Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 24 December-30 December 2025
Name	Country	Volcanic Region	Eruption Start Date	Report Status
Ambae	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	2025 Nov 24	New
Barren Island	India	Andaman Volcanic Province	2025 Jul 30	New
Etna	Italy	Sicily Volcanic Province	2022 Nov 27	New
Home Reef	Tonga	Tofua Volcanic Arc	2025 Dec 17	New
Kikai	Japan	Ryukyu Volcanic Arc	—	New
Sabancaya	Peru	Central Andean Volcanic Arc	2025 Sep 13	New
Ahyi	United States	Mariana Volcanic Arc	2025 Oct 20	Continuing
Ambrym	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Gaua	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Great Sitkin	United States	Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc	2021 May 25	Continuing
Ibu	Indonesia	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	2008 Apr 5	Continuing
Kilauea	United States	Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group	2024 Dec 23	Continuing
Krasheninnikov	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	2025 Aug 2	Continuing
Lopevi	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Manam	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	2018 Jun 10	Continuing
Marapi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2023 Dec 3	Continuing
Okmok	United States	Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Purace	Colombia	Northern Andean Volcanic Arc	2025 Nov 23	Continuing
Semeru	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2019 Feb 24	Continuing
Sheveluch	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	1999 Aug 15	Continuing
Taal	Philippines	Luzon Volcanic Arc	2024 Apr 12	Continuing
Westdahl	United States	Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Yasur	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	1270 ± 110 years	Continuing

All times are local unless otherwise stated.

Ambae (Vanuatu) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Ambae
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing unrest at Ambae during December based on seismic and satellite data and webcam images. Sulfur dioxide emissions at variable rates were identified in satellite images during 1-23 December. A low-level thermal anomaly was also detected in satellite images during 3, 5-7, 10-12, and 25 December. Low- to moderate-intensity thermal anomalies were also detected in satellite images during 2-3, 7-9, and 12 December. Steam and/or gas and/or ash emissions were visible in satellite and webcam observations during 7-9 and 11-12 December. Seismic activity was characterized by volcanic tremor and several volcano-seismic events. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of Danger Zone A, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and to stay away from drainages during heavy rains.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Barren Island (India) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Barren Island
Andaman Volcanic Province

Satellite images of Barren Island acquired on 20, 22, and 25 December showed thermal anomalies over parts of the lower half of the N-flank flows, suggesting that they were hot and active. A thermal anomaly over one vent at the summit was also identified in the images, though weather clouds obscured the summit area on 20 December. The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that on 25 December an ash plume was identified in satellite images rising 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW.

Sources: Copernicus, Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Etna (Italy) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Etna
Sicily Volcanic Province

The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity at Etna’s summit craters significantly intensified on 24 December. Activity within NE Crater (Northeast Crater), which had been occurring for several weeks, significantly intensified on 24 December. Though weather clouds partially obscured views of the summit, a webcam view showed incandescent material being ejected above the crater rim at around 1910. A dense steam plume drifted ENE. Eruptive events detected in infrasonic data were frequent, with increasing amplitudes, and originated both from NE Crater and to a lesser extent from Bocca Nuova Crater (BN). Tremor detected in infrasonic data began at around 2250. Strombolian activity at the BN-2 vent in BN Crater became more frequent and intense overnight during 25-26 December and ejected incandescent material 100 m above the crater rim. Incandescence within NE Crater intensified and during the morning Strombolian activity ejected material that occasionally fell onto the flanks. A gas, steam, and ash plume drifted NE, causing minor ashfall in Piano Provenzana (6 km NE) and Taormina (28 ENE). Weather conditions worsened through the day on 26 December and by sunset and through the night only intense reddish glow through the clouds was observed. Activity again intensified and continuous roars were heard at locations along the flanks.

Visibility gradually improved during the early hours of 27 December. Ash-and-steam plumes rose from a vent on the E flank of the Voragine Crater at 0700 based on webcam views. The vent produced a lava flow that descended towards the Valle del Bove. The activity rapidly intensified at NE Crater at around 1000; lava fountains rose 150-200 m and ash emissions were continuous. Activity at NE Crater decreased by 1050 and ash emissions became sporadic. Plumes mostly consisting of white steam rose several kilometers high from the summit area. After a few hours of lower-level activity lava fountaining began at NE Crater at around 1515. Fountains rose 300-400 m and a plume containing tephra rose several kilometers and drifted W. By 1545 lava fountaining transitioned to strong explosions and bursting lava bubbles, ejecting coarse pyroclastic material that landed around the base of the cone and beyond. Ash emissions were intermittent. Around the same time moderate explosive activity continued from the vent on the E flank of Voragine, producing continuous ash plumes that rose a few hundred meters high.

