed	1	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, Arnarsetur, Illahraun
1238	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur
1231	Unknown	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, R-10 tephra
1226 Jul 15 ± 45 days	1227 (?)	Confirmed	4	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, R-9 tephra
1223	Unknown	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, R-8 tephra
1211 Aug 31 ± 30 days	Unknown	Confirmed	4	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, Karlsgigur; R-7 tephra
1211	Unknown	Confirmed		Historical Observations	Stampar, Karlsgigur
1210	Unknown	Confirmed	3	Historical Observations	Vatnsfellsgigur
1179 (in or before)	Unknown	Confirmed	2	Historical Observations	Reykjaneshryggur, R-5 and R-6 tephras
0920 (?)	Unknown	Confirmed		Tephrochronology	Reykjaneshryggur (near Eldey), R-4 tephra
0200 BCE (?)	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Radiocarbon (uncorrected)	Lambagjá
0400 BCE ± 100 years	Unknown	Confirmed	2	Radiocarbon (uncorrected)	Sundhnukar
1800 BCE ± 300 years	Unknown	Confirmed	2	Tephrochronology	Reykjaneshryggur, Stampar, R-2, R-3 tephras
3800 BCE ± 300 years	Unknown	Confirmed		Tephrochronology	Reykjaneshryggur, R-1 tephra
4000 BCE (?)	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Tephrochronology	Sandfellshaed
5040 BCE ± 100 years	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Radiocarbon (uncorrected)	Hopsnes
8000 BCE (?)	Unknown	Confirmed	0	Tephrochronology	Thrainskjöldur

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Bergholl	Shield volcano	37 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 44' 0" W
Haleyjabunga	Shield volcano	30 m	63° 49' 0" N	22° 39' 0" W
Hrolfsvikurhraun	Shield volcano		63° 50' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Lagafell	Shield volcano	91 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 33' 0" W
Langholl	Shield volcano	73 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Sandfellshaed	Shield volcano	74 m	63° 52' 0" N	22° 35' 0" W
Skalafell	Shield volcano	76 m	63° 49' 0" N	22° 42' 0" W
Thrainsskjöldur	Shield volcano		63° 53' 0" N	22° 12' 0" W
Vatnsheidi	Shield volcano	140 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 23' 0" W
Craters
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Arnarsetur	Crater Row	80 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Badsvallagigir	Crater Row		63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Borgarhraun	Crater Row	121 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 19' 0" W
Dalahraun	Crater Row		63° 52' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Eldey	Submarine crater	80 m
Eldeyjar     Eldoerne	Submarine crater		63° 49' 0" N	22° 45' 0" W
Eldeyjarbodi	Submarine crater		63° 26' 0" N	23° 50' 0" W
Eldvorp	Crater Row	60 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 35' 0" W
Fellshraun	Crater Row		63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Geirfugladrangur	Submarine crater		63° 26' 0" N	23° 17' 0" W
Grjothryggur	Submarine crater
Gullholl	Submarine crater
Haugur	Crater Row		63° 52' 0" N	22° 37' 0" W
Hreidhur	Crater Row		63° 50' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Illahraun	Crater Row	40 m	63° 52' 0" N	22° 28' 0" W
Kalfellshraun	Crater Row		63° 56' 0" N	22° 19' 0" W
Klofningahraun	Crater Row		63° 50' 0" N	22° 33' 0" W
Langagrunn	Submarine crater
Melholl	Crater Row	140 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Nyey     Myoe	Submarine crater		63° 10' 0" N	24° 10' 0" W
Raudholar	Crater Row	40 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Reykjaneshyggur	Fissure vent	80 m	63° 40' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Stampar	Crater Row	30 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 42' 0" W
Steinaholl	Submarine crater
Stori-Brandur	Submarine crater
Sundhnukar	Crater Row	100 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 23' 0" W
Svartsengi	Fissure vent
Syrfellshraun	Crater Row		63° 49' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Tjaldstadagja	Crater Row	30 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 39' 0" W

