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Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

Weekly Volcanic Activity Map

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 5 March-11 March 2025
Name Country Volcanic Region Eruption Start Date Report Status
Bezymianny Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 2024 Dec 24 New
Etna Italy Sicily Volcanic Province 2022 Nov 27 New
Fuego Guatemala Central America Volcanic Arc 2002 Jan 4 New
Langila Papua New Guinea Bismarck Volcanic Arc 2015 Oct 22 (?) New
Poas Costa Rica Central America Volcanic Arc 2025 Jan 5 New
Turrialba Costa Rica Central America Volcanic Arc New
Ahyi United States Mariana Volcanic Arc 2024 Aug 5 Continuing
Aira Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2017 Mar 25 Continuing
Dukono Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1933 Aug 13 Continuing
Great Sitkin United States Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc 2021 May 25 Continuing
Home Reef Tonga Tofua Volcanic Arc 2024 Dec 4 Continuing
Ibu Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 2008 Apr 5 Continuing
Kanlaon Philippines Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc 2024 Oct 19 Continuing
Kilauea United States Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group 2024 Dec 23 Continuing
Lewotobi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2023 Dec 23 Continuing
Lewotolok Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2025 Jan 16 Continuing
Marapi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2023 Dec 3 Continuing
Merapi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2020 Dec 31 Continuing
Nevado del Ruiz Colombia Northern Andean Volcanic Arc 2014 Nov 18 Continuing
Semeru Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2017 Jun 6 Continuing
Suwanosejima Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2004 Oct 23 Continuing
All times are local unless otherwise stated.
Weekly Reports Archive

Since the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report began in November 2000, there have been 21,073 individual reports over 1,262 weeks (average of 17 per week) on 339 different volcanoes.

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Adams Cotopaxi Iliamna Lewotolok Planchon-Peteroa Sulu Range
Agung Cuicocha Iliwerung Little Sitkin Poas Sumbing
Ahyi Cumbal Inielika Llaima Popocatepetl Sumisujima
Aira Dabbahu Ioto Lokon-Empung Purace Sundoro
Akan Davidof Irazu Lonquimay Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Suoh
Alaid Dempo Iwatesan Lopevi Rabaul Suretamatai
Alu-Dalafilla Descabezado Grande Iya Machin Raikoke Suwanosejima
Ambae Dieng Volcanic Complex Izu-Torishima Makushin Ranakah Taal
Ambang Dukono Jackson Segment Maly Semyachik Raoul Island Tair, Jebel at
Ambrym East Epi Kaba Manam Rasshua Takawangha
Anatahan Ebeko Kadovar Manda Hararo Raung Talang
Aniakchak Ebulobo Kaitoku Seamount Marapi Redoubt Tambora
Antillanca Volcanic Complex Edgecumbe Kama'ehuakanaloa Maroa Reventador Tanaga
Antuco Egon Kambalny Martin Reykjanes Tandikat-Singgalang
Apoyeque Ekarma Kanaga Masaya Rincon de la Vieja Tangkoko-Duasudara
Arenal Eldey Kanlaon Matthew Island Rinjani Tangkuban Parahu
Asamayama Erebus Karangetang Maule, Laguna del Ritter Island Tara, Batu
Askja Erta Ale Karkar Mauna Loa Rotorua Ta'u
Asosan Etna Karthala Mayon Ruang Taupo
Atka Volcanic Complex Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] Karymsky McDonald Islands Ruapehu Telica
Augustine Eyjafjallajokull Kasatochi Melebingoy Ruby Tenerife
Avachinsky Fagradalsfjall Katla Melimoyu Ruiz, Nevado del Tengger Caldera
Awu Fentale Katmai Merapi Sabancaya Three Sisters
Axial Seamount Fernandina Kavachi Midagahara Sakar Tinakula
Azul, Cerro Fogo Kelimutu Misti, El Salak Tofua
Azumayama Fonualei Kelud Miyakejima San Cristobal Tokachidake
Bagana Fournaise, Piton de la Kerinci Momotombo San Miguel Tolbachik
Balbi Fourpeaked Ketoi Monowai San Vicente Toliman
Bamus Fuego Kharimkotan Montagu Island Sangay Tongariro
Banda Api Fujisan Kick 'em Jenny Moyorodake [Medvezhia] Sangeang Api Trident
Bardarbunga Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba Kie Besi Mutnovsky Santa Ana Tungurahua
Barren Island Galeras Kikai Myojinsho Santa Maria Turrialba
Batur Galunggung Kilauea Nabro Sao Jorge Ubinas
Bezymianny Gamalama Kirishimayama Negra, Sierra Sarigan Ugashik-Peulik
Bogoslof Gamkonora Kita-Ioto Negro, Cerro Sarychev Peak Ukinrek Maars
Brava Gareloi Kizimen Nightingale Island Saunders Ulawun
Bristol Island Gaua Klyuchevskoy Nishinoshima Savo Unnamed
Bulusan Gorely Kolokol Group Nisyros Semeru Unnamed
Calbuco Great Sitkin Kolumbo Novarupta Semisopochnoi Veniaminof
Callaqui Grimsvotn Koryaksky NW Rota-1 Seulawah Agam Villarrica
Cameroon Guagua Pichincha Krakatau Nyamulagira Sheveluch Vulcano
Campi Flegrei Guallatiri Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker Nyiragongo Shishaldin West Mata
Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia Guntur Krysuvik-Trolladyngja Ofu-Olosega Simbo Westdahl
Cayambe Hachijojima Kuchinoerabujima Okataina Sinabung Whakaari/White Island
Chachadake [Tiatia] Hakoneyama Kurikomayama Okmok Sinarka Witori
Chaiten Heard Kusatsu-Shiranesan Ontakesan Siple Wolf
Chiginagak Hekla Kverkfjoll Oraefajokull Sirung Wrangell
Chikurachki Helgrindur La Palma Osorno Slamet Yakedake
Chiles-Cerro Negro Hierro Lamington Pacaya Snaefellsjokull Yasur
Chillan, Nevados de Hokkaido-Komagatake Lamongan Pagan Soputan Yellowstone
Chirinkotan Home Reef Langila Palena Volcanic Group Sorikmarapi Yufu-Tsurumi
Chirpoi Hood Lanin Paluweh Sotara Zaozan [Zaosan]
Ciremai Huaynaputina Lascar Panarea Soufriere Hills Zavodovski
Cleveland Hudson, Cerro Late Papandayan Soufriere St. Vincent Zhupanovsky
Colima Huila, Nevado del Lateiki Pavlof South Sarigan Seamount Zubair Group
Colo Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Lengai, Ol Doinyo Pelee Spurr
Concepcion Ibu Leroboleng Peuet Sague St. Helens
Copahue Ijen Lewotobi Pinatubo Stromboli
 News Feeds and Google Placemarks


