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Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

Weekly Volcanic Activity Map

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 25 September-1 October 2024
Name Country Volcanic Province Eruption Start Date Report Status
Kanlaon Philippines Negros-Sulu Volcanic Arc New
Taal Philippines Taiwan-Luzon Volcanic Arc 2024 Apr 12 New
Whakaari/White Island New Zealand Taupo Volcanic Zone 2024 May 24 New
Aira Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2017 Mar 25 Continuing
Ambae Vanuatu Vanuatu Volcanic Arc Continuing
Bezymianny Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 2022 Mar 15 Continuing
Dukono Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1933 Aug 13 Continuing
Ebeko Russia Kuril Volcanic Arc 2022 Jun 11 Continuing
Etna Italy Sicily Volcanic Province 2022 Nov 27 Continuing
Great Sitkin United States Aleutian Ridge Volcanic Arc 2021 May 25 Continuing
Ibu Indonesia Halmahera Volcanic Arc 2008 Apr 5 Continuing
Karymsky Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 2024 Jun 20 Continuing
Lewotobi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2023 Dec 23 Continuing
Manam Papua New Guinea Bismarck Volcanic Arc 2018 May 10 ± 10 days Continuing
Merapi Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2020 Dec 31 Continuing
Nevado del Ruiz Colombia Northern Andean Volcanic Arc 2014 Nov 18 Continuing
Nyamulagira DR Congo Albertine Rift Volcanic Province 2018 Apr 18 Continuing
Popocatepetl Mexico Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 2005 Jan 9 Continuing
Reventador Ecuador Northern Andean Volcanic Arc 2008 Jul 27 Continuing
Rincon de la Vieja Costa Rica Central America Volcanic Arc 2021 Jun 28 Continuing
Sabancaya Peru Central Andean Volcanic Arc 2016 Nov 6 Continuing
Semeru Indonesia Sunda Volcanic Arc 2017 Jun 6 Continuing
Sheveluch Russia Eastern Kamchatka Volcanic Arc 1999 Aug 15 Continuing
Stromboli Italy Aeolian Volcanic Arc 1934 Feb 2 Continuing
Suwanosejima Japan Ryukyu Volcanic Arc 2004 Oct 23 Continuing
Yasur Vanuatu Vanuatu Volcanic Arc 1270 ± 110 years Continuing
All times are local unless otherwise stated.
Weekly Reports Archive

Since the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report began in November 2000, there have been 20,717 individual reports over 1,247 weeks (average of 17 per week) on 338 different volcanoes.

