Report for Whakaari/White Island
On 13 January GeoNet reported that emissions from Whakaari/White Island during the previous 2-3 weeks were characterized as passive, weak-to-moderate, gas-and-steam plumes that sometimes contained ash. The plumes were visible in images from satellite and webcams (at Whakatane and Te Kaha), and during clearer weather conditions a larger plume was occasionally visible from the Bay of Plenty. The New Zealand Met Service also detected ash in the plumes using satellite images on some of the days. According to the Wellington VAAC low-level emissions that contained ash rose 0.6-1 km (2,000-3,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, SW, and S during 9-11 and 13-14 January. GeoNet noted that the ash in the plumes created hazy conditions downwind of the island. The recent activity was consistent with moderate-to-heightened unrest, therefore the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). At 1230 on 13 January the Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). GeoNet stated that the Alert Levels were reflective of the current level of activity, but there was uncertainty due to the current lack of consistent, usable, real-time monitoring data; GeoNet relies on remote cameras and satellite images to monitor Whakaari.

Report for Home Reef
The Tonga Geological Services reported that analysis of satellite images showed no size changes at Home Reef during 2-12 January. A thermal anomaly persisted through 14 January. The Maritime Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-level scale), and mariners were advised to stay at least 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) away from the island. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the Alert Level for residents of Vava’u and Ha’apai remained at Green (the first level on a four-level scale).

Report for Manam
The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that continuous ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images at 0640 and 1050 on 14 January. The plumes rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WSW.

Report for Dempo
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruptive event at Dempo was recorded at 0605 on 12 January and lasted 24 seconds. A white plume rose about 20 m above the summit and drifted N. A webcam image posted with the report showed black and gray material floating on the surface of the lake. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public were reminded to stay 1 km away from the crater and as far as 2 km on the N flank.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 3-9 January. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 84 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 29 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and nine that traveled as far as 1.5 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 8-14 January with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400-1000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Iya
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported a decrease in seismicity at Iya during 5 November 2024-7 January 2025. Deep earthquakes indicating a magma presence continued to be recorded, and continuous tremor persisted but with a decreasing amplitude. In general, white emissions rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though emissions that rose 10-200 m above the crater rim during 1-7 January were characterized as white-and-gray. At 1800 on 8 January the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the active crater.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 8-14 January. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted W and SW during 9-10 and 12-14 January. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions on 8 and 11 January. Incandescence at the crater was periodically visible in a webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW.

Report for Karangetang
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that monitoring data and visual observations during December 2024 and 1-10 January 2025 indicated decreasing unrest at Karangetang. No avalanches were observed from either Main Crater or North Crater, and neither crater produced incandescence visible at night. North Crater occasionally produced white plumes that rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes prevented visual observations. Seismicity decreased and was characterized by five deep volcanic earthquakes per day and five earthquakes indicating gas emissions per day. At 1800 on 11 January the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was advised to stay 1.5 km away from Kawah Dua (North Crater) and the Main Crater (South Crater) with an extension to 2.5 km along the W, SW, S, and SE flanks.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 8-15 January. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense generally rose as high as 2.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though ash plumes occasionally rose higher. Webcam images posted with the reports often showed incandescence at the summit or being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone. During 10 and 13-14 January ash plumes rose up to 3 km above the summit. At 1935 on 11 January a dense gray ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted W and, according to BNPB, incandescent lava was ejected as high as 2 km above the summit. The event lasted for three minutes and five seconds based on seismic data. At 0711 on 15 January a dense ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted W and a pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m N. Booming and rumbling sounds were heard at the Ibu Observation Post (9 km W).

In a press release PVMBG noted that taller ash plumes, 3-4 km above the summit, had become more frequent during 1-15 January. Additionally, the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes increased, and deformation data showed inflation on 6 and 13 January. The Alert Level was raised to 4 (the highest level on a four-level scale) at 1000 on 15 January and the public was advised to stay 5 km away from the active crater and 6 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 7-13 January. The seismic network recorded 11-22 daily volcanic earthquakes that, during 7-8 and 11-13 January, included 1-7 periods of volcanic tremor lasting 10 minutes to one hour and 57 minutes. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,029 to 5,763 tonnes per day, with the upper limit being close to the average recorded since the 3 June 2024 eruption. Daily gas emissions that occasionally contained ash were often voluminous, rising as high as 1 km above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. There were 1-3 daily periods of ash emissions during 7-8 and 12-13 January, each as short as five minutes to as long as one hour and 55 minutes. The ash plumes mainly drifted W, WSW, and SW. Rapid inflation of the mid-to-upper part of the E flank was detected at 1920 on 10 January in tilt data recorded by the Upper Pantao Observation station (VKUP) located at 1,056 m elevation on the E flank.

