Report for Manam
The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that ash emissions from Manam were identified in satellite images during 29 November-1 December rising 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW and W. Weather clouds occasionally obscured or partially obscured views.

Report for Ulawun
The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that seismicity at Ulawun was low during 1-19 November, dominated by very small low-frequency earthquakes occurring at short intervals. Seismicity increased on 19 November and remained elevated during the rest of the month. High-frequency volcano-tectonic earthquakes began to occur at around 1300 on 19 November; the number of those events increased at 1645 and again at 0000 on 20 November. At around 1800 on 20 November low-amplitude non-harmonic volcanic tremor emerged and a slight increase in the amplitude of those signals began a couple of hours later. Seismicity fluctuated at elevated levels until 0900 on 28 November; during brief periods of reduced tremor, distinct, high-frequency, volcano-tectonic events were evident. RVO recommended a declaration of Alert Level Stage 1 (the lowest level of a four-stage scale).

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM) reported declining activity at Marapi. During 23-30 November white plumes rose 100-150 m above the summit. Two eruptive events were recorded by the seismic network on 29 November, but weather clouds prevented visual observations; any ejecta likely fell near the crater. Earthquake signals indicating eruption events were rarely being recorded and signals indicating emissions were declining. The number of deep volcanic earthquakes was lower compared to the previous week and other seismic indicators showed stability. RSAM values fluctuated around baseline levels. No deformation during 15-27 November was detected using InSAR or data from the Batupalano Station tiltmeter. Sulfur dioxide emissions measured from satellite were low at 57 tons per day on 24 November. In general monitoring data and activity levels fluctuated but declined overall. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1500 on 1 December, and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Slamet
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased seismicity at Slamet in a 29 November press release. An increase in the number of deep volcanic earthquakes in May was followed by increases in the numbers of low-frequency earthquakes and earthquakes indicating emissions during May-August, more frequent shallow volcanic earthquakes during June-July, and increased tremor amplitude during late September. Earthquakes indicating emissions, low-frequency earthquakes, non-harmonic tremor, and continuous tremor continued to be recorded during November. A non-harmonic tremor signal recorded during 0735-0746 on 28 November was followed by an increase in the amplitude of continuous tremor. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the summit.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 22-28 November. Seismicity was higher compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 105 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.7 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulted from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The volume of the SW dome was an estimated 3,177,100 cubic meters based a 21 November analysis of webcam images. The volume of the main crater was stable at an estimated 2,361,800 cubic meters. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 27 November-3 December with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Ranakah
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased seismicity at Ranakah. During 1 November-2 December field observers noted typical diffuse white plumes rising from the NW and SW bases of the lava dome. Though seismicity was dominated by tectonic earthquakes, the number of low-frequency earthquakes significantly increased compared to October. Seismic data also indicated the emergence of both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes. At 0800 on 3 December the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from the crater.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 16 November-3 December. The average heights of eruption plumes decreased to 0.5-2 km above the summit during 16-25 November compared to averages of 1-3 km recorded the week before. There were fewer eruptive events, though some were accompanied by notable ash plumes and rumbling sounds. A lava flow on the WNW flank was 3.8 km long and one on the NE flank was around 2 km long; neither flow was advancing. The eruption level remained at a high level, though was decreasing. On 26 November the exclusion zone was modified, prohibiting entry within a radius of 7 km from the center of Laki-laki in all directions. During 27-29 November daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 1-3 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, NW, and N. White-and-gray ash plumes rose 0.1-1.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 30 November-3 December. According to a news report the Frans Xavier Seda Airport (252 km W) reopened after being closed since 17 July due to volcanic ash; ticket sales have resumed for flights starting on 16 December. In November the eruption had affected more than 10,000 residents and caused 10 deaths. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4).

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 27 November-2 December. Emissions were not visible on 27 November. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SE during the rest of the week. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 27 November-3 December. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Daily webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence at the summit of the inner active cone. According to BNPB an eruptive event at 2144 on 1 December ejected incandescent material 700 m above the summit and lasted about two and a half minutes based on seismic data. The event prompted PVMBG to increase the hazard zone radius to 5.5 km on the N flank; the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater in all other directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported a continuing eruption at Kanlaon during 26 November-3 December. The seismic network recorded 5-26 daily volcanic earthquakes, and sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,524 to 9,377 tonnes per day. Moderate gas-and-steam emissions rose 100-750 m above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, and NE. There were 1-5 daily ash emission events during 26-29 November and on 1 December, with each lasting 5-35 minutes. According to the Tokyo VAAC the ash emissions on those same days rose 2.7-3.4 km (9,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, NNW, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Taal
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 26 November-3 December. Emissions generally rose 500-600 m above the crater rim and drifted W and SW. Two phreatic events during 28-29 November, each 5-6 minutes long, produced emissions that rose 1.2-1.5 km above the crater rim. There were two volcanic earthquakes recorded by the seismic network on 27 November and 26 volcanic earthquakes including a two-minute period of tremor on 28 November. Zero to four volcanic earthquakes and periods of volcanic tremor lasting 2-6 minutes were recorded on the other days of the week. Sulfur dioxide gas flux averaged 6,307 and 7,216 tonnes per day (t/d) on 27 and 30 November, respectively; the monthly average was 5,283 (t/d).

