Most Recent Weekly Report: 1 June-7 June 2022 Cite this Report

On 2 June IMO reported that the rate of uplift on the Reykjanes Peninsula had significantly decreased, and seismicity had been declining, with only about 150 earthquakes recorded the previous day. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green because the data indicated no magma movement.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

Weekly Reports - Index

2022: May | June
2020: January | February | March | April | June | October

1 June-7 June 2022 Cite this Report

On 2 June IMO reported that the rate of uplift on the Reykjanes Peninsula had significantly decreased, and seismicity had been declining, with only about 150 earthquakes recorded the previous day. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green because the data indicated no magma movement.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

18 May-24 May 2022 Cite this Report

IMO reported an ongoing seismic swarm and uplift on the Reykjanes Peninsula, indicative of a magma intrusion. Satellite data analysis indicated that 4-4.5 cm of uplift occurred during 27 April-21 May centered just NW of Mt. Thorbjorn. Magma was accumulating at depths of 4-5 km, and the intrusion was possibly 7-8 km long. During 22-23 May about 400 earthquakes were recorded; a M 3 earthquake was recorded at 1113 on 22 May and a M 3.5 earthquake was recorded at 0715 on 23 May, both were located about 3 km E of Mt. Thorbjorn. The Aviation Color Code for Reykjanes remained at Yellow.

Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO); Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV)

11 May-17 May 2022 Cite this Report

The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police declared a level of “uncertainty” for the Reykjanes Peninsula on 15 May, noting that the declaration meant that responders and agencies were to review their preparedness plans in response to recent increases in seismicity and deformation. IMO raised the Aviation Color Code for Reykjanes to Yellow on 16 May, stating that more than 3,000 earthquakes had been detected near Eldvörp in the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system during the past week. Nine earthquakes above M 3 and two earthquakes above M 4 were recorded during 15-16 May; the largest event was a M 4.3 which was recorded at 1738 on 15 May. The earthquakes were located at depths of 4-6 km. GPS and InSAR data detected inflation W of Thorbjörn during the previous two weeks, likely caused by a magmatic intrusion at 4-5 km depth.

Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO); Almannavarnadeild ríkislögreglustjóra (National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police and Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management)

21 October-27 October 2020 Cite this Report

IMO reported that a M 5.6 earthquake was recorded at 1343 on 20 October beneath Nupshlidarhals, a hill about 5 km W of the geothermal area in Seltun. This was the largest earthquake since 2003 recorded in the Reykjanes peninsula. There were about 1,700 aftershocks recorded in the following 24-hour period. IMO received reports of rockfalls in steep areas and increased gas odors in the vicinity of Graenavatn at Nupshlidarhals. Four landslides were noted near the epicenter; some existing ground cracks were displaced and new cracks had formed in Krysuvikurbjarg. On 26 October IMO stated that seismic activity had significantly decreased in recent days; about 180 earthquakes below M 2.2 had been detected during the previous two days.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

10 June-16 June 2020 Cite this Report

IMO reported that a third injection of magma since the beginning of the year was occurring beneath the Reykjanes peninsula. Data suggested that the current inflationary period began in mid-May, though earthquake activity did not increase until around 30 May. During 30 May-15 June the seismic network recorded more than 2,000 events, with the largest, an M 3.4, recorded on 13 June. The intrusion was located about 1 km W of Thorbjorn at a depth of 3-4 km, and had an estimated volume of about 1.2 million cubic meters. This third intrusion was similar to the previous two intrusions, characterized as a sill that was a few hundred meters wide and about 6 km long. In total about 12 cm of uplift has been recorded since January. The Svartsengi geothermal plant noted no chemical changes in the geothermal system, though measurements showed increased fluid flow in the rocks within the system, along with the opening of old cracks and the formation of new ones.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

29 April-5 May 2020 Cite this Report

IMO reported that uplift detected in the Thorbjorn area decreased in the beginning of April and stopped later in the month. Seismicity, which had occurred across three main volcanic systems: Eldey, Reykjanes-Svartsengi, and Krýsuvík, had significantly decreased. These data indicated that the injection of magma beneath Thorbjorn had stopped, though there were indications of deformation over a larger area. On 4 May the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

25 March-31 March 2020 Cite this Report

There were more than 6,000 earthquakes recorded beneath the Reykjanes peninsula as of 26 March, making this period of unrest the largest seismic crisis ever recorded in this part of the country since digital monitoring started in 1991, according to IMO. The seismicity occurred across three main volcanic systems: Eldey, Reykjanes-Svartsengi, and Krýsuvík. Uplift continued to be detected in the Thorbjorn area totaling about 70-80 mm; the deformation rate was lower than in January and February. Deformation modeling suggested that recent inflation was caused by a second magmatic intrusion at a depth of 3-4 km in an area W of Thorbjorn, close to the intrusion that occurred at the beginning of the year. GPS data suggested a small deformation pattern detectable over a regional area, far beyond the Thorbjorn area.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