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Adams Cotopaxi Iliwerung Llaima Popocatepetl Sumisujima
Agung Cuicocha Inielika Lokon-Empung Purace Sundoro
Ahyi Cumbal Ioto Lonquimay Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Suoh
Aira Dabbahu Irazu Lopevi Rabaul Suretamatai
Akan Davidof Iwatesan Machin Raikoke Suwanosejima
Alaid Dempo Iya Makushin Ranakah Taal
Alu-Dalafilla Descabezado Grande Izu-Torishima Maly Semyachik Raoul Island Tair, Jebel at
Ambae Dieng Volcanic Complex Jackson Segment Manam Rasshua Takawangha
Ambang Dukono Kaba Manda Hararo Raung Talang
Ambrym East Epi Kadovar Marapi Redoubt Tambora
Anatahan Ebeko Kaitoku Seamount Maroa Reventador Tanaga
Aniakchak Ebulobo Kama'ehuakanaloa Martin Reykjanes Tandikat-Singgalang
Antillanca Volcanic Complex Edgecumbe Kambalny Masaya Rincon de la Vieja Tangkoko-Duasudara
Antuco Egon Kanaga Matthew Island Rinjani Tangkuban Parahu
Apoyeque Ekarma Kanlaon Maule, Laguna del Ritter Island Tara, Batu
Arenal Eldey Karangetang Mauna Loa Rotorua Ta'u
Asamayama Erebus Karkar Mayon Ruang Taupo
Askja Erta Ale Karthala McDonald Islands Ruapehu Telica
Asosan Etna Karymsky Melebingoy Ruby Tenerife
Atka Volcanic Complex Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] Kasatochi Melimoyu Ruiz, Nevado del Tengger Caldera
Augustine Eyjafjallajokull Katla Merapi Sabancaya Three Sisters
Avachinsky Fagradalsfjall Katmai Midagahara Sakar Tinakula
Awu Fernandina Kavachi Misti, El Salak Tofua
Axial Seamount Fogo Kelimutu Miyakejima San Cristobal Tokachidake
Azul, Cerro Fonualei Kelud Momotombo San Miguel Tolbachik
Azumayama Fournaise, Piton de la Kerinci Monowai San Vicente Toliman
Bagana Fourpeaked Ketoi Montagu Island Sangay Tongariro
Balbi Fuego Kharimkotan Moyorodake [Medvezhia] Sangeang Api Trident
Bamus Fujisan Kick 'em Jenny Mutnovsky Santa Ana Tungurahua
Banda Api Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba Kie Besi Myojinsho Santa Maria Turrialba
Bardarbunga Galeras Kikai Nabro Sao Jorge Ubinas
Barren Island Galunggung Kilauea Negra, Sierra Sarigan Ugashik-Peulik
Batur Gamalama Kirishimayama Negro, Cerro Sarychev Peak Ukinrek Maars
Bezymianny Gamkonora Kita-Ioto Nightingale Island Saunders Ulawun
Bogoslof Gareloi Kizimen Nishinoshima Savo Unnamed
Brava Gaua Klyuchevskoy Nisyros Semeru Unnamed
Bristol Island Gorely Kolokol Group Novarupta Semisopochnoi Veniaminof
Bulusan Great Sitkin Koryaksky NW Rota-1 Seulawah Agam Villarrica
Calbuco Grimsvotn Krakatau Nyamulagira Sheveluch Vulcano
Callaqui Guagua Pichincha Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker Nyiragongo Shishaldin West Mata
Cameroon Guallatiri Krysuvik-Trolladyngja Ofu-Olosega Simbo Westdahl
Campi Flegrei Guntur Kuchinoerabujima Okataina Sinabung Whakaari/White Island
Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia Hachijojima Kurikomayama Okmok Sinarka Witori
Cayambe Hakoneyama Kusatsu-Shiranesan Ontakesan Siple Wolf
Chachadake [Tiatia] Heard Kverkfjoll Oraefajokull Sirung Wrangell
Chaiten Hekla La Palma Osorno Slamet Yakedake
Chiginagak Helgrindur Lamington Pacaya Snaefellsjokull Yasur
Chikurachki Hierro Lamongan Pagan Soputan Yellowstone
Chiles-Cerro Negro Hokkaido-Komagatake Langila Palena Volcanic Group Sorikmarapi Yufu-Tsurumi
Chillan, Nevados de Home Reef Lanin Paluweh Sotara Zaozan [Zaosan]
Chirinkotan Hood Lascar Panarea Soufriere Hills Zavodovski
Chirpoi Huaynaputina Late Papandayan Soufriere St. Vincent Zhupanovsky
Ciremai Hudson, Cerro Lateiki Pavlof South Sarigan Seamount Zubair Group
Cleveland Huila, Nevado del Lengai, Ol Doinyo Pelee Spurr
Colima Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Leroboleng Peuet Sague St. Helens
Colo Ibu Lewotobi Pinatubo Stromboli
Concepcion Ijen Lewotolok Planchon-Peteroa Sulu Range
Copahue Iliamna Little Sitkin Poas Sumbing
 News Feeds and Google Placemarks


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A Google Earth network link for the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report can be loaded into the free Google Earth software, and in turn will load placemarks for volcanoes in the current weekly report. Placemark balloons include the volcano name, report date, report text, sources, and links back to the GVP volcano profile page and to the complete Weekly Report for that week. This feature was first made available on 1 April 2009.

 Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria



The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers



1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

4. Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.

5. USGS Disclaimer Statement for this Website:

Information presented on this website is considered public information and may be distributed or copied. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credit is requested. We strongly recommend that USGS data be acquired directly from a USGS server and not through other sources that may change the data in some way. While USGS makes every effort to provide accurate and complete information, various data such as names, telephone numbers, etc. may change prior to updating. USGS welcomes suggestions on how to improve our home page and correct errors. USGS provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data.

Some of the documents on this server may contain live references (or pointers) to information created and maintained by other organizations. Please note that USGS does not control and cannot guarantee the relevance, timeliness, or accuracy of these outside materials.

For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, this government computer system employs software programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Unauthorized attempts to upload information or change information on this website are strictly prohibited and may be punishable under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act. Information may also be used for authorized law enforcement investigations. (Last modified September 21, 1999.)

U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

 Acronyms and Abbreviations

a.s.l. - above sea level

AVO - Alaska Volcano Observatory

AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

CENAPRED - Centro Nacionale de Prevencion de Desastres (México)

CONRED - Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres

COSPEC - Correlation Spectrometer

CVGHM (formerly VSI) - Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

CVO - Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS)

GMS - Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GVO - Goma Volcano Observatory

GVP - Global Volcanism Program (Smithsonian Institution)

HVO - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS)

ICE - Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (Costa Rica)

IG - Instituto Geofísico (Ecuador)

IGNS - Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (New Zealand) - now GNS Science

INETER - Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaragua)

INGEMMET - Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico (Peru)

INGEOMINAS - Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (Colombia)

INGV-CT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (Italy)

INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (Guatemala)

IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)

JMA - Japanese Meteorological Agency

KEMSD - Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Seismilogical Department

