Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 25 December-31 December 2024
Name	Country	Volcanic Province	Eruption Start Date	Report Status
Ahyi	United States	Mariana Volcanic Arc	2024 Aug 5	New
Dieng Volcanic Complex	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	—	New
Kanlaon	Philippines	Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc	2024 Oct 19	New
Kilauea	United States	Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group	2024 Dec 23	New
Masaya	Nicaragua	Central America Volcanic Arc	2015 Oct 3	New
Raung	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2024 Dec 15	New
Aira	Japan	Ryukyu Volcanic Arc	2017 Mar 25	Continuing
Ambae	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Ambrym	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Dukono	Indonesia	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	1933 Aug 13	Continuing
Erta Ale	Ethiopia	Afar Rift Volcanic Province	1967 Jul 2 (in or before) ± 182 days	Continuing
Great Sitkin	United States	Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc	2021 May 25	Continuing
Ibu	Indonesia	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	2008 Apr 5	Continuing
Karymsky	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	2024 Jun 20	Continuing
Lewotobi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2023 Dec 23	Continuing
Manam	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	2018 May 10 ± 10 days	Continuing
Marapi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2023 Dec 3	Continuing
Merapi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2020 Dec 31	Continuing
Semeru	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2017 Jun 6	Continuing
Sheveluch	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	1999 Aug 15	Continuing
Stromboli	Italy	Aeolian Volcanic Arc	1934 Feb 2	Continuing
Suwanosejima	Japan	Ryukyu Volcanic Arc	2004 Oct 23	Continuing
Yasur	Vanuatu	Vanuatu Volcanic Arc	1270 ± 110 years	Continuing

All times are local unless otherwise stated.

Ahyi (United States) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Ahyi
Mariana Volcanic Arc

A plume of discolored water surrounding Ahyi Seamount was identified in satellite data on 15 December, indicating continued low-level unrest. Signals from underwater activity coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi) on 24 and 26 December (UTC). Satellite data from those days were obscured by clouds; no evidence of discolored water was identified in a partly cloudy satellite image from 25 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Source: US Geological Survey

Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Dieng Volcanic Complex
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that a phreatic eruption occurred from the E part of Sileri Crater in the Dieng Volcanic Complex on 18 December and was not preceded by significant signs of elevated volcanic activity. The eruption began at 1512 and lasted for three minutes and 20 seconds based on seismic data. Sediment and mud were ejected about 100 m N and E, about 25 m W, and about 10 m S. An eruption plume was partially hidden due to inclement weather conditions, but observers reported seeing a white plume rise 10 m. After the eruption white plumes rose as high as 40 m above the crater. The water temperature of the lake did not increase. The water color varied in different locations appearing clear, greenish, or light-to-blackish gray, and the volume was lower. Sediment and mud deposits ringed the crater and there was a notable sulfur odor. Primary hazards at Dieng included phreatic eruptions at Sileri, Siglagah, Pagerkandang, and Candradimuka craters, along with the emission of volcanic gases at several more craters that could affect people nearby. Based on the data and potential hazards at the complex, PVMBG raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1800 on 19 December. The public was warned to stay 500 m away from Sileri Crater and not to spend the night around the crater, to stay out of Timbang Crater and other potentially hazardous craters, and to take caution when digging in the ground as gasses could be released. PVMBG conducted an inspection of the crater on 22 December and noted that monitoring parameters (visual, temperature, gas, and seismicity) were at normal levels. The team also visited other craters including Sikendang-Telagawarna Crater, Sikidang Crater, and Candradimuka Crater. There was no increased activity at the craters, though some gas concentrations remained at relatively high levels near or around the gas vents.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Kanlaon (Philippines) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Kanlaon
Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 17-31 December. The seismic network recorded 8-26 daily volcanic earthquakes during 17-22 December, along with sulfur dioxide emissions ranging from 4,208 to 7,445 tonnes per day. Weather clouds mostly prevented views of the summit but on 18 December emissions were seen rising 100 m above the summit and drifting SW.

At 1145 on 23 December dark ash emissions began rising from the crater and were accompanied by low-frequency volcanic tremor. The plumes rose 1.2 km above the crater, drifted NW, and were continuous at least through 1230, when a special report was issued. Almost daily ash emissions occurred during 24-30 December; 2-9 periods of ash emissions each day except for 27 December ranged from three minutes to two hours and 26 minutes. The emissions rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, SW, and SSW and were voluminous during 28-30 December. Seismicity was characterized by 16-25 daily volcanic earthquakes and 2-11 daily periods of tremor lasting as short as three minutes to as long as one hour and 32 minutes. sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be elevated, ranging from 2,200 to 7,705 tonnes per day.

