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Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

Weekly Volcanic Activity Map

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 2 October-8 October 2024
Name Country Volcanic Province Eruption Start Date Report Status
Iwatesan Japan Northeast Japan Volcanic Arc — New
Taal Philippines Taiwan-Luzon Volcanic Arc 2024 Apr 12 New
Adams United States High Cascades Volcanic Arc — Continuing
Aira Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2017 Mar 25 Continuing
Bezymianny Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 2016 Dec 5 Continuing
Dukono Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1933 Aug 13 Continuing
Ebeko Russia Kuril Volcanic Arc 2022 Jun 11 Continuing
Fuego Guatemala Central America Volcanic Arc 2002 Jan 4 Continuing
Great Sitkin United States Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc 2021 May 25 Continuing
Ibu Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 2008 Apr 5 Continuing
Kanlaon Philippines Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc 2024 Jun 3 Continuing
Karymsky Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 2024 Jun 20 Continuing
Lewotobi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2023 Dec 23 Continuing
Manam Papua New Guinea Bismarck Volcanic Arc 2018 May 10 ± 10 days Continuing
Merapi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2020 Dec 31 Continuing
Rincon de la Vieja Costa Rica Central America Volcanic Arc 2021 Jun 28 Continuing
Ruapehu New Zealand Taupo Volcanic Zone — Continuing
Santa Maria Guatemala Central America Volcanic Arc 1922 Jun 22 Continuing
Semeru Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2017 Jun 6 Continuing
Sheveluch Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 1999 Aug 15 Continuing
Stromboli Italy Aeolian Volcanic Arc 1934 Feb 2 Continuing
Suwanosejima Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2004 Oct 23 Continuing
All times are local unless otherwise stated.
Weekly Reports Archive

Since the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report began in November 2000, there have been 20,553 individual reports over 1,240 weeks (average of 17 per week) on 338 different volcanoes.