A minor phreatomagmatic eruption occurred at 0558 on 3 December and lasted four minutes based on monitoring data and webcam views. Jets of dark material rose 600 m and gas, steam, and ash plumes rose 2.8 km above the island and drifted WSW. Trace amounts of ashfall were reported in Poblacion (10-19 km SW), Agoncillo (8 km WSW), and Buso-buso (8 km W). PHIVOLCS noted that increased gas emissions had been recorded the past month and localized inflation on Taal Volcano Island has been detected since September, though volcanic earthquake levels have been low. The phreatomagmatic event was likely driven by the interaction of water with a small batch of shallow magma that has been degassing for the past three years. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 25 November-2 December. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An explosion was recorded at 0127 on 28 November; no details of emissions were provided. Eruptive events at 2133 on 30 November and then at 0652 and 1053 on 1 December produced ash plumes that rose 1.2-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SE on the 30th and remained above the summit on the 1st. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 November-2 December. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Small eruptive events were recorded on 25 and 30 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Ahyi
No plumes of discolored water surrounding Ahyi Seamount have been identified in satellite images since 20 November and no significant signals were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi) during 20-29 November. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 21-28 November. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 23 November generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 27 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 21-28 November. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 23, 25, and 28 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch during 21-28 November. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 26 November-3 December. The flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement along the N margins. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit most of the week, though weakly elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images on 26 November and a small steam plume from the summit was visible in satellite images during 30 November-1 December. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Popocatepetl
The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 26 November-3 December. The seismic network recorded 16-51 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, sometimes characterized as low-amplitude and/or high-frequency, with periods lasting 11 minutes to as long as nearly nine hours. Notable eruptive events at 0510 and 0630 on 1 December ejected material onto the upper flanks. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes were visible in webcam and satellite images during 27-30 November, 1 December, and 3 December rising 5.8-6.1 km (19,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting mostly SW, W, and NW. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.

Report for Santa Maria
The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito dome complex during 19 November-3 December with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 11 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the dome and drifted W, SW, S, and SE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the SE, S, and SW flanks; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on a few of the days. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. Ashfall was reported on a few of the days in areas downwind including on farms to the SW, Monte Bello, Las Marías (10 km S), San Marcos (10 km SW), El Faro (7 km S), Finca El Patrocinio (9 km SSW), San Felipe Retalhuleu (27 km SSW), Paulownia, Palajunoj (17 km SSW), and surrounding areas.

Report for Fuego
The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 26 November-3 December. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network at rates of 4-13 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose over 1 km above the summit and drifted as far as 50 km SW and W. During dark hours on most days incandescent ejecta from explosions was visible rising as high as 400 m above the summit. The explosions generated block avalanches that mostly descended the Las Lajas (SE), Seca (W), Taniluya (SSW), and Ceniza (SSW) drainages, but occasionally descended all flanks, and sometimes reached vegetated areas. Rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported. Ashfall was reported in Panimache I and II (8 km SW), Morelia (10 km SW), Santa Sofia (12 km SW), Yepocápa (8 km NW), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), Finca Palo Verde, Pochuta (24 km WNW), and Patulul (30 km W) on a few of the days and forecasted for areas downwind on the other days.

Report for Reykjanes
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that the eruption that began on 20 November at the Sundhnúkur crater row in a location between Stóra-Skógfell and Sýlingarfell, within the Reykjanes volcanic system, continued during 26 November-3 December. Lava erupted from a single cone and slowly traveled E and SE towards and alongside Fagradalsfjall. The lava flow field near Fagradalsfjall thickened and slightly expanded; advancement of the lava flow front was slow. The average flow rate was estimated to be 11 cubic meters per second during 23-28 November, based on measurements taken by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History, and 5-10 cubic meters per second during 28-29 November. The sulfur dioxide emission rate on 28 November was 64-71 kg/s or about 5,500-6,100 tons per day. Gas plumes rose 500-800 m a.s.l. Deformation data showed minimal daily changes and suggested that magma input into the accumulation zone beneath Svartsengi was similar to the lava effusion rate. On 28 November Icelandic Institute of Natural History experts, who conducted field measurements and an aerial survey, concluded that lava covered an area of 9.2 square kilometers, had an approximate volume of 47 million cubic meters, and averaged 5 m thick. The eruption was the second largest by volume among eruptions at the Sundhnúkur Crater Row since December 2023. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).