The eruption continued to impact residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) report issued at 0800 on 31 December stated that 14,441 people (4,420 families) were spread across 34 evacuation centers and another 6,977 people (2,192 families) were staying elsewhere. The report also stated that 34 cities were under a “state of calamity”, jobs continued to be affected, and some classes remained suspended. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.

Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)

Kilauea (United States) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Kilauea
Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption that began at 0220 on 23 December continued during 24-30 December from vents located at the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera. Fissures opened at 0220 on 23 December producing lava fountains and lava flows that advanced across the Halema’uma’u Crater floor and overflowed onto the down-dropped block area to the E. The eruption had paused by 1600 on the 23rd, but at 0800 on 24 December several of the vents began erupting slow-moving lava flows. Lava fountaining was visible and intensified at 1100. Breakouts of lava were visible on the surface of the lava lake on the crater floor as it continued to circulate. Vigorous lava fountains rose 75 m high from a main vent during 1430-1615. A significant amount of tephra from the fountaining during 23-25 December accumulated on the closed portion of Crater Rim Drive, producing deep drifts of cinder over and alongside the road. Lava flows continued to spread across the crater floor on 25 December, covering lava from the first day of the eruption, or just under 2.6 square kilometers. Lava flows on the crater floor were a few meters deep. Minutes before 1100 on 25 December the lava fountains decreased, and at 1100 lava drained back into the vent. At around the same time summit tiltmeters began recording a change from deflation to inflation and seismic tremor decreased. Sulfur dioxide emissions remain elevated, with a gas plume rising above the caldera, but the vigor of the outgassing notably decreased. Lava flows on the crater floor stagnated.

Minor lava effusion began again around 0800 on 26 December from the SW vents. Scientists in the field reported numerous rockfalls from the crater walls. Small lava flows traveled short distances from the vent during 26-27 December, causing an elevated “pad” of lava about 140 x 170 m in size and elevated about 2-3 m above the darker surrounding lava lake. The vents produced spatter and low-level fountaining. More vigorous fountaining began at around 1800 on 27 December with periodic fountain bursts rising 10-15 m above the vents. Sulfur dioxide emissions were elevated, with a gas plume rising above the caldera, but outgassing vigor was greatly reduced compared to the periods of higher lava fountaining in previous days. Deflation began in the S part of the caldera at around 1300 and tiltmeter data showed the inflation had flattened beneath Halema’uma’u Crater by 1500.

Fountaining from the more south of two active vents increased and became more continuous at 1715 on 28 December. Lava was ejected 20-30 m high. By 1800 the advancing lava flows had covered about 20 percent of the crater floor. Tremor levels had been gradually increasing over the past two days but were relatively low compared to earlier periods of vigorous fountaining. Sustained lava fountaining 30-40 m high continued during 29-31 December. A large fan of lava covered the SW part of the crater floor and advanced towards the central part of the floor. Sulfur dioxide emissions drifted SW.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Masaya (Nicaragua) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Masaya
Central America Volcanic Arc

According to news articles a minor explosion at Masaya around 1500 on 22 December produced a gas-and-ash plume that rose above the crater. Though the activity was characterized as normal the Masaya Volcano National Park was temporarily closed as a safety precaution. Fumarolic activity and nighttime incandescence in the crater had been ongoing.

Source: TN8 Nicaragua

Raung (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Raung
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported an eruption at Raung on 24 December. The eruption occurred at 0930 and lasted about four minutes and 42 seconds. A dense gray ash plume rose around 2 km above the summit and drifted E. The seismic network detected subsequent eruptive events at 1025, 1031, and 1035, though foggy weather prevented visual observations. According to the Darwin VAAC an ash plume from an eruption already in progress was identified in a satellite image at 1000 rising to 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l., or 2.8 km above the summit, and drifting NE. A second, discrete eruption plume was identified in a satellite image at 1050 rising to 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l., or 4.6 km above the summit, and drifting NW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the summit crater.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Aira (Japan) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Aira
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-30 December; activity intensified on 23 December and remained elevated. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Occasional small eruptive events were recorded during 16-19 December. On 17 December sulfur dioxide emissions were averaging 3,400 tons per day. Eruptive events at 1340, 1847, 1939, and 2112 on 20 December produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted N and NE. Explosions at 0059 on 21 December and 0029 on 22 December produced ash plumes that rose 700-900 m above the crater rim and drifted N and SE. The explosions ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the crater rim. An explosion at 0710 on 23 December generated an ash plume that rose 1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the crater rim. An explosion almost 20 minutes later, at 0729, produced an ash plume that rose 3.4 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. Large blocks were ejected 600-1,000 m from the crater. Plumes had not risen more than 3 km since an explosion produced a 4-km-high plume on 18 October. On 24 December sulfur dioxide emissions were averaging 2,000 tons per day. Another ash plume from an eruptive event at 1641 on 27 December rose 2.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. At 1719 an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 900 m and drifted SE, and ejected large blocks 500-800 m from the crater rim. An explosion at 0812 on 29 December generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted SE, and ejected blocks 500-700 m from the rim. A few hours later an ash plume from an explosion at 1128 rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE, followed by an eruptive event at 1506 that sent an ash plume to 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Ambae (Vanuatu) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ambae
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