11 March-17 March 2020 Cite this Report

On 18 March IMO raised the Aviation Color Code for Reykjanes to Yellow noting that recent InSAR and GPS data indicated that during the second week of March deformation had restarted. The uplift was concentrated in the same place as that recorded in January-February, though at a slower rate. The cause of the deformation was likely an intrusion of magma at 4.5 km depth.

A large (M 4.6) earthquake was recorded on 12 March and located 3.5 km NE of Thorbjorn, possibly connected to the inflation. A sequence of aftershocks lasted for a few days and was characterized by eight earthquakes over M 3 and about 80 events with magnitudes between 2 and 3. Since the large event a total of 850 earthquakes were recorded in the area.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

19 February-25 February 2020 Cite this Report

On 25 February IMO reported that seismic activity at Reykjanes, in an area N of the town of Grindavík, had significantly decreased during the previous few days, and inflation was not detected in GPS and InSAR data. The Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green. Preliminary data suggested a small deflation signal beginning mid-February, though further analysis was needed for confirmation. The report warned the public not to explore lava tubes in the Eldvörp area as gas measurements showed a dangerous level of oxygen depletion; there are no pre-unrest measurements existing for comparison.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

12 February-18 February 2020 Cite this Report

On 15 February IMO reported that seismicity at Reykjanes, in an area N of the town of Grindavík, remained above background levels even though activity had been decreasing since the end of January. Two earthquakes larger than M 3 were detected; one of them, an M 3.1, was recorded at 0826 on 14 February. The rate of deformation had slightly increased. The Aviation Code remained at Yellow.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

5 February-11 February 2020 Cite this Report

On 7 February IMO reported that data collected during the previous week indicated that a magma body was located 3-5 km beneath Reykjanes. Earthquake activity had decreased during the previous two days, though inflation was ongoing, reaching 5 cm. The Aviation Code remained at Yellow.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

22 January-28 January 2020 Cite this Report

IMO reported possible magma accumulation beneath Reykjanes, centered along the plate boundary below the Svartsengi fissure system, just W of Thorbjorn. Deformation began on 21 January and was unusually rapid, with the rate of inflation occurring at 3-4 mm per day (3 cm total by 29 January), as detected by InSAR and continuous GPS data. Magma accumulation, if that was causing the inflation, was small with an estimate volume of 1 million cubic meters, at 3-5 km depth. Deformation on the Reykjanes peninsula had been measured for three decades with no previously comparable signals.

An earthquake swarm accompanied the deformation, just E of the center of the inflation. The largest earthquakes were M 3.6 and 3.7, recorded on 22 January, and felt widely on the Reykjanes peninsula and all the way to Borgarnes region. Earthquake swarms are relatively common, though coupled with deformation caused IMO to raise the Aviation Code to Yellow on 26 January. The swarm was declining by 26 January. On 29 January IMO stated that data showed continuing uplift and the earthquake swarm was ongoing.

Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Reykjanes.

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Bergholl	Shield volcano	37 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 44' 0" W
Haleyjabunga	Shield volcano	30 m	63° 49' 0" N	22° 39' 0" W
Hrolfsvikurhraun	Shield volcano		63° 50' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Lagafell	Shield volcano	91 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 33' 0" W
Langholl	Shield volcano	73 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Sandfellshaed	Shield volcano	74 m	63° 52' 0" N	22° 35' 0" W
Skalafell	Shield volcano	76 m	63° 49' 0" N	22° 42' 0" W
Thrainsskjöldur	Shield volcano		63° 53' 0" N	22° 12' 0" W
Vatnsheidi	Shield volcano	140 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 23' 0" W
Craters
Feature Name	Feature Type	Elevation	Latitude	Longitude
Arnarsetur	Crater Row	80 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Badsvallagigir	Crater Row		63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Borgarhraun	Crater Row	121 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 19' 0" W
Dalahraun	Crater Row		63° 52' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Eldeyjarbodi	Submarine crater		63° 26' 0" N	23° 50' 0" W
Eldvorp	Crater Row	60 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 35' 0" W
Fellshraun	Crater Row		63° 53' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Geirfugladrangur	Submarine crater		63° 26' 0" N	23° 17' 0" W
Grjothryggur	Submarine crater
Gullholl	Submarine crater
Haugur	Crater Row		63° 52' 0" N	22° 37' 0" W
Hreidhur	Crater Row		63° 50' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Illahraun	Crater Row	40 m	63° 52' 0" N	22° 28' 0" W
Kalfellshraun	Crater Row		63° 56' 0" N	22° 19' 0" W
Klofningahraun	Crater Row		63° 50' 0" N	22° 33' 0" W
Langagrunn	Submarine crater
Melholl	Crater Row	140 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 25' 0" W
Raudholar	Crater Row	40 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Reykjaneshyggur	Fissure vent	80 m	63° 40' 0" N	22° 20' 0" W
Stampar	Crater Row	30 m	63° 50' 0" N	22° 42' 0" W
Steinaholl	Submarine crater
Stori-Brandur	Submarine crater
Sundhnukar	Crater Row	100 m	63° 53' 0" N	22° 23' 0" W
Svartsengi	Fissure vent
Syrfellshraun	Crater Row		63° 49' 0" N	22° 40' 0" W
Tjaldstadagja	Crater Row	30 m	63° 51' 0" N	22° 39' 0" W

