Report for Stromboli
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 30 September-6 October with notable events on 1 and 6 October. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce explosions at a rate of 5-8 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 80 m above the vents. Spattering continued and was sometimes intense, particularly on 30 September and 1 and 6 October. Explosions at the vent in Area C-S mainly occurred at a rate of 1-3 events per hour and ejected tephra over 250 m above the vent.

Intense spattering in Area N on 1 October was followed by the formation of a lava flow at around 1500 that descended the Sciara del Fuoco and accumulated at the coastline. The lava flow was cooling and no longer active by 2100. Explosions at both crater areas occurred during a three-minute period on 6 October. At 0217 an energetic explosion at Area N lasted 50 seconds and ejected lapilli, bombs, and lava fragments that fell in a rose pattern, predominantly along the Sciara del Fuoco. The explosion was followed by at least three more notable explosions at Area C-S and additional smaller ones; the explosions ejected material that mostly rolled down the Sciara del Fuoco and did not reach the coastline. Over the next two hours spattering at Area N fed a lava flow that advanced down the Sciara del Fuoco. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Ruapehu
GeoNet reported that minor unrest continued at Ruapehu and the crater lake remained cool. The temperature of the crater lake water decreased from 31 to 11 degrees Celsius during March-August and remained cool through 8 October, decreasing further to 8 degrees, the lowest temperature recorded since 1970. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at low-to-moderate levels. The reduced temperature and sulfur dioxide emissions suggested partial sealing of the vent; areas of upwelling on the lake’s surface and sulfur slicks were visible on 30 September. Volcanic tremor levels remained low during 2024. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Manam
The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite and webcam images, and reported by the Rabaul Volcano Observatory, rising to 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l., or about 1 km above the summit, and drifting NW at 1000 on 3 October. The ash emissions were continuous during 3-5 October, though weather clouds sometimes obscured views. The ash had dissipated by 2140 on 5 October. At 1250 on 7 October a continuous ash plume was identified in satellite images rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW.

Report for Merapi
Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 27 September-3 October. Seismicity was more intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 256 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 25 September-1 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Almost daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 0.1-1 km m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and S; eruptive events were recorded during 7-8 October, but no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Lewotobi
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 2-8 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. Incandescence at the vent was visible in a webcam image on 3 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.

Report for Dukono
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 2-8 October. Daily dense gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted W and SW. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 2-8 October. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 0.5-1 km above the summit and drifted NE, NW, W, and SW during 2-5 October. Webcam images posted with the reports during 3-4 October showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. One eruptive event was recorded on 7 October, although emissions were not observed. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 2-8 October, characterized by increased seismicity and sulfur dioxide emissions. The seismic network recorded 5-15 daily volcanic earthquakes. Daily gas-and-steam emissions that were often voluminous rose 100-650 m above the summit and drifted NE, W, SW, and S. Sulfur dioxide emissions were recorded daily and continued to be high, averaging 2,606-9,042 tonnes/day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Taal
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) issued advisories for Taal reporting that a total of 30 phreatic events were recorded almost daily during 22 September-5 October. Five phreatic events during the morning of 5 October were recorded by the seismic network. A minor phreatomagmatic eruption began at 1132 and lasted four minutes based on visual observations and seismic and infrasound data. The eruption ejected a short, black plume followed by a steam-rich plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Trace ashfall was reported in Agoncillo, Batangas, W of Taal Lake. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 2,068 tonnes per day (t/d) during 5-6 October and 1,267 t/d on 7 October, remaining at elevated levels. One small phreatic event was recorded during 6-7 October, and two phreatic events lasting 1-4 minutes long were recorded during 7-8 October. Hot fluids upwelling in the lake were observed during 5-8 October along with emissions that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Report for Suwanosejima
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 30 September-7 October. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Three eruptive events on 30 September produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted W. At 0031 on 1 October continuous ash-and-gas plumes rose 0.6-1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted W, N, and NE; ash was no longer detected by 1710. An eruptive event on 4 October generated an ash-and-gas plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. Continuous ash-and-gas emissions that began at 1256 on 4 October likely ceased around 0620 on 5 October, although weather conditions obscured views; ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, N, and NW. On 7 October ash-and-gas plumes rose 1.1-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 September-7 October. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. On 30 September sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,400 tons per day. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 30 September-4 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Iwatesan
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported increased unrest at Iwatesan. Data from instrumentation detecting deformation indicated inflation centered in deeper parts of the volcano beginning in February. The frequency of volcanic earthquakes had been somewhat high since April 2020, although the number of small volcanic earthquakes located near Kurokurayama began increasing in May and further increased in late July. Results in INSAR imagery collected on 26 September revealed very shallow inflation near Ojigokudani (erosional caldera to the W). At 1500 on 2 October the Alert level was raised to 2 (the second lowest level on a 1-5 scale) prompting access restrictions around the crater; the public was warned that an eruption could affect an area within a 2 km radius of the crater.

Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 26 September-4 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), the volcano was quiet or obscured by weather clouds. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Karymsky
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 26 September-4 October. A minor thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 27 and 30 September; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. A plume of resuspended ash drifted 300 km SE on 30 September and 3 October. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 27-28 and 30 September. The volcano was obscured by weather clouds on the other days of the week. On 3 October a plume of resuspended ash lifted from the S flank by strong winds was visible in satellite images drifting 450 km ESE. The resuspended ash prompted KVERT to briefly raise the Aviation Color Code from Yellow to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 2136; the Aviation Color Code was lowered back to Yellow at 0241 on 4 October. The plume was 1,400 km SE of the volcano on 4 October.

Report for Sheveluch
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 26 September-4 October lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images during 27-30 September and 2 October. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 1,100 km SE on 30 September and 3 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 2-8 October. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Adams
The Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) issued an information statement about seismicity at Adams. In the month of September six locatable earthquakes with magnitudes of 0.9-2 were recorded by one seismic station located 11 km SW of the summit and others located much farther away. Typically, at Adams, one earthquake is recorded every 2-3 years. CVO noted that there was no indication that the earthquake activity was a cause for concern; the Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). CVO together with the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) plan to install temporary seismic stations in the Adams area, which will allow detection of smaller earthquakes and better estimates of size, location, and depth, information necessary to assess the significance of the activity.

Report for Santa Maria
Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito cone during 1-8 October with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions (a few per hour) generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, N, and NE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches and occasional short pyroclastic flows that descended the flanks. Incandescence was sometimes visible during dark hours from avalanches of material at the dome as well as explosions. Ashfall was reported in Santa María de Jesús (5 km SE), Calaguaché (9 km S), Belén (10 km S), and other areas downwind during 6-7 October.

Report for Fuego
Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 1-8 October. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network, averaging 3-12 per hour when reported. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted as far as 30 km in multiple directions. Weak rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported. On most days the explosions ejected incandescent material up to 350 m above the summit and onto the upper flanks. The explosions often produced avalanches of material that descended the flanks, sometimes reaching vegetated areas. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind including Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Yepocápa (8 km NW), Sangre de Cristo (10 km SW), and Finca Palo Verde during 4-5 October and La Rochela (8 km SSW), Finca Ceilán (9 km S), La Reunión (7 km SE), El Rodeo (10 km SSE), El Zapote (10 km SSE), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), and Alotenángo (8 km ENE) during 6-7 October. Ashfall was forecast for areas downwind on the other days.

Report for Rincon de la Vieja
Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that small phreatic eruptions at Rincón de la Vieja were recorded at 0822 on 2 October, at 1240 and 2248 on 3 October, at 0748 on 4 October, and at 1732 on 6 October. None of the events produced emissions with ash.