KVERT - Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team

M - magnitude

METEOSAT - Meteorological Satellite

MEVO - Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory

MWO - Meteorological Watch Office

NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center

NIED - National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan)

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

OVDAS - Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (Chile)

OFDA - Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (Chile)

OVPDLF - Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (France)

OVSICORI-UNA - Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philippines)

RSAM - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement

RVO - Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SERNAGEOMIN - Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (Chile)

SIGMET - Significant Meteorological Information

SNET - Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (El Salvador)

SVERT - Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (Russia)

USAID - US Agency for International Development

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

VAAC - Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD - Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion

VDAP - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (USGS)

VHP - Volcano Hazards Program (USGS)

VRC - Volcano Research Center (Japan)

Report for Kanlaon
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 25 September-1 October, characterized by increased seismicity and sulfur dioxide emissions. The seismic network recorded 7-16 daily volcanic earthquakes. Daily gas-and-steam emissions that were voluminous mid-week rose 100-850 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Sulfur dioxide emissions were recorded daily and continued to be high, averaging 4,992-8,973 tonnes/day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Report for Taal
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) issued advisories for Taal reporting that a total of 18 phreatic events were recorded almost daily during 22 September-2 October. There were 1-3 daily phreatic events during 22-23 and 25-30 September, each lasting 1-8 minutes long based on visual, seismic, and infrasound data. Five of the events occurred during 0110-0437 on 1 October. Daily white steam-and-gas emissions that were sometime voluminous rose 0.7-2.1 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. Hot fluids were visible upwelling in the lake almost daily. A phreatomagmatic eruption recorded during 1621-1632 on 2 October ejected short black jets of material followed by a voluminous steam-rich plume that rose 2.4 km and drifted NE. PHIVOLCS concluded that the event was likely driven by water contacting a small body of shallow magma that has been steadily degassing for the previous three years; deformation and seismic data were at background levels and did not indicated that the unrest would escalate into a large magmatic eruption. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured a few times during 22 September-2 October and trended downward, averaging 8,927 tonnes per day (t/d) on 21 September, 4,899 t/d on 23 September, 1,510 t/d on 28 September, 1,354 t/d on 30 September, and 2,532 t/d on 2 October. PHIVOLCS noted that sulfur dioxide emissions had been high in 2024, averaging 6,712 t/d since January. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Report for Whakaari/White Island
On 30 September GeoNet reported that minor ash emissions at Whakaari/White Island continued during the previous week, but possibly at lower levels based on aerial observations, views on webcams located in Whakatane and Te Kaha, and satellite observations. During a 24 September overflight, scientists observed that the emissions contained less ash and the plumes were both less vigorous and not as continuous. Ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 1 km above the island. Any ashfall was confined to the island and the likelihood of ashfall on the mainland remained low. The Volcanic Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Source: GeoNet
Report for Aira
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 September. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images during dark hours. During a field survey on 26 September scientists observed no new changes to the geothermal area on the SE flank of Minamidake nor near Showa Crater compared to previous observations. Incandescence at Minamidake was barely visible with the naked eye. An eruptive event at 2001 on 26 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 27-30 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Report for Ambae
On 26 September the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions from the active vents at Ambae were ongoing during the previous month; ash content was not confirmed. The observations were based on webcam and satellite images and field observations. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.
Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)
Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 20-21 and 23-26 September. The volcano was obscured by weather clouds on the other days of the week. On 25 September a plume of resuspended ash lifted from the S flank by strong winds was visible in satellite and webcam images drifting 90 km E. The resuspended ash prompted KVERT to briefly raise the Aviation Color Code from Yellow to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 2310; the Aviation Color Code was lowered back to Yellow at 0323 on 26 September.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Dukono
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 25 September-1 October. Daily dense gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted W and NW. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 19-26 September. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions during 19, 21, and 24-25 September generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on 23 and 26 September; on other days either no activity was observed, or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Etna
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that continuous gas emissions rose from Etna’s summit craters during 23-29 September. Explosive activity at NE Crater that began at around 2300 on 23 September continued through the week, though with less frequently, based on webcam images.
Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
Report for Great Sitkin
Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 24 September-1 October. The lava flow had filled most of the summit crater. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes and other signals associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds often obscured views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)
Report for Ibu
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 25 September-1 October with multiple daily eruptive events. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Karymsky
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 19-26 September. A minor thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 22-23 and 25-26 September; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Lewotobi
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 25 September-1 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, NW, and N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Manam
The Darwin VAAC reported that during 0000-0600 on 29 September ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images rising 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW. At 0230 on 1 October an ash plume rose 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Report for Merapi
Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 20-26 September. Seismicity was less intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 204 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Five pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng as far as 1.2 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)
Report for Nevado del Ruiz
Servicio Geológico Colombiano’s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 24-30 September. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement increased in both magnitude and number compared to the previous week but were variable between low