Basic Data Volcano Number Last Known Eruption Elevation Latitude Longitude 371020 1831 CE 140 m / 459 ft 63.817°N 22.717°W Volcano Types Crater rows Shield(s) Fissure vent(s) Rock Types Major Basalt / Picro-Basalt Tectonic Setting Rift zone Oceanic crust (< 15 km) Population Within 5 km Within 10 km Within 30 km Within 100 km 13,995 13,995 15,542 192,922

Geological Summary The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, comprises a broad area of postglacial basaltic crater rows and small shield volcanoes. The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system is contiguous with and is considered part of the Reykjanes volcanic system, which is the westernmost of a series of four closely-spaced en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of the subaerial part of the system (also known as the Reykjanes/Svartsengi volcanic system) is covered by Holocene lavas. Subaerial eruptions have occurred in historical time during the 13th century at several locations on the NE-SW-trending fissure system, and numerous submarine eruptions dating back to the 12th century have been observed during historical time, some of which have formed ephemeral islands. Basaltic rocks of probable Holocene age have been recovered during dredging operations, and tephra deposits from earlier Holocene eruptions are preserved on the nearby Reykjanes Peninsula. This volcano is located within the Reykjanes, a UNESCO Global Geopark property. References The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Andrew R E B, Gudmundsson A, 2007. Distribution, structure, and formation of Holocene lava shields in Iceland. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 168: 137-154. Gudmundsson A T, 1986. Iceland-Fires. Reykjavik: Vaka-Helgafell, 168 p. IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior. Jakobsson S P, Jonasson K, Sigurdsson I A, 2008. The three igneous rock series of Iceland. Jokull, 58: 117-138. Jakobsson S P, Jonsson J, Shido F, 1978. Petrology of the western Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. J Petr, 19: 669-705. Jenness M H, Clifton A E, 2009. Controls on the geometry of a Holocene crater row: a field study from southwest Iceland. Bull Volcanol, 71: 715-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-009-0267-9 Johannesson H, Einarsson S, 1988. The age of Illahraun at Svartsengi. Fjolrit Natturufraedistofnunar, 7: 1-11 (in Icelandic with English summary). Johannesson H, Saemundsson K, 1998. Geological map of Iceland, 1:500,000. Tectonics. Icelandic Inst Nat Hist, Reykjavik. Jonsson J, 1978. Geology of the Reykjanes Peninsula. Orkustofnun Jardhitadeild, OS-JHD-7831, Geol maps and 303 p text (in Icelandic). Saemundsson K, Einarsson S, 1980. Geological map of Iceland, sheet 3, south-west Iceland. Icelandic Museum Nat Hist & Iceland Geodetic Surv, 1:250,000 geol map. Saemundsson K, Sigurgeirsson M A, Fridleifsson G O, 2020. Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 391 (2020) 106501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.022 Sigurgeirsson M A, 1992. Tephra fall formations on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Unpublished Master's thesis, Univ Iceland, 114 p. Steinthorsson S, et al., 2002. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World - Iceland. Unpublished manuscript. Thordarson T, Hoskuldsson A, 2008. Postglacial eruptions in Iceland. Jokull, 58: 197-228.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 19 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Reykjanes.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Reykjanes.

Photo Gallery

The Reykjanes volcanic system at the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland comprises a broad area of postglacial crater rows and small shield volcanoes. Snow-covered Sandfellshæd shield volcano (lower center), capped by a small crater of approximately 400 m diameter, rises less than 100 m above the Atlantic Ocean to the south (background). Most of the volcanic system is covered by Holocene lava flows. Eruptions have occurred in historical time. Eruptions during the 13th century distributed tephra across the Reykjanes peninsula and lava covered about 50 km².

Photo by Helgi Torfason (courtesy of Richie Williams, U S Geological Survey, published in Gudmundsson, 1986). The snow-covered Reykjanes volcanic system forms the SW tip of the Reykjanes Peninsula, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level. It is the westernmost of a series of four closely spaced, NE-SW-trending, en-echelon fissure systems that extend diagonally across the Reykjanes Peninsula. Most of this system is covered by Holocene lavas, and eruptions occurred during the 13th century at several locations.

Photo by Oddur Sigurdsson, 1998 (Icelandic National Energy Authority). The submarine Reykjaneshryggur volcanic system, lying off the southwest tip of Iceland, is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends onto the Reykjanes Peninsula (foreground). A small plume of steam from geothermal activity is visible (middle left). Numerous submarine eruptions at Reykjaneshryggur dating back to the 13th century have been observed, some of which have formed short-lived islands. Submarine eruptions have been characterized by phreatomagmatic or Surtseyan explosive activity, depositing tephra on land. Subaerial eruptions have been typified by effusive activity, producing lava flows on Reykjanes Peninsula.

Photo by Oddur Sigurdsson, 1998 (Icelandic National Energy Authority).

GVP Map Holdings

The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email.

Title: Geomorphology of Iceland Publisher: University of Goteborg, Dept Phys Geog Country: Iceland Year: 1984 Map Type: Geology (Geomorphology) Scale: 1:1,750
Title: Geographical Names of Iceland Publisher: University of Goteborg, Dept Phys Geog Country: Iceland Year: 1984 Map Type: Unknown Scale: 1:1,750

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

The following 17 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.

Catalog Number	Sample Description	Lava Source	Collection Date
NMNH 115614	Tholeiite	ARNARSETUR	--
NMNH 115616	Tholeiite	--	--
NMNH 115618	Tholeiite	TJALDSTADAGJA	--
NMNH 115619	Tholeiite	SYRFELLSHRAUN	--
NMNH 115621	Tholeiite	STAMPAR	--
NMNH 115622	Olivine Tholeiite	LANGHOLL	--
NMNH 115625	Picrite Basalt	--	--
NMNH 115626	Picrite Basalt	--	--
NMNH 115627	Olivine Tholeiite	THRAINSSKJOLDUR	--
NMNH 115628	Olivine Tholeiite	THRAINSSKJOLDUR	--
NMNH 115629	Olivine Tholeiite	LANGHOLL	--
NMNH 115630	Olivine Tholeiite	LANGHOLL	--
NMNH 115631	Olivine Tholeiite	THRAINSSKJOLDUR	--
NMNH 115632	Olivine Tholeiite	THRAINSSKJOLDUR	--
NMNH 115633	Tholeiite	--	--
NMNH 115634	Picrite Basalt	VATNSHEIDI	--
NMNH 115636	Picrite Basalt	HROLFSVIKURHRAUN	--

External Sites

Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes (Link to Reykjanes)	The Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes is an interactive, web-based tool, containing information on volcanic systems that belong to the active volcanic zones of Iceland. It is a collaboration of the Icelandic Meteorological Office (the state volcano observatory), the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, and the Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police, with contributions from a large number of specialists in Iceland and elsewhere. This official publication is intended to serve as an accurate and up-to-date source of information about active volcanoes in Iceland and their characteristics. The Catalogue forms a part of an integrated volcanic risk assessment project in Iceland GOSVÁ (commenced in 2012), as well as being part of the effort of FUTUREVOLC (2012-2016) on establishing an Icelandic volcano supersite.
WOVOdat    Single Volcano View    Temporal Evolution of Unrest    Side by Side Volcanoes	WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore. GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.
Volcanic Hazard Maps	The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.
MIROVA	Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts	Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.
Sentinel Hub Playground Sentinel Hub EO Browser	The Sentinel Hub Playground provides a quick look at any Sentinel-2 image in any combination of the bands and enhanced with image effects; Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS are also available. Sentinel Hub is an engine for processing of petabytes of satellite data. It is opening the doors for machine learning and helping hundreds of application developers worldwide. It makes Sentinel, Landsat, and other Earth observation imagery easily accessible for browsing, visualization and analysis. Sentinel Hub is operated by Sinergise
IRIS seismic stations/networks	Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Reykjanes. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations	Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Reykjanes. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.
DECADE Data	The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.
Large Eruptions of Reykjanes	Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).
EarthChem	EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).