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The RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feed is identical to the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report minus some features including the header information (latitude and longitude and summit elevation), the Geologic Summary, and a link to the volcano's page from the Global Volcanism Program. At the end of each report is a list of the sources used. Each volcano report includes a link from the volcano's name back to the more complete information in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report on the Smithsonian website. This feature was first made available on 5 March 2008.



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A Google Earth network link for the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report can be loaded into the free Google Earth software, and in turn will load placemarks for volcanoes in the current weekly report. Placemark balloons include the volcano name, report date, report text, sources, and links back to the GVP volcano profile page and to the complete Weekly Report for that week. This feature was first made available on 1 April 2009.

 Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria



The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers



1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

4. Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.

5. USGS Disclaimer Statement for this Website:

Information presented on this website is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested. We strongly recommend that USGS data be acquired directly from a USGS server and not through other sources that may change the data in some way. While USGS makes every effort to provide accurate and complete information, various data such as names, telephone numbers, etc. may change prior to updating. USGS welcomes suggestions on how to improve our home page and correct errors. USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data.

Some of the documents on this server may contain live references (or pointers) to information created and maintained by other organizations. Please note that USGS does not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, this government computer system employs software programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Unauthorized attempts to upload information or change information on this website are strictly prohibited and may be punishable under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act. Information may also be used for authorized law enforcement investigations. (Last modified September 21, 1999.)

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

 Acronyms and Abbreviations

a.s.l. - above sea level

AVO - Alaska Volcano Observatory

AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

CENAPRED - Centro Nacionale de Prevencion de Desastres (México)

CONRED - Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres

COSPEC - Correlation Spectrometer

CVGHM (formerly VSI) - Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

CVO - Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS)

GMS - Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GVO - Goma Volcano Observatory

GVP - Global Volcanism Program (Smithsonian Institution)

HVO - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS)

ICE - Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (Costa Rica)

IG - Instituto Geofísico (Ecuador)

IGNS - Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (New Zealand) - now GNS Science

INETER - Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaragua)

INGEMMET - Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico (Peru)

INGEOMINAS - Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (Colombia)