The eruption continued to impact residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) report issued at 0800 on 12 January stated that 10,003 people (3,158 families) were spread across 25 evacuation centers and another 7,576 people (2,409 families) were staying elsewhere. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Taal
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 7-13 January. Gas-and-steam emissions generally rose 400-600 m above the crater rim and drifted SW; emissions were not observed on 9 January. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 5,868, 1,383, and 1,811 tonnes per day on 8, 11, and 13 January, respectively. A phreatic eruption at 2351 on 10 January generated a plume that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SW; the eruption lasted for three minutes. One volcanic earthquake per day was detected on 9 and 12 January. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5); PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 6-13 January and crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions at 2018 on 8 January, at 2225 on 9 January, at 1054 and 1739 on 11 January, and at 2300 on 13 January generated ash plumes that rose 300-1,000 m and drifted S, SE, and E. Plumes rose into the weather clouds at 1054 on 11 January and on 13 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-13 January. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Explosions at 1451 and 1913 on 6 January, at 1946 and 2225 on 7 January, at 0516 on 8 January, and at 0449 on 12 January produced ash plumes that rose 0.9-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. All of the explosions, except for those at 1451 on 6 January and at 1946 on 7 January, ejected large blocks 300-1,100 m above the crater rim. An eruptive event at 0541 on 12 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 2-9 January. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 5-7 and 9 January. The volcano was quiet or weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 2-9 January. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 7-14 January. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Nothing notable was identified in cloudy satellite and webcam images; though during the morning of 12 January diffuse steaming at the summit was identified in a satellite image. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that incandescence and low-level spattering from two vents located at the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera were visible during 8-14 January. Incandescence at the craters was visible during 8-10 January. An automatic laser rangefinder, pointing at an area of the crater floor from a few hundred meters N of the vents, measured about 4 m of subsidence during the first few days after fountaining stopped on 3 January, and since then the level of the floor has mostly remained stable. Monitoring data showed that the summit was slowly inflating, indicating that magma was accumulating below the summit area.

During an overflight on 10 January scientists observed active but slow-moving lava within the vents just a few meters below the crater floor. After sunset on 11 January very minor spattering within the N eruptive vent was visible in livestream camera views. The vigor of the spattering was variable through the night with the peak phase occurring just before 0400 on 12 January. Spatter was ejected no higher than 5-20 m and remained within the vent. Intermittent spattering continued during the morning but was then obscured by daylight. Later that evening visitors to Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park reported seeing low-level spattering at the N vent. Spattering was not discernible in the webcam feed, so the spatter was likely not ejected more than 5 m and remained in the vent. Incandescence was visible from both vents during the morning of 13 January; it was unclear if spattering continued. Three periods of localized crater floor subsidence, each lasting 60-90 minutes, were recorded by laser rangefinder at 0745, 1345, and 1730, and were followed by a refilling of magma beneath the crust. Incandescence from the N vent was visible in webcam images overnight during 13-14 January. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Santa Maria
The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito dome complex during 7-14 January with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 11 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the dome and drifted as far as 40 km NW, W, SW, S, and SE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the flanks in multiple directions almost daily; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on a few of the days. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. Ashfall was reported during 10-11 January in areas downwind including San Marcos (10 km SW), Finca El Patrocinio (9 km SSW), Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), Llanos de Pinal, and surrounding areas, and forecasted for areas downwind on most of the other days.

Report for Fuego
The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 7-14 January. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 5-13 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit and drifted 10-30 km N, NW, W, and SW. Weak-to-moderate rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported; the shock waves rattled nearby structures during 11-12 January. The explosions also generated block avalanches around the crater that sometimes descended the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Taniluya (SSW), Honda (E), El Jute (ESE), and Ceniza (SSW) drainages and sometimes reached vegetated areas. On most days, explosions ejected incandescent material 100-200 m above the summit and showered the upper flanks with incandescent material. Ashfall was reported in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), El Porvenir (11 km SW), Finca Palo Verde (10 km WSW), Yepocapa (12 km SW), Sangre de Cristo (8 km W), and other nearby communities during 8-9 January, and in Yepocapa, Quisaché (8 km NW), La Soledad (11 km N), Parramos (18 km NNE), and surrounding areas during 10-11 January; ashfall was forecasted for areas downwind on the other days.

Report for Telica
The Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) reported that multiple gas-and-steam emissions were observed rising from Telica during 11-13 January and some of those emissions contained ash. Distinct plumes reported to contain ash rose 150 m above the crater rim on 13 January that blew to the NW at 1115, then to the N and SW at 1640. From 2000 on 13 January to 0800 on 14 January there were 25 gas-and-ash explosions; four of the explosions that occurred during 2214-2355 on 13 January ejected ballistics about 50 m above the crater rim and onto the flanks. Through 1000 on 14 January there were 91 explosions recorded, producing gas, steam, and ash plumes that rose no higher than 200 m above the crater.

Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that bubbling in the lake at Poás, visible during 1400-1700 on 7 January, was associated with a tremor signal. Convecting water over the Boca A and Boca C vents was visible during 13-14 January.

Report for Sabancaya
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 6-12 January with a daily average of four explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km W, N, and NE. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 1,060 tons per day. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Report for Villarrica
The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that at 1605 on 11 January a long-period (LP) earthquake at Villarrica was accompanied by a gas-and-ash plume that rose 200 m above the vent and drifted S. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Grimsvotn
On 13 January the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that a gradual increase in seismic tremor at Grímsvötn had been detected over the previous few days, indicating the likely onset of jökulhlaup originating from the subglacial lake. Floodwaters typically emerge from the base of Skeiðarárjökull glacier, flowing into the Gígjukvísl river. On 15 January tremor recorded on the seismic station at Grímsfjall increased sharply, which is not unusual when a flooding event reaches peak discharge. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) at 1319, reflecting the slight increase in the likelihood of an eruption being triggered by the flood. IMO noted that the last eruption following a flooding event was in 2004; since then there have been 13 jökulhlaups with no eruptions. The 2011 eruption was not preceded by a jökulhlaup.

Report for Bardarbunga
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that an earthquake swarm began at Bárdarbunga at 0610 on 14 January in the NW part of the caldera. Initial estimates indicated that there were three earthquakes larger than an M 3 and one above an M 4; at 0705 the Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow (the second lowest color on a four-color scale). The swarm continued though the morning and at 0805 a M 5 earthquake was detected. Seismicity began to decrease in intensity at around 0900 and continued at lower levels. The seismic network recorded about 130 earthquakes by 1418; seismicity continued overnight during 14-15 January. Similar activity occurred in 2014 before an effusive eruption that began after two weeks of unrest.