On 31 December the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions from the active vents at Ambae were ongoing during December based on satellite images. A low-level thermal anomaly was identified in satellite data on 21 December indicating an increase in surface temperatures. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Ambrym (Vanuatu) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ambrym
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

On 31 December the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing fumarolic activity at Ambrym from both Benbow and Marum craters based on webcam images. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on 4, 18, and 27 December, indicating increased surface temperatures. Sulfur dioxide emissions were detected on 27 December. Seismic data confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Dukono (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Dukono
Halmahera Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 18-31 December. No plumes were visible during 18-19 December and white gas-and-steam plumes rose 100-600 m above the crater rim and drifted E and SE during 20, 24-25, and 28 December. White-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-700 m above the crater rim and drifted E, SE, and S during 21-23, 26-27, and 29-31 December. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Erta Ale (Ethiopia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Erta Ale
Afar Rift Volcanic Province

Eruptive activity continued at Erta Ale during December based on satellite data and a field excursion. Satellite images on 8 and 13 December showed a small thermal anomaly over a vent in the S Pit Crater and a smaller one over a second vent 85 m to the NW. According to a news article a local tour guide visited the area on 16 December and described “glowing rivers flowing from the southern crater”. The two thermal anomalies and additional hot areas were present in an 18 December satellite image. The thermal anomaly pattern suggested that lava from one of the vents had flowed in between them and about 200 m SSW. A more pronounced flow, possibly from the NW vent, traveled about 100 m NW and then flowed about 300 m NE and 230 WNW, stopping at the W crater wall. By 23 December most of the lava had cooled, though the two vents still produced thermal anomalies. On 28 December a bright thermal anomaly suggested that a new lava flow had traveled about 180 m NW and curved to the SW, flowing more than 230 m and stopping at the W crater wall. A small anomaly in the northern pit crater was also visible.

Sources: Copernicus, Conciencia Radio Network

Great Sitkin (United States) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Great Sitkin
Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 17-31 December. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Nothing notable was identified in satellite and webcam images, though weather clouds sometimes obscured webcam and satellite views. Steam, warm temperatures, and snow-free areas at the summit were observed in satellite images during 17-18 December. Webcam and satellite images showed steaming at the summit during 20-22 December. Elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images during 23-24 and 28-29 December. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Ibu (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ibu
Halmahera Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 18-31 December. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense generally rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. On occasion dense plumes rose higher: at 0600 on 19 December an ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E; at 2310 on 20 December an ash plume rose 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NE; at 1711 and 1835 on 22 December ash plumes rose 1.2 and 2.5 km above the crater rim, respectively, and drifted NE and E; at 1032 on 24 December an ash plume rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and E; at 1258 on 25 December an ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE; and at 2105 on 29 December and at 0518 on 31 December ash plumes rose 3 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, E and SE. Webcam images posted with some of the reports showed incandescence at the summit or being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5.5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Karymsky (Russia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Karymsky
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 19-26 December. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 25 December and gas-and-steam plumes drifted 152 km SE and E during 25-26 December. The volcano was quiet or weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Lewotobi (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Lewotobi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 16-31 December, though seismic data indicated that the activity was decreasing. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted NE, N, and NW on 18, 20, and 22 December. A webcam image at 1902 on 20 December showed incandescence reflected in the plume above the summit. Incandescence at the crater was visible in a webcam image from 2245 on 22 December. White plumes rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions on the other days. During 16-23 December the seismic network recorded an increase in gas emission signals but a decrease in several other types of signals including the number of earthquakes indicating eruptive activity, harmonic tremor, tornillo events, low-frequency earthquakes, both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes, and both the amplitude and occurrence of tremor. Weak rumbling sounds were heard at the observation post. At 1000 on 24 December the Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW.