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Adams Cotopaxi Iliwerung Llaima Popocatepetl Sumisujima
Agung Cuicocha Inielika Lokon-Empung Purace Sundoro
Ahyi Cumbal Ioto Lonquimay Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Suoh
Aira Dabbahu Irazu Lopevi Rabaul Suretamatai
Akan Davidof Iwatesan Machin Raikoke Suwanosejima
Alaid Dempo Iya Makushin Ranakah Taal
Alu-Dalafilla Descabezado Grande Izu-Torishima Maly Semyachik Raoul Island Tair, Jebel at
Ambae Dieng Volcanic Complex Jackson Segment Manam Rasshua Takawangha
Ambang Dukono Kaba Manda Hararo Raung Talang
Ambrym East Epi Kadovar Marapi Redoubt Tambora
Anatahan Ebeko Kaitoku Seamount Maroa Reventador Tanaga
Aniakchak Ebulobo Kama'ehuakanaloa Martin Reykjanes Tandikat-Singgalang
Antillanca Volcanic Complex Edgecumbe Kambalny Masaya Rincon de la Vieja Tangkoko-Duasudara
Antuco Egon Kanaga Matthew Island Rinjani Tangkuban Parahu
Apoyeque Ekarma Kanlaon Maule, Laguna del Ritter Island Tara, Batu
Arenal Eldey Karangetang Mauna Loa Rotorua Ta'u
Asamayama Erebus Karkar Mayon Ruang Taupo
Askja Erta Ale Karthala McDonald Islands Ruapehu Telica
Asosan Etna Karymsky Melebingoy Ruby Tenerife
Atka Volcanic Complex Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] Kasatochi Melimoyu Ruiz, Nevado del Tengger Caldera
Augustine Eyjafjallajokull Katla Merapi Sabancaya Three Sisters
Avachinsky Fagradalsfjall Katmai Midagahara Sakar Tinakula
Awu Fernandina Kavachi Misti, El Salak Tofua
Axial Seamount Fogo Kelimutu Miyakejima San Cristobal Tokachidake
Azul, Cerro Fonualei Kelud Momotombo San Miguel Tolbachik
Azumayama Fournaise, Piton de la Kerinci Monowai San Vicente Toliman
Bagana Fourpeaked Ketoi Montagu Island Sangay Tongariro
Balbi Fuego Kharimkotan Moyorodake [Medvezhia] Sangeang Api Trident
Bamus Fujisan Kick 'em Jenny Mutnovsky Santa Ana Tungurahua
Banda Api Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba Kie Besi Myojinsho Santa Maria Turrialba
Bardarbunga Galeras Kikai Nabro Sao Jorge Ubinas
Barren Island Galunggung Kilauea Negra, Sierra Sarigan Ugashik-Peulik
Batur Gamalama Kirishimayama Negro, Cerro Sarychev Peak Ukinrek Maars
Bezymianny Gamkonora Kita-Ioto Nightingale Island Saunders Ulawun
Bogoslof Gareloi Kizimen Nishinoshima Savo Unnamed
Brava Gaua Klyuchevskoy Nisyros Semeru Unnamed
Bristol Island Gorely Kolokol Group Novarupta Semisopochnoi Veniaminof
Bulusan Great Sitkin Koryaksky NW Rota-1 Seulawah Agam Villarrica
Calbuco Grimsvotn Krakatau Nyamulagira Sheveluch Vulcano
Callaqui Guagua Pichincha Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker Nyiragongo Shishaldin West Mata
Cameroon Guallatiri Krysuvik-Trolladyngja Ofu-Olosega Simbo Westdahl
Campi Flegrei Guntur Kuchinoerabujima Okataina Sinabung Whakaari/White Island
Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia Hachijojima Kurikomayama Okmok Sinarka Witori
Cayambe Hakoneyama Kusatsu-Shiranesan Ontakesan Siple Wolf
Chachadake [Tiatia] Heard Kverkfjoll Oraefajokull Sirung Wrangell
Chaiten Hekla La Palma Osorno Slamet Yakedake
Chiginagak Helgrindur Lamington Pacaya Snaefellsjokull Yasur
Chikurachki Hierro Lamongan Pagan Soputan Yellowstone
Chiles-Cerro Negro Hokkaido-Komagatake Langila Palena Volcanic Group Sorikmarapi Yufu-Tsurumi
Chillan, Nevados de Home Reef Lanin Paluweh Sotara Zaozan [Zaosan]
Chirinkotan Hood Lascar Panarea Soufriere Hills Zavodovski
Chirpoi Huaynaputina Late Papandayan Soufriere St. Vincent Zhupanovsky
Ciremai Hudson, Cerro Lateiki Pavlof South Sarigan Seamount Zubair Group
Cleveland Huila, Nevado del Lengai, Ol Doinyo Pelee Spurr
Colima Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Leroboleng Peuet Sague St. Helens
Colo Ibu Lewotobi Pinatubo Stromboli
Concepcion Ijen Lewotolok Planchon-Peteroa Sulu Range
Copahue Iliamna Little Sitkin Poas Sumbing
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The RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feed is identical to the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report minus some features including the header information (latitude and longitude and summit elevation), the Geologic Summary, and a link to the volcano's page from the Global Volcanism Program. At the end of each report is a list of the sources used. Each volcano report includes a link from the volcano's name back to the more complete information in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report on the Smithsonian website. This feature was first made available on 5 March 2008.


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A Google Earth network link for the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report can be loaded into the free Google Earth software, and in turn will load placemarks for volcanoes in the current weekly report. Placemark balloons include the volcano name, report date, report text, sources, and links back to the GVP volcano profile page and to the complete Weekly Report for that week. This feature was first made available on 1 April 2009.

 Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria



The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers



1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

4. Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.

5. USGS Disclaimer Statement for this Website:

Information presented on this website is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested. We strongly recommend that USGS data be acquired directly from a USGS server and not through other sources that may change the data in some way. While USGS makes every effort to provide accurate and complete information, various data such as names, telephone numbers, etc. may change prior to updating. USGS welcomes suggestions on how to improve our home page and correct errors. USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data.

Some of the documents on this server may contain live references (or pointers) to information created and maintained by other organizations. Please note that USGS does not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, this government computer system employs software programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Unauthorized attempts to upload information or change information on this website are strictly prohibited and may be punishable under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act. Information may also be used for authorized law enforcement investigations. (Last modified September 21, 1999.)

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

 Acronyms and Abbreviations

a.s.l. - above sea level

AVO - Alaska Volcano Observatory

AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

CENAPRED - Centro Nacionale de Prevencion de Desastres (México)

CONRED - Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres

COSPEC - Correlation Spectrometer

CVGHM (formerly VSI) - Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

CVO - Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS)

GMS - Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GVO - Goma Volcano Observatory

GVP - Global Volcanism Program (Smithsonian Institution)

HVO - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS)

ICE - Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (Costa Rica)

IG - Instituto Geofísico (Ecuador)

IGNS - Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (New Zealand) - now GNS Science

INETER - Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaragua)

INGEMMET - Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico (Peru)

INGEOMINAS - Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (Colombia)