INGV-CT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (Italy)

INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (Guatemala)

IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)

JMA - Japanese Meteorological Agency

KEMSD - Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Seismilogical Department

KVERT - Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team

M - magnitude

METEOSAT - Meteorological Satellite

MEVO - Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory

MWO - Meteorological Watch Office

NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center

NIED - National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan)

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

OVDAS - Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (Chile)

OFDA - Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (Chile)

OVPDLF - Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (France)

OVSICORI-UNA - Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philippines)

RSAM - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement

RVO - Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SERNAGEOMIN - Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (Chile)

SIGMET - Significant Meteorological Information

SNET - Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (El Salvador)

SVERT - Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (Russia)

USAID - US Agency for International Development

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

VAAC - Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD - Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion

VDAP - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (USGS)

VHP - Volcano Hazards Program (USGS)

VRC - Volcano Research Center (Japan)

Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a strong thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 28 February-6 March. According to the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), incandescent debris avalanches descended the SE flanks daily and summit incandescence was visible during dark hours. Ash plumes generated from debris avalanches rose as high as 2.2 km above the summit and drifted mainly E, NE, and NW. Weather conditions occasionally obscured webcam and satellite views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS)
Report for Etna
The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that lava effusion at the fissure on the upper S flank of Etna’s Bocca Nuova Crater ceased on 2 March and began cooling. During 3-9 March gas emissions were observed rising from the summit craters, though weather clouds often obscured views. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) at 1152 on 5 March and then to Green at 1839 that same day.
Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
Report for Fuego
The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that elevated eruptive activity at Fuego was characterized by explosions and ash plumes, incandescent material ejected above the summit, incandescent avalanches, and pyroclastic flows. The stronger activity began at around 0255 on 9 March with explosions detected in seismic and acoustic data and increasing thermal radiance at the summit detected in satellite data. Explosions ejected incandescent material onto the upper flanks on all directions and caused avalanches of incandescent material. Explosions and gas ejections were heard in areas several kilometers away. According to the Washington VAAC significant ash plumes rose about 1.1 km above the summit at 0350, but by 0930 the plumes were more sporadic and diffuse; the plumes drifted W and NW. INSIVUMEH noted that activity intensified in the early evening and became continuous. The VAAC reported that at 1620 ash plumes rose around 500 m above the summit and drifted W. At around 1800 air quality monitoring stations in Guatemala City recorded decreased quality conditions due to ash in the air, according to CONRED. The VAAC reported that at 2200 dense ash emissions rose 500 m and drifted 150 km SW while a second plume rose 1.1 km above the summit and drifted NW.

Activity notably intensified again at 2100 on 9 March. Lava fountains rose 300 m above the summit, avalanches of incandescent blocks descended the flanks, and shockwaves from explosions rattled nearby houses and structures. Ash plumes rose 3.2 km above the summit and fanned out as far as 50 km SW, W, and NW. Continuous ashfall was reported in areas W and S. Just before 2330 pyroclastic flows descended the Seca (W) and Ceniza (SSW) drainages and about 25 minutes later pyroclastic flows descended the Las Lajas (SE) and El Jute (ESE) drainages. CONRED staff assisted 267 people from El Porvenir and 15 from Las Lajitas to an evacuation shelter in the Municipal Hall of San Juan Alotenango, Sacatepéquez. A section of the RN-14, the national route connecting Escuintla and Sacatepéquez, was temporarily closed as a preventative measure.