Visibility improved later that evening, and the entire summit was visible. Beginning at 1948 a series of strong explosions at NE Crater ejected coarse pyroclastic material across the entire cone and well beyond its base. Activity at Voragine Crater’s flank vent intensified and by 2046 was producing a constant lava fountain that rose several dozen meters high. The lava flow had traveled almost 2 km. Overnight during 27-28 December activity at the vent continued with frequent ash emissions drifting W and jets of pyroclastic material rising up to 100 m above the vent. The NE Crater produced sporadic explosions overnight and some ash puffs early on 28 December. The lava flow was flowing at dawn but appeared to have stopped by 2122 on 28 December, with only a few incandescent areas visible.

Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)

Home Reef (Tonga) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Home Reef
Tofua Volcanic Arc

Satellite images of Home Reef showed that between 22-27 December lobes of lava advanced in multiple directions from a crater the center of the island. Flows to the E and SE each continued to enter the ocean and extended the coastline. Additional flows to the NW entered the ocean and extended the coastline by about 100 m. Near infrared data on 22 and 27 December showed thermal anomalies over the summit and brighter areas over multiple lava flows in all sectors, with minor activity on the SW flank.

Source: Copernicus

Kikai (Japan) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Kikai
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that an eruption at Iodake Crater located at Satsuma Iwo-jima, a subaerial part of Kikai’s NW caldera rim, was recorded at 0207 on 29 December, the first since 3 September 2024. An eruption plume rose 200 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The report noted that there were few volcanic earthquakes, and no notable changes detected before or after the eruption. No volcanic tremors were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to be cautious within 500 m away from Iodake Crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Sabancaya (Peru) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Sabancaya
Central Andean Volcanic Arc

The Instituto Geofísico del Perú’s (IGP) Centro Vulcanológico Nacional (CENVUL) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sabancaya during 22-29 December. The seismic network detected 5-21 daily earthquakes indicating the movement of magma and gases. There were 0-4 daily thermal anomalies at the bottom of the crater identified in satellite images. Explosions at 1524 and at 1805 on 24 December produced eruption plumes that rose as high has 3.5 km above the crater rim. Gas, steam, and ash plumes rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and drifted in various directions within 10 km on most days during 25-29 December. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Ahyi (United States) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ahyi
Mariana Volcanic Arc

On 26 December the US Geological Survey reported possible unrest at Ahyi Seamount during the previous week. A diffuse plume of discolored water about 400 m NE of the vent location and trending another 500 m NE was identified in a 22 December satellite view. The discolored water could be related to degassing from the active vent. No signals were detected in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Source: US Geological Survey

Ambrym (Vanuatu) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ambrym
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing unrest at Ambrym during December. Seismic data confirmed ongoing unrest that was characterized by volcanic tremor and several volcano-seismic events. Low-level thermal anomalies were identified in satellite data on 7 and 9 December. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Gaua (Vanuatu) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Gaua
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards (VMGD) reported that unrest continued at Gaua during December. Continuous low to moderate sulfur dioxide emissions were identified in satellite images during 1-19 and 22-23 December. Low to moderate thermal anomalies were detected in satellite data during 7-9, 14, and 19-21 December. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and the public was warned to stay away from the main cone.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Great Sitkin (United States) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Great Sitkin
Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 23-30 December. Seismicity was quiet and weather clouds mostly obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Ibu (Indonesia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ibu
Halmahera Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 24-30 December. White-to-gray or gray ash plumes rose 200-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions; weather conditions occasionally prevented visual confirmation, notably on 24 December. Incandescence at the summit was visible in a few nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Kilauea (United States) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Kilauea
Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, characterized by episodic fountaining, incandescence, and intermittent spatter from craters along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 23-30 December. Lava began to overflow the S vent at around 1841 on 23 December. The overflows intensified and by 2020 there were sustained lava fountains at both the N and S vents. Lava fountains rapidly grew taller and by 2130 the S vent fountain was 425 m tall and the N vent fountain was 275 m tall. At the N vent the fountain rose from the “right hand” part of the vent, or the W part of the vent based on the south-looking V1 webcam. The fountain was as tall as 280 m. A small fountain emerged at 2045 from the “left hand” part of the vent, the E side, and rose 30-60 m. Three fountains in total were active. The highest instantaneous effusion rate was 800 cubic meters per second at about 2100, just before the S and N vent fountains reached their maximum heights. The N vent stopped erupting at approximately 0200 on 24 December and the S vent stopped erupting around 0213. Fountaining lasted for 5.9 hours in total and produced an estimated 10 million cubic meters of lava. The combined average eruption rate was over 190 cubic meters per second from the fountains. Lava flows from the fountains covered about 60-70 percent of the floor of Halema’uma’u Crater. During 24-25 December lava flows moved along on the crater floor, notably an ‘a’a flow near the eruptive vents and a pahoehoe flow on the E crater floor, fed by lava draining from higher elevations to the W. The ‘a’a flow continued to move slowly through 29 December, though by then it no longer had any visible incandescence. Incandescence at the S vent was mostly persistent and only occasional at the N vent. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Krasheninnikov (Russia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Krasheninnikov
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that eruptive activity at Krasheninnikov continued during 18-25 December. A large daily thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. Satellite images showed active lava flows on the ENE flank on 29 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates and times are provided in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); specific events are indicated in local time where specified.

