Report for Etna
INGV reported that activity at Etna’s summit craters continued during 14-23 July. Explosive activity at both Voragine Crater and NE Crater began to slowly intensify at around 1500 on 14 July and ash emissions from both craters rapidly dispersed. Infrasound data showed increasing activity at NW Crater at around 1600.

Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater persisted on 15 July, and that same day minor ash emissions from Voragine and NE craters were visible in webcam images. Volcanic tremor amplitude values fluctuated at average values for most of the day, then began to increase. Activity at Voragine was observed in infrasound data. Strombolian activity at Voragine slowly intensified beginning around 2100 and volcanic tremor amplitude reached very high levels, peaking at 2140. Activity continued to intensify, and lava fountaining began at 2154. Ash plumes reached about 6 km a.s.l., or about 2.6 km above the summit, and drifted SE. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind including Viagrande (16 km SSE) and Aci Castello (26 km SSE). Lava flowed over the NW rim of Bocca Nuova Crater and descended to about 3,000 m elevation. The average volcanic tremor amplitude remained at very high levels and peaked again at 0100 on 16 July. Infrasound data showed a decrease in the frequency of events. Lava fountaining decreased and had ceased by 0210 on 16 July, though Strombolian activity persisted until around 0500. Reddish ash plumes occasionally rose from NE Crater throughout the day. Strombolian activity at NE Crater began at around 2300 and ejected large bombs several tens of meters above the crater rim. The lava flow continued to be fed though at a low rate.

INGV staff visited the summit area on 17 July and saw Strombolian activity in NE Crater; the activity was also visible in webcam images. The activity produced both fine and coarse material that was ejected tens of meters above the crater rim; the coarser material fell back inside the crater as well as onto the flanks. An explosion at NE Crater at 1956 produced an ash plume that rapidly dispersed.

Strombolian activity at Voragine Crater was again visible in webcam images on 22 July, though weather clouds mostly obscured observations. Volcanic tremor amplitude was low, though gradually increasing, through the day; the amplitude reached a high level by 1745 and remained high. Infrasound data indicated activity in Voragine. The Strombolian activity intensified and was characterized as strong by 0300 on 23 July. Ash emissions rose about the summit, volcanic tremor amplitude increased to very high levels, and by 0508 lava fountaining was underway that resulted in overflows of the Bocca Nuova Crater W rim. Lava fountaining persisted and by 0830 fountains were rising several hundred meters above the crater rim. Ash plumes rose around 8 km a.s.l., or about 4.6 km above the summit, and drifted ESE, then SSE. Ashfall was reported in Rifugio Sapienza (5 km S), Piano Vetore (6 km SSW), C.da Milia, Nicolosi (15 km S), Tremestieri Etneo (20 km SSE), and Catania (29 km SSE). The lava fountaining gradually decreased and then ceased by 1015. The lava flow produced during the activity was small, though due to weather clouds the total length was undetermined.

Report for Erta Ale
Thermal anomalies in satellite images of Erta Ale on 11, 16, and 21 July suggested that lava flows from the S pit crater traveled about 870 m SSE.

Report for Semeru
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 17-23 July. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 400-1,000 m above the summit and drifted mainly S and SW and sometimes N and NE. Daily eruptive events, sometimes several per day, were recorded by the seismic network, though plumes were not always visually confirmed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Suwanosejima
JMA reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 15-22 July and produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted N and NW. Large blocks were ejected as far as 300 m from the vent, though no explosions were recorded. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Marapi
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 17-23 July. White gas-and-steam plumes rose 100-250 m above the summit and drifted NE, E, and S during 17-18 and 20 July. Gray ash plumes rose 150 m above the summit and drifted NE and E on 19 July. Emissions were not observed on the other days. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Mayon
PHIVOLCS reported that 0-3 daily rockfalls and volcanic earthquakes at Mayon were detected by the seismic network during 16-22 July. Moderate levels of emissions drifted mainly NW, W, and SW and occasionally ENE. Faint crater incandescence was only visible using a telescope. A phreatic explosion occurred at 1816 on 18 July and lasted for 45 seconds based on seismic data. According to the Tokyo VAAC the plume rose 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l., or about 280 m above the summit, and drifted WNW. There were 11 rockfalls recorded during 18-19 July. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a 0-5 scale); the public was reminded to stay out of the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Report for Great Sitkin
AVO reported that slow lava effusion in Great Sitkin’s summit crater was last confirmed in an 18 July radar image and that same day elevated surface temperatures were detected in satellite images; effusion likely continued during 19-23 July. The lava flow expanded E and S, overtopping older lava flows emplaced during 2022-2024. Lava blocks sometimes detached from the flow and descended the flow margins; the tumbling blocks were seismically detected. Small daily earthquakes beneath the volcano were recorded during 16-23 July. Weather conditions often obscured satellite and webcam views. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Sumisujima
The Japan Coast Guard reported that an area of discolored water, brown to yellow-green in color, was visible about 300 m E of the E coast of Sumisujima on 18 July. The report noted that areas of discolored water had occasionally been seen in the vicinity of the island since 2017, though usually characterized as pale blue to white and smaller in size. Sailors were warned to exercise caution in the area.

Report for Yellowstone
The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) reported that at around 1000 on 23 July a small hydrothermal explosion occurred in Yellowstone’s Biscuit Basin thermal area, located about 3.5 km NW of Old Faithful. The explosion likely originated near Black Diamond Pool and was recorded by visitors that were on the nearby boardwalk. Ejecta from the explosion damaged the boardwalk; no injuries were reported. Biscuit Basin, including the parking lot and boardwalks, were temporary closed for visitor safety. YVO noted that the explosion did not reflect activity within volcanic system, which remained at normal background levels of activity, and was not caused by magma rising towards the surface. Hydrothermal explosions are relatively common in Yellowstone. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale).

Report for Lewotobi
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 3-9 July. Multiple daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 50-1,500 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. According to a news article, several villages were impacted by ashfall on 22 July, including Wolorona (5 km WNW), Klatanlou (4 km NW), Goliriang, Hokeng (3 km WNW), Pululera (6 km NW), Padang Pasir (5 km NW), Boru (8 km WNW), Wotupudor, and Kumaebang. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3-km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.

Report for Ebeko
KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 11-18 July. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 15-18 July generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, and S. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on 18 July; on other days either no activity was observed or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Lateiki
Satellite data showed an area of discolored water in the vicinity of the submarine Lateiki volcano drifting about 1.2 km SW on 20 July. Weather clouds obscured part of the area.

Report for Home Reef
A 20 July satellite image of Home Reef showed a N-S-elongated thermal anomaly over the vent area.

Report for Karymsky
KVERT reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 11-18 July. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 12, 15, and 18 July; weather clouds obscured views on the other days during the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Bezymianny
KVERT reported that lava extrusion at Bezymianny significantly increased on 21 July, causing collapses of the E part of the lava dome and subsequent hot avalanches of material. Ash plumes from the collapses rose 2-3 km a.s.l. On 22 July the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Activity was sustained at least through 24 July, and by then ash plumes were drifting 70 km SW. Dates and times are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
KVERT reported that thermal anomalies over both the “300 years of RAS” dome and the older lava dome at Sheveluch were identified in satellite images during 12-15 and 18 July. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days during 12-19 July. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Villarrica
After field observations and analysis of data, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) reduced the exclusion zone around Villarrica to 1.5 km on 19 July. SENAPRED maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the middle level on a three-color scale) for the communities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and Panguipulli. Two ash emissions were recorded at 1346 and 1349 on 21 July and drifted NE. The second ash plume rose 320 m above the crater rim and was associated with a long-period earthquake. Another ash emission event at 1438 was also associated with a long-period earthquake; the plume rose 780 m above the crater rim and drifted NE.

Report for Kilauea
HVO reported that at about 0330 on 23 July increased earthquake activity and abrupt ground deformation around Kilauea’s upper East Rift Zone likely indicated the movement of magma in the subsurface. The Volcano Alert Level was raised to Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the third color on a four-color scale) at 0406. The seismicity was centered near Pauahi Crater. During 22-23 July there were about 357 earthquakes beneath the upper East Rift Zone mainly at depths of 0-4 km. Most of the events were smaller than M 2, though 13 of the earthquakes were larger with magnitudes of M 3-3.4.

Report for Whakaari/White Island
GeoNet reported decreasing activity at Whakaari/White Island and confirmed recent activity during overflight observations. A vent on the crater floor increased in diameter by about 20 m sometime during 3-7 July, likely coinciding during a time when larger-than-normal plumes were seen by coastal observers and in webcam images. Impact craters from material ejected during minor explosive activity were scattered as far as 250 m from the active vent based on photographs taken during gas monitoring and observation overflights. A thin ashfall deposit extended across parts of the crater floor. A gas-and-steam plume was continuously emitted from the vent for a period of time on 10 July. During a 12 July overflight the plume contained intermittent and minor amounts of ash likely resulting from erosion inside the vent due to vigorous degassing. During an 18 July overflight GeoNet confirmed that activity had decreased. Gas-and-steam plumes continued to rise from the vent, though with less vigor, and the crater lake had completely dried up. Volcanic gas emissions were decreasing. Steam-and-gas plumes persisted at other vents. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale).

Report for Dukono
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 17-23 July. Gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-400 m above the summit and drifted E on 17 July. Emissions were not observed during 18-21 July, and dense white plumes rose 200-600 m and drifted NW on 22 July. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
PVMBG reported that activity at Ibu continued during 17-23 July. Daily white-and-gray or white, gray, and black ash plumes rose 100-1,200 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Aira
JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-22 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was sometimes visible and very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. An explosion at 1358 on 20 July produced an ash plume that rose 3.7 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Merapi
BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 12-18 July. Earthquakes were less intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 177 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank and 1.1 km down the Bedog drainage on the SSW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 2,516,600 cubic meters and the dome in the main crater was stable at an estimated 2,360,700 cubic meters based on an 18 July drone survey and webcam images. The highest temperature of the SW dome was around 245 degrees Celsius, higher than the previous measurement. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.