Overnight during 9-10 March lava fountains rose 500 m high. Dense ash-and-gas plumes rose 6 km above the summit and drifted 100-120 km NW and E. Low-altitude plumes with ash remobilized from earlier pyroclastic flows drifted SW. On 10 March the Ministry of Education suspended classes in the municipalities of Alotenango, Sacatepéquez; Escuintla and Siquinalá in the department of Escuintla; and in San Pedro Yepocapa, Chimaltenango. Activity began to decrease and by 1130 on 10 March explosions were no longer continuous. Ash-and-gas plumes rose 1.1 km above the summit and drifted 100 km NW and SW. Minor ashfall continued to impact areas to the W and SW; ash remained suspended in the air and ashfall on crops was up to 1 mm thick. By 1230 the air quality monitoring station in Guatemala City recorded improved quality conditions due to less ash in the air. Activity continued to decline. INSIVUMEH issued a report at 1800 noting that activity had returned to “baseline” levels; seismicity was at “normal” levels and satellite data indicated that large amounts of ash were no longer suspended in the air. Thermal anomalies were also no longer detected in satellite data. Overnight during 10-11 March a few incandescent blocks in the crater were visible along with minor avalanches of incandescent material. Diffuse gas emissions rose form the crater. During 11-12 March gas emissions rose about 100 m above the summit and no incandescent explosions were observed.
Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres (CONRED)
Report for Langila
The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Langila was identified in a satellite image at 0700 on 6 March rising to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW. The ash had dissipated within two hours.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that eruptive activity at Poás intensified during 1-2 March and continued at a high level through 11 March. Frequent phreatic eruptions during 4-7 March ejected material as high as 50 m above the crater floor. The phreatic eruptions were almost continuous at Boca C and sporadic and Boca A. Radial deformation and inflation was detected in and around the crater, and the rate of deformation was increasing. The lake level had dropped, and the water was separated into two small ponds. An analysis of monitoring data suggested that there were disturbances of the magmatic system at depth which increased the probability of dangerous eruptions within the Parque Nacional Volcán Poás within the next few days or weeks. At 1330 on 7 March the Alert Level was raised to 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest color on a four-color scale).

Small frequent phreatic eruptions, mostly at Boca C, continued during 8-9 March. In a special report issued at 1000 on 9 March OVSICORI-UNA reported that two shock waves identified in infrasound data signified an eruptive event. Steam plumes rose several hundred meters and material was likely ejected as high as 200 m above the vent, though visual confirmation was obscured by the plumes. Phreatic eruptions at 1053, 1236, and 1821 on 9 March generated gas-and-steam plumes that rose as high as 1 km; the plumes obscured views of the crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions detected in satellite data averaged 538 tons per day. Notably, during the evening, eight volcano-tectonic events associated with rock fracturing were recorded in both seismic and infrasound data. Activity continued during 9-10 March mainly from Boca C and some from Boca A. The phreatic eruptions ejected material 200-400 m above the crater floor and generated steam-and-gas plumes that rose as high as 1 km. The ponds continued to shrink and the water had a high sediment content. Blocks up to 1 m in diameter were ejected from the vents onto the crater floor and sediments rich in native sulfur were deposited around the edges of the small ponds. Eruptive activity continued on 11 March at similar levels, moderate- to high-level tremor was recorded, and inflation continued.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)
Report for Turrialba
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that the seismic network at Turrialba recorded signals during 9-10 March that were likely related to small landslides of material within West Crater. Gas emissions remained at low levels.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)
Report for Ahyi
Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued during 28 February-7 March. A plume of discolored water in the vicinity of the seamount was identified in a satellite image on 3 March, indicating possible submarine activity. Weather clouds obscured views during the rest of the week. No signals coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Source: US Geological Survey
Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 3-10 March. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 0523 on 4 March generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim, drifted NE, and merged into weather clouds. The explosion ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the vent. Eruptive events at 0851 on 6 March, at 1640, 1704, 1808, and 2003 on 7 March, at 0031 on 8 March, and at 1525, 1645, and 1714 on 9 March generated ash plumes that rose 1-1.2 km above the crater rim and sometimes drifted NE or SE. Explosions at 1502 on 9 March and at 1124, 1604, and 2206 on 10 March produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.3 km above the crate rim and drifted S and N. The explosion at 2206 on 10 March ejected blocks 600-900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 26 February-4 March. Daily white-and-gray or gray-to-black ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, NW, W, and S. Booming sounds were reported during 6-7 March. An explosion on 9 March was heard as far as the Dukono observation post (11 km N). The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 5-11 March, confirmed by a 6 March radar image. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network. Weather clouds often obscured satellite and webcam views of the volcano. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
Report for Home Reef
The Tonga Geological Services reported that thermal activity at Home Reef had increased since 21 February with the last thermal anomaly detected on 4 March. Weather conditions sometimes prevented satellite observations during 21 February-7 March. Infrasound data was evidence of continuing minor eruptive activity. The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-level scale), and mariners were advised to stay at least 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) away from the island. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the Alert Level for residents of Vava’u and Ha’apai remained at Green (the first level on a four-level scale).
Source: Tonga Geological Services, Government of Tonga
Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 5-11 March. Multiple daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Minor incandescence at the summit was visible in some webcam images posted with the reports. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 4-11 March. The seismic network recorded 3-19 daily volcanic earthquakes, including 1-2 periods of volcanic tremor lasting from five minutes to three hours and two minutes during 6-7 and 9 March. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,712 to 3,144 tonnes per day. Gas-and-steam emissions that were often continuous and occasionally contained ash rose as high as 300 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. There were 1-2 periods of ash emissions lasting 1-15 minutes during 4-5, 7, and 9 March, and seven periods of ash emissions on 6 March lasting eight minutes to nearly three hours. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, from vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 4-11 March. Lava fountaining and lava flow effusion from cones at both the N and S vents began around 0730 on 4 March and continued at variable levels through the day. Lava fountains at the N vent were rising over 100 m by 1430. At around the same time low dome fountains began rising from the S vent and lava flows advanced onto the crater floor. The fountains started to grow taller by 1500 and by 1520 they were 100-130 m tall, the same height as fountains at the N vent. Fountains at the S vent continued to rise and approached 180 m tall, while fountains at the N vent decreased in height. In addition to the activity at the N and S vents, small breakouts were visible on the rootless flows near the September 2023 vents on the down-dropped block in the E part of Halema’uma’u. Fountaining at the N vent ceased at 2026. Fountains at the S vent dropped to 90-120 m and continued to be active overnight. The N vent produced occasional bursts of spatter. Sustained lava fountains at the S vent decreased to 30-60 m during 0300-0430 on 5 March. Fountaining at the S vent increased at around 0800, and the N vent briefly resumed fountaining and erupting lava flows during 0842-0911. Lava flows covered more than two thirds of the crater floor. Activity at both vents ceased by 1030. Sulfur dioxide emission averaged approximately 35,000 tonnes per day (t/d) during the period of high fountaining on the afternoon of 4 March, then decreased to 20,000 t/d during lower fountaining on the morning of 5 March, and to 1,800 t/d by the afternoon. The flows from the N and S vents were active during 5-6 March with ooze outs and small crustal overturns, but the activity had ceased by the morning of 7 March. Sulfur dioxide emission averaged 1,000 t/d on 7 March.