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Copernicus

Lopevi (Vanuatu) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Lopevi
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported continuing unrest at Lopevi during December. Seismicity was continuous and characterized by volcanic tremor and several volcano-seismic events. Small fumarolic steam plumes were continuously emitted from the summit crater during 1, 3, 6, and 8-11 December based on webcam images. Low-level thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on 14, 16, and 21 December. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-4).

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Manam (Papua New Guinea) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Manam
Bismarck Volcanic Arc

The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images drifting WSW and W at an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. during 28-29 December.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Marapi (Indonesia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Marapi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) continued during 24-30 December. An eruptive event was recorded at 0541 on 25 December though weather conditions or darkness prevented visual confirmation. An eruptive event at 2333 on 28 December produced a gray ash plume that rose to around 900 m above the summit and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Okmok (United States) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Okmok
Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that on 29 December plumes of unconsolidated ash in the vicinity of Okmok were visible in satellite images rising to 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Source: Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Purace (Colombia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Purace
Northern Andean Volcanic Arc

The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported continuing eruptive activity at Puracé during 24-30 December. Seismicity was characterized by pulses of tremor, long-period signals indicating fluid movement, and periods of continuous tremor. The seismicity was located at depths of less than 1 km and was related to internal movement of gases as well as emissions. Low-magnitude earthquakes indicating rock fracturing were generally located beneath Puracé and Piocollo volcanoes, within 3 km of the craters, at depths of 1-3 km, and occasionally SW of Puracé volcano at depths of 3-5 km; the number of these earthquakes decreased during 29-30 December. Gas-and-ash emissions, 2-7 per day, were associated with some seismic signals and visible in webcam images rising 200-1,200 m above the summit and drifting in various directions. Significant sulfur dioxide emissions were detected in satellite data. Elevated temperatures in the crater area continued to be detected and were possibly associated with the emissions of hot gases. White gas-and-steam emissions, first observed on 18 November, continued to rise from the fissure on the inner N wall. Ashfall was reported in Cristales (NW) and Alto Anambío (7 km NW) during 27-30 December. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay away from the crater.

Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)

Semeru (Indonesia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Semeru
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 24-30 December, with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray ash plumes were observed on most days rising 500-900 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions; eruptive events on 27 December were not observed due to weather conditions. Minor incandescence at the summit on the upper SE flank was visible in some nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit on the SE flank along the Kobokan drainage, and 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km SE of the summit.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Sheveluch (Russia) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sheveluch
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 18-25 December. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images daily except for on 22 December when weather clouds obscured views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Taal (Philippines) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Taal
Luzon Volcanic Arc

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported eruptive activity at Taal during 23-30 December. The seismic network recorded 0-8 daily volcanic earthquakes along with 4-6 daily periods of volcanic tremor lasting 2-23 minutes during 26-27 December. Daily gas-and-steam emissions generally rose as high as 20 m above the crater rim and drifted SW and NE. One minor phreatomagmatic event occurred at 1636 on 26 December, lasted two minutes, and consisted of four pulses of activity. Short dark jets of material were ejected above the surface of Main Crater Lake and fell back down into the water. Light-gray to whitish plumes rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5); PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island (TVI) was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited. Pilots were warned to avoid flying over TVI.

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

Westdahl (United States) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Westdahl
Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that during 28-29 December plumes of unconsolidated ash in the vicinity of Westdahl were visible in satellite images rising to 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Source: Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Yasur (Vanuatu) | 24 December-30 December 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Yasur
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5) during December. Activity was characterized by continuous explosions, voluminous and high emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash plumes, and nighttime incandescence. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions were at moderate-to-high levels and low-to-moderate power thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. Seismic data was intense and confirmed continuing volcanic activity with an increased number of explosions, occasional strong explosions, and constant volcanic tremor. The report warned that ejected material from explosions could fall in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Weekly Reports Archive

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Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers

1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

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