The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial crater rows and small shield volcanoes. Snow-covered Sandfellshæd shield volcano (lower center), capped by a small crater, rises only 74 m above the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Most of the volcanic system is covered by Holocene lava flows. Eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system. Photo by Helgi Torfason (courtesy of Richie Williams, U S Geological Survey, published in Gudmundsson, 1986).
The two westernmost of five NE-SW-trending volcanic systems on the Reykjanes Peninsula cut diagonally across this aerial photo. The Reykjanes volcanic system, which lies near the SW tip of the peninsula, where the Mid Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, has produced Holocene lava fields that extend to the western and southern coasts. The Krísuvík volcanic system, on the right side of the photo, has produced several eruptions since the settlement of Iceland. The latest of these took place during the 14th century. Photo courtesy of Richie Williams (U.S. Geological Survey).
The snow-mantled Reykjanes volcanic system forms the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level. The Reykjanes volcanic system is the westernmost of a series of four closely spaced, NE-SW-trending en echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the Reykjanes volcanic system is covered by Holocene lavas, and eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations. Photo by Oddur Sigurdsson, 1998 (Icelandic National Energy Authority).
The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system, lying off the SW tip of Iceland at the top of the photo, is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends onto the Reykjanes Peninsula in the foreground. Numerous submarine eruptions at Reykjaneshryggur dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the Reykjanes Peninsula in the foreground. Photo by Oddur Sigurdsson, 1998 (Icelandic National Energy Authority).

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.

Andrew R E B, Gudmundsson A, 2007. Distribution, structure, and formation of Holocene lava shields in Iceland. J Volc Geotherm Res, 168: 137-154.

Gudmundsson A T, 1986b. Iceland-Fires. Reykjavik: Vaka-Helgafell, 168 p.

IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior..

Jakobsson S P, Jonasson K, Sigurdsson I A, 2008. The three igneous rock series of Iceland. Jokull, 58: 117-138.

Jakobsson S P, Jonsson J, Shido F, 1978. Petrology of the western Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. J Petr, 19: 669-705.

Jenness M H, Clifton A E, 2009. Controls on the geometry of a Holocene crater row: a field study from southwest Iceland. Bull Volc, 71: 715-528.

Johannesson H, Einarsson S, 1988b. The age of Illahraun at Svartsengi. Fjolrit Natturufraedistofnunar, 7: 1-11 (in Icelandic with English summary).

Johannesson H, Saemundsson K, 1998. Geological map of Iceland, 1:500,000. Tectonics. Icelandic Inst Nat Hist, Reykjavik.

Jonsson J, 1978. Geology of the Reykjanes Peninsula. Orkustofnun Jardhitadeild, OS-JHD-7831, Geol maps and 303 p text (in Icelandic).

Saemundsson K, Einarsson S, 1980. Geological map of Iceland, sheet 3, south-west Iceland. Icelandic Museum Nat Hist & Iceland Geodetic Surv, 1:250,000 geol map.

Sigurgeirsson M A, 1992. Tephra fall formations on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Unpublished MSci thesis, Univ Iceland, 114 p.

Steinthorsson S, et al., 2002. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World - Iceland. Unpublished manuscript.

Thordarson T, Hoskuldsson A, 2008. Postglacial eruptions in Iceland. Jokull, 58: 197-228.

Volcano Types Crater rows Shield(s) Tectonic Setting Rift zone Oceanic crust (< 15 km) Rock Types Major Basalt / Picro-Basalt Population Within 5 km Within 10 km Within 30 km Within 100 km 13,995 13,995 15,542 192,922

Affiliated Databases Large Eruptions of Reykjanes Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). WOVOdat WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore. EarthChem EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). Smithsonian Collections Search the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections database. Go to the "Search Rocks and Ores" tab and use the Volcano Name drop-down to find samples.