Incandescence from both the N and S vents was visible during 8-10 March. At about 0130 on 10 March small, sporadic, spatter fountains at the N vent rose 5-10 m high and continued to intensify until 1835. Spattering was visible overnight. Lava flows emerged from the N vent at 0236 on 11 March and tall fountaining started 10 minutes later. By 0330 the fountains were 120-150 m tall and lava covered up to one-third of the crater floor. Lava flows unrelated to the activity at the N and S vents continued to spread out on the down-dropped block in the E part of the crater during 5-10 March and were possibly fed from by older stored lava from beneath the crater floor. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)
Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 5-11 March. Eruptive events were detected on 5 and 7 March, though not confirmed visually; weather clouds sometimes prevented observations. Gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted multiple directions during 8-11 March. Incandescence at the summit was occasionally visible in webcam images posted with the reports. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle clockwise from the SW to the NE.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Lewotolok
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Lewotolok was ongoing during 5-11 March. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 600 m above the summit and drifted E and SE, W, and NW. Rumbling sounds were reported on 10 March. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi continued during 5-11 March. At 0245 on 7 March a gray dense ash plume rose 1.2 km above the summit and drifted N. Almost two hours later, at 0431, a webcam image showed crater incandescence. An eruptive event at 1041 on 8 March was recorded by the seismic network but not visually observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 28 February-6 March. Seismicity was at higher levels that the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 57 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 43 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 34 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Slight morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)
Report for Nevado del Ruiz
The Servicio Geológico Colombiano’s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 4-11 March. Seismic data indicated that events associated with fluid movement increased in both number and intensity compared to the previous week. Some of the seismic events were associated with pulsating ash emissions; webcam images confirmed these ash emissions, including some with higher-temperature ejecta. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit; at 0850 on 5 March a plume rose as high as 2.2 km above the summit as it drifted downwind. Notably, at 0100 on 11 March, a gas-and-ash emission was associated with a more intense thermal anomaly. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing increased in number but lower in magnitude compared to the previous week. The earthquakes were mainly located below Arenas Crater and the NE flank within 5 km, with depths of 2-6 km, and a fewer number occurred below the E, SE, and SW flanks. Low-energy thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data, though on 11 March the anomaly was characterized as moderate. Sulfur dioxide emissions detected in satellite data continued to be significant. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualí Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones.
Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 26 February-4 March, with multiple, daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray or gray ash plumes rose 200-1,300 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 3-10 March. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Eruptive activity generated emissions that rose 800 m above the crater rim. No changes around the crater were observed during a 5 March aerial observation. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)