INGV-CT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (Italy)

INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (Guatemala)

IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)

JMA - Japanese Meteorological Agency

KEMSD - Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Seismilogical Department

KVERT - Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team

M - magnitude

METEOSAT - Meteorological Satellite

MEVO - Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory

MWO - Meteorological Watch Office

NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center

NIED - National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan)

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

OVDAS - Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (Chile)

OFDA - Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (Chile)

OVPDLF - Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (France)

OVSICORI-UNA - Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philippines)

RSAM - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement

RVO - Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SERNAGEOMIN - Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (Chile)

SIGMET - Significant Meteorological Information

SNET - Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (El Salvador)

SVERT - Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (Russia)

USAID - US Agency for International Development

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

VAAC - Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD - Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion

VDAP - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (USGS)

VHP - Volcano Hazards Program (USGS)

VRC - Volcano Research Center (Japan)

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Report for Iwatesan
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported increased unrest at Iwatesan. Data from instrumentation detecting deformation indicated inflation centered in deeper parts of the volcano beginning in February. The frequency of volcanic earthquakes had been somewhat high since April 2020, although the number of small volcanic earthquakes located near Kurokurayama began increasing in May and further increased in late July. Results in INSAR imagery collected on 26 September revealed very shallow inflation near Ojigokudani (erosional caldera to the W). At 1500 on 2 October the Alert level was raised to 2 (the second lowest level on a 1-5 scale) prompting access restrictions around the crater; the public was warned that an eruption could affect an area within a 2 km radius of the crater.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Report for Taal
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) issued advisories for Taal reporting that a total of 30 phreatic events were recorded almost daily during 22 September-5 October. Five phreatic events during the morning of 5 October were recorded by the seismic network. A minor phreatomagmatic eruption began at 1132 and lasted four minutes based on visual observations and seismic and infrasound data. The eruption ejected a short, black plume followed by a steam-rich plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Trace ashfall was reported in Agoncillo, Batangas, W of Taal Lake. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 2,068 tonnes per day (t/d) during 5-6 October and 1,267 t/d on 7 October, remaining at elevated levels. One small phreatic event was recorded during 6-7 October, and two phreatic events lasting 1-4 minutes long were recorded during 7-8 October. Hot fluids upwelling in the lake were observed during 5-8 October along with emissions that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Report for Adams
The Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) issued an information statement about seismicity at Adams. In the month of September six locatable earthquakes with magnitudes of 0.9-2 were recorded by one seismic station located 11 km SW of the summit and others located much farther away. Typically, at Adams, one earthquake is recorded every 2-3 years. CVO noted that there was no indication that the earthquake activity was a cause for concern; the Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale). CVO together with the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN) plan to install temporary seismic stations in the Adams area, which will allow detection of smaller earthquakes and better estimates of size, location, and depth, information necessary to assess the significance of the activity.
Source: US Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO)
Report for Aira
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 September-7 October. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. On 30 September sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,400 tons per day. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 30 September-4 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 27-28 and 30 September. The volcano was obscured by weather clouds on the other days of the week. On 3 October a plume of resuspended ash lifted from the S flank by strong winds was visible in satellite images drifting 450 km ESE. The resuspended ash prompted KVERT to briefly raise the Aviation Color Code from Yellow to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 2136; the Aviation Color Code was lowered back to Yellow at 0241 on 4 October. The plume was 1,400 km SE of the volcano on 4 October.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Dukono
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 2-8 October. Daily dense gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted W and SW. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 26 September-4 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), the volcano was quiet or obscured by weather clouds. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Fuego
Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 1-8 October. Daily explosions were recorded by the seismic network, averaging 3-12 per hour when reported. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted as far as 30 km in multiple directions. Weak rumbling sounds and shock waves from explosions were occasionally reported. On most days the explosions ejected incandescent material up to 350 m above the summit and onto the upper flanks. The explosions often produced avalanches of material that descended the flanks, sometimes reaching vegetated areas. Ashfall was reported in areas downwind including Panimaché I and II (8 km SW), Yepocápa (8 km NW), Sangre de Cristo (10 km SW), and Finca Palo Verde during 4-5 October and La Rochela (8 km SSW), Finca Ceilán (9 km S), La Reunión (7 km SE), El Rodeo (10 km SSE), El Zapote (10 km SSE), El Porvenir (8 km ENE), and Alotenángo (8 km ENE) during 6-7 October. Ashfall was forecast for areas downwind on the other days.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)
Report for Great Sitkin
Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 2-8 October. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
Report for Ibu
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 2-8 October. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 0.5-1 km above the summit and drifted NE, NW, W, and SW during 2-5 October. Webcam images posted with the reports during 3-4 October showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. One eruptive event was recorded on 7 October, although emissions were not observed. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Kanlaon
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 2-8 October, characterized by increased seismicity and sulfur dioxide emissions. The seismic network recorded 5-15 daily volcanic earthquakes. Daily gas-and-steam emissions that were often voluminous rose 100-650 m above the summit and drifted NE, W, SW, and S. Sulfur dioxide emissions were recorded daily and continued to be high, averaging 2,606-9,042 tonnes/day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Report for Karymsky
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 26 September-4 October. A minor thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 27 and 30 September; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. A plume of resuspended ash drifted 300 km SE on 30 September and 3 October. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Lewotobi
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 2-8 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. Incandescence at the vent was visible in a webcam image on 3 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Manam
The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite and webcam images, and reported by the Rabaul Volcano Observatory, rising to 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l., or about 1 km above the summit, and drifting NW at 1000 on 3 October. The ash emissions were continuous during 3-5 October, though weather clouds sometimes obscured views. The ash had dissipated by 2140 on 5 October. At 1250 on 7 October a continuous ash plume was identified in satellite images rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Report for Merapi
Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 27 September-3 October. Seismicity was more intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 256 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian (BPPTK)
Report for Rincon de la Vieja
Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that small phreatic eruptions at Rincón de la Vieja were recorded at 0822 on 2 October, at 1240 and 2248 on 3 October, at 0748 on 4 October, and at 1732 on 6 October. None of the events produced emissions with ash.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)
Report for Ruapehu
GeoNet reported that minor unrest continued at Ruapehu and the crater lake remained cool. The temperature of the crater lake water decreased from 31 to 11 degrees Celsius during March-August and remained cool through 8 October, decreasing further to 8 degrees, the lowest temperature recorded since 1970. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at low-to-moderate levels. The reduced temperature and sulfur dioxide emissions suggested partial sealing of the vent; areas of upwelling on the lake’s surface and sulfur slicks were visible on 30 September. Volcanic tremor levels remained low during 2024. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale from 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).
Source: GeoNet
Report for Santa Maria
Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito cone during 1-8 October with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions (a few per hour) generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, N, and NE. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches and occasional short pyroclastic flows that descended the flanks. Incandescence was sometimes visible during dark hours from avalanches of material at the dome as well as explosions. Ashfall was reported in Santa María de Jesús (5 km SE), Calaguaché (9 km S), Belén (10 km S), and other areas downwind during 6-7 October.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)
Report for Semeru
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 25 September-1 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Almost daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 0.1-1 km m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and S; eruptive events were recorded during 7-8 October, but no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Sheveluch
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 26 September-4 October lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images during 27-30 September and 2 October. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 1,100 km SE on 30 September and 3 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Stromboli
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 30 September-6 October with notable events on 1 and 6 October. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce explosions at a rate of 5-8 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 80 m above the vents. Spattering continued and was sometimes intense, particularly on 30 September and 1 and 6 October. Explosions at the vent in Area C-S mainly occurred at a rate of 1-3 events per hour and ejected tephra over 250 m above the vent.

Intense spattering in Area N on 1 October was followed by the formation of a lava flow at around 1500 that descended the Sciara del Fuoco and accumulated at the coastline. The lava flow was cooling and no longer active by 2100. Explosions at both crater areas occurred during a three-minute period on 6 October. At 0217 an energetic explosion at Area N lasted 50 seconds and ejected lapilli, bombs, and lava fragments that fell in a rose pattern, predominantly along the Sciara del Fuoco. The explosion was followed by at least three more notable explosions at Area C-S and additional smaller ones; the explosions ejected material that mostly rolled down the Sciara del Fuoco and did not reach the coastline. Over the next two hours spattering at Area N fed a lava flow that advanced down the Sciara del Fuoco. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV), Dipartimento della Protezione Civile
Report for Suwanosejima
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 30 September-7 October. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Three eruptive events on 30 September produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted W. At 0031 on 1 October continuous ash-and-gas plumes rose 0.6-1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted W, N, and NE; ash was no longer detected by 1710. An eruptive event on 4 October generated an ash-and-gas plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. Continuous ash-and-gas emissions that began at 1256 on 4 October likely ceased around 0620 on 5 October, although weather conditions obscured views; ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, N, and NW. On 7 October ash-and-gas plumes rose 1.1-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)