Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 12 February-18 February 2025
Name	Country	Volcanic Region	Eruption Start Date	Report Status
Bezymianny	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	—	New
Etna	Italy	Sicily Volcanic Province	2022 Nov 27	New
Kilauea	United States	Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group	2024 Dec 23	New
Lascar	Chile	Central Andean Volcanic Arc	—	New
Lewotobi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2023 Dec 23	New
Lewotolok	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	—	New
Poas	Costa Rica	Central America Volcanic Arc	—	New
Ahyi	United States	Mariana Volcanic Arc	2024 Aug 5	Continuing
Aira	Japan	Ryukyu Volcanic Arc	2017 Mar 25	Continuing
Dukono	Indonesia	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	1933 Aug 13	Continuing
El Misti	Peru	Central Andean Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Great Sitkin	United States	Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc	2021 May 25	Continuing
Huaynaputina	Peru	Central Andean Volcanic Arc	—	Continuing
Ibu	Indonesia	Halmahera Volcanic Arc	2008 Apr 5	Continuing
Kanlaon	Philippines	Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc	2024 Oct 19	Continuing
Karymsky	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	2024 Jun 20	Continuing
Merapi	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2020 Dec 31	Continuing
Sabancaya	Peru	Central Andean Volcanic Arc	2016 Nov 6	Continuing
Semeru	Indonesia	Sunda Volcanic Arc	2017 Jun 6	Continuing
Sheveluch	Russia	Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc	1999 Aug 15	Continuing
Suwanosejima	Japan	Ryukyu Volcanic Arc	2004 Oct 23	Continuing
Taal	Philippines	Taiwan-Luzon Volcanic Arc	2024 Apr 12	Continuing

All times are local unless otherwise stated.

Bezymianny (Russia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Bezymianny
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 6-13 February. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Etna (Italy) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Etna
Sicily Volcanic Province

Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that the new eruption that began at Etna on 6 February continued during 10-16 February. Activity observed through webcams and during daily field inspections was characterized by the effusion of a lava flow from a fissure and explosive activity at the summit. The lava flow from the fissure that opened at the base of Bocca Nuova Crater on 8 February continued to effuse lava. The lava flow advanced down the SW flank, descending to 2,150 elevation by 11 February and 1,960 elevation by 13 February. The distal end of the flow was 6-8 m thick. Photogrammetric data collected by drones on 14 and 16 February, combined with satellite data, showed that the lava flow advanced 380 m during that 48-hour period. The total flow length was 4.2 km and covered an estimated area of 0.3 square kilometers (300,000 square meters). There were reports of phreatic explosions from the interaction with lava and snow that ejected lava fragments a few hundred meters, particularly on 12 February.

Explosive activity at SE Crater originated from at least two vents based on webcam views and a 12 February field inspection. During the field inspection weak explosive activity originated from a vent located between SE Crater and Bocca Nuova Crater. Minor ash emissions rose from SE Crater and quickly dissipated downwind, depositing ash near the summit. Ash emissions intensified on 12, 14, and 16 February; the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red (the highest level on a four-color scale) on 12 February then back to Orange on 13 February, to Red on 14 February and back to Orange that same day, again to Red on 16 February, and back to orange on 18 February. Although weather conditions sometimes obscured views, the ash emissions rose no higher than an estimated maximum altitude of 5.5 km a.s.l. (about 2.1 km above the summit). According to a news report flights in and out of the Catania-Fontanarossa Airport were disrupted during 12-17 February.

Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV), Euronews

Kilauea (United States) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Kilauea
Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Volcano Group

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, from vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 11-18 February. A period of lava fountaining and effusion of lava onto the crater floor began at 1016 on 11 February and lasted more than 22 hours. Lava fountains rose as high as 100 m at the N vent and were bifurcated at the S vent, rising as high as 30 m. Both effusion rates and lava-fountain heights decreased by the morning of 12 February. Lava fountaining stopped at the N vent at 0830 and within a few minutes fountaining at the S vent was less vigorous. A small amount of lava continued to effuse from the S vent then completely ceased at 0843. Lava flows had traveled about 1 km across the crater floor, covering 50-60% of the surface. Overnight during 12-13 February several lava flows slowly moved on the crater floor. During 12-18 February areas of incandescence and gas emissions at the N vent and incandescence from cooling lava flows on the crater floor were visible. Incandescence and gas emissions were also visible at the S vent during 15-18 February. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Lascar (Chile) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Lascar
Central Andean Volcanic Arc

On 6 February the Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) issued a special report noting increased emissions at Láscar. A whitish-colored gas plume observed in webcam views rose almost 2 km above the summit. Sulfur dioxide emissions detected in satellite data were 188 tons per day which was characterized as atypical during the previous year. A thermal anomaly in the crater was identified in satellite data suggesting an increase in temperature within the crater. Seismicity did not clearly indicate variations that may be related to unrest, though two long-period earthquakes were recorded on 7 and 9 February. Sulfur dioxide emissions increased to 752 tons on 11 February. On 12 February the Alert Level was raised to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from the crater.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN)

Lewotobi (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Lewotobi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 12-18 February. A sudden increase in the number of volcanic earthquakes was detected at 2200 on 11 February and the seismicity remained at high levels. At 0300 on 12 February the exclusion zone was expanded to a radius of 5 km from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW. The Alert Level was raised to 4 (on a scale of 1-4) at 0300 on 13 February and the exclusion zone was again expanded to 6 km from the center of Laki-laki and 7 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW. PVMBG noted that during 3 January-13 February the seismic network also detected increases in harmonic tremor, low-frequency earthquakes, and shallow volcanic earthquakes. Observable activity also increased and fumarolic plumes rose from cracks on the upper NW flank, though weather conditions often obscured views. Crater incandescence was visible, but often faint. BNPB recommended that residents evacuate from the six villages within the expanded exclusion zone including Nobo (5 km NE), Dulipali (6 km NNW), and Hokeng Jaya (3 km WNW).

During 13-17 February dense white plumes rose 400-600 m above the summit. Seismicity fluctuated, but notably deep volcanic earthquakes were recorded during 16-17 February while shallow volcanic earthquakes were not. At 0558, 1622, and 2343 on 17 February dense gray ash plumes rose 400-900 m above the summit and drifted N and NE.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)

Lewotolok (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Lewotolok
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that at 0200 on 16 February an eruptive event at Lewotolok generated a gray ash plume that rose around 200 m above the summit and drifted E. At 0922 on 16 February and at 0012 on 17 February dense white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-200 m and drifted E and SE, respectively. Incandescence at the summit was visible in a webcam image from 0013 on 17 February. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Poas (Costa Rica) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Poas
Central America Volcanic Arc

The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that eruptive activity at Poás was recorded during 11-18 February. The lake water level had dropped about 0.3 m in a week and convection cells over underwater fumarolic vents persisted; convecting water over Boca C vent was noted during 11-12 February. Sulfur dioxide gas flux significantly increased to 445 +/- 504 tons per day (t/d) on 13 February and was higher than the average of 267 +/- 97 t/d detected during the previous week. Frequent (every minute) phreatic explosions at Boca C were recorded during 15-17 February based on seismic and acoustic data. Material was ejected above the lake’s surface as high as 200 m. Sulfur dioxide emissions had decreased by 16 February. The frequency of phreatic explosions decreased during 17-18 February, though events were characterized as both intense and low magnitude, with ejected material rising less than 200 m.

Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)

Ahyi (United States) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ahyi
Mariana Volcanic Arc

Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued during 7-13 February. A satellite image on 8 February showed a plume of discolored water in the vicinity of the seamount, indicating possible submarine activity. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Source: US Geological Survey

Aira (Japan) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Aira
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-17 February. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. On 10 February sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,200 tons per day. Six eruptive events, recorded during 11 and 15-16 February, produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.2 km above the summit and drifted SE, E, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Dukono (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Dukono
Halmahera Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 12-18 February. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-1,500 m above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

El Misti (Peru) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

El Misti
Central Andean Volcanic Arc

The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that three lahars carrying blocks traveled down El Misti’s flanks on 15 February. The first descended the Matagente drainage on the NW flank at 1637, the second descended the El Pato drainage on the SW flank at 1750, and the third descended the Huarangal-Los Incas drainage on the SW flank at 1820. The public was warned to stay away from drainages and roads on the SW flank. The Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Great Sitkin (United States) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Great Sitkin
Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater, confirmed by a 10 February radar image. The lava flow advanced along the NNE margin. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network during 10-18 February. Weakly elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite data during 15-18 February. Cloudy weather obscured satellite and webcam images during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Huaynaputina (Peru) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Huaynaputina
Central Andean Volcanic Arc

The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that several lahars carrying blocks descended the S flank of Huaynaputina during 11-17 February and traveled towards the Tambo River. The lahars were recorded at 1309 on 11 February, at 1725 on 14 February, at 1712 on 15 February, at 1813 on 16 February, and at 1546 on 17 February. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to be cautious when traveling along the Quinistaquillas-Sijuaya highway.

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Ibu (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ibu
Halmahera Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 12-18 February. Multiple daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted mainly in multiple directions. Incandescence at the summit was visible in some webcam images posted with the reports. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Kanlaon (Philippines) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Kanlaon
Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 11-18 February. The seismic network recorded 7-19 daily volcanic earthquakes, though during 15-16 February there were 29-32 daily events. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 2,148 to 4,685 tonnes per day (t/d); emissions since 3 June 2024 averaged 4,440 t/d. Gas-and-steam emissions generally rose as high as 200 m above the summit and drifted W, WSW, and SW; plumes occasionally contained ash during 11 and 14-15 February. Eruptive activity during 1432-1440 on 15 February sent an ash plume 1.5 km above the summit that drifted WNW. Ashfall and sulfur odors were reported in multiple neighborhoods of Bago City including in Mailum, Maao, Binubuhan, Abuanan, Dulao, Atipuluan, and Ilijan. PHIVOLCS noted that since 10 January the deformation network had detected inflation of the upper E flank and cycles of inflation and deflation at the upper W flank and mid E flank. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

Karymsky (Russia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Karymsky
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 6-13 February. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 6 and 9-13 February; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Merapi (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Merapi
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 7-13 February. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 59 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 12 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 24 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)

Sabancaya (Peru) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sabancaya
Central Andean Volcanic Arc

The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 10-16 February with an average of one explosion per day. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km W, SW, and NW. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 764 tons per day. No thermal anomalies or significant deformation were detected. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Semeru (Indonesia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Semeru
Sunda Volcanic Arc

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 12-18 February with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Sheveluch (Russia) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sheveluch
Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 6-13 February. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Suwanosejima (Japan) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Suwanosejima
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 10-17 February. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An eruptive event at 1644 on 11 February generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the summit and drifted SE. An explosion later that same day at 2007 generated an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. Ash fell within a 10-km-radius of the crater on unspecified dates according to the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Taal (Philippines) | 12 February-18 February 2025 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Taal
Taiwan-Luzon Volcanic Arc

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Taal during 11-18 February. There were 0-12 daily volcanic earthquakes and a few periods of tremor that lasted from one minute to as long as two hours and nine minutes. Three minor phreatic eruptions occurred on 12, 15, and 16 February, each lasting 3-4 minutes. Daily gas-and-steam emissions generally rose 350-900 m above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, and SW, though on 16 February plumes rose as high as 2.1 km. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 448, 407, and 1,244 tonnes per day on 12, 15, and 17 February, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5); PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

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Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers

1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

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