On 24 and 31 December eruptive events were detected but not visually confirmed. Two dense gray ash plumes rose 1.5-2 km above the crater rim and drifted NE on 28 December. On 31 December weak rumbling was heard at the observation post and crater incandescence at the summit was visible. White plumes rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and drifted in various directions on the other days during 24-31 December.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Manam (Papua New Guinea) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Manam
Bismarck Volcanic Arc

The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that an ash plume from Manam was identified in satellite images at 1710 and 2020 on 24 December drifting NW and NNW at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Marapi (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Marapi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 20-31 December. Eruptive events were recorded at 1958 on 20 December and at 1855 on 29 December, though emissions were not observed, possibly due to viewing conditions. A webcam image from 2010 on 20 December possibly showed incandescence at the summit. An eruptive event at 1908 on 31 December generated an ash plume that rose around 500 m above the summit and drifted NE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Merapi (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Merapi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 20-26 December. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 99 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 24 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and six that traveled as far as 1.5 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. No significant morphological changes to either the SW lava dome or the summit dome were visible. The SW dome was an estimated 3,342,300 cubic meters based on an analysis of webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)

Semeru (Indonesia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Semeru
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 18-24 December with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Dense white-and-gray plumes rose 400-1,500 m above the summit and drifted SW, N, NE, and E each day during 24-28 and 31 December. Eruptive events were recorded during 29-30 December, though no plumes were visible. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Sheveluch (Russia) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sheveluch
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 19-26 December. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. On 20 December the “300 years of RAS” dome produced a gas-and-steam plume with small amounts of ash that drifted 55 km W. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Stromboli (Italy) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Stromboli
Aeolian Volcanic Arc

The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 23-29 December. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at four vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least three vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce low-to-medium intensity explosions, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 150 m above the vents. Spattering continued at N2 vents and was sometimes intense, producing lava flows that descended the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco on four occasions. Explosions at the vents in Area C-S ejected tephra more than 250 m above the vent. The rate of explosions in both areas was low.

Three of the four phases of intense spattering and lava overflows at vent N2 were notable, occurring on 24, 25, and 26 December. The first began at 0614 on 24 December with an explosion at N2 that ejected material onto the upper Sciara del Fuoco, within the gully that had formed in July; lava overflowed the crater until 0800. Intense spattering on 25 December produced lava flows during 0350-0600 and 2309-2340. On 26 December spattering intensified at 1937 and changed to lava fountaining during 1946-2010; lava overflowed the crater at 1952 and flows continued to be active until 0350 on 27 December. Material occasionally detached from the end of active lava flows and descended to the coastline. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV), Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Suwanosejima (Japan) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Suwanosejima
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 16-30 December. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions at 0221 on 16 December, and at both 0823 and 1433 on 22 December, produced ash plumes that rose 500-800 m above the crater rim and drifted E, SE, and S; the plume rose into weather clouds at 0823. An eruptive event at 1724 on 17 December generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted E. Ashfall was occasionally observed and rumbling was heard within a 1.5-km-radius of the crater during 16-23 December, according to the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). Eruptive events at 1802 on 24 December, at 0052, 0242, 0451, and 0701 on 25 December, and at 1707 and 1806 on 30 December, produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.4 km above the cater rim and drifted S, SW, and NE. Explosions at 1903 on 28 December, at 0633 on 29 December, and at 1033 on 30 December produced ash plumes that rose 400-1,100 m above the crater rim and drifted SE; the plume on 28 December rose up into weather clouds. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Yasur (Vanuatu) | 25 December-31 December 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Yasur
Vanuatu Volcanic Arc

On 31 December the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5). Satellite and webcam images indicated that explosions continued, producing emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash. Gas emissions were identified in satellite images and seismic data confirmed continuing volcanic activity. The report warned that some of the explosions may eject material that falls in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

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News Feeds and Google Placemarks

Download Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Network RSS Feed

The RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feed is identical to the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report minus some features including the header information (latitude and longitude and summit elevation), the Geologic Summary, and a link to the volcano's page from the Global Volcanism Program. At the end of each report is a list of the sources used. Each volcano report includes a link from the volcano's name back to the more complete information in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report on the Smithsonian website. This feature was first made available on 5 March 2008.

Download Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Network CAP Feed

The CAP (Common Alerting Protocol) feeds are XML files specifically formatted for disaster management. They are similar in content to the RSS feed, but contain no active links.

Download Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report Network Link

A Google Earth network link for the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report can be loaded into the free Google Earth software, and in turn will load placemarks for volcanoes in the current weekly report. Placemark balloons include the volcano name, report date, report text, sources, and links back to the GVP volcano profile page and to the complete Weekly Report for that week. This feature was first made available on 1 April 2009.

Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers

1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

4. Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.

5. USGS Disclaimer Statement for this Website:

Information presented on this website is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested. We strongly recommend that USGS data be acquired directly from a USGS server and not through other sources that may change the data in some way. While USGS makes every effort to provide accurate and complete information, various data such as names, telephone numbers, etc. may change prior to updating. USGS welcomes suggestions on how to improve our home page and correct errors. USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data.

Some of the documents on this server may contain live references (or pointers) to information created and maintained by other organizations. Please note that USGS does not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, this government computer system employs software programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Unauthorized attempts to upload information or change information on this website are strictly prohibited and may be punishable under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act. Information may also be used for authorized law enforcement investigations. (Last modified September 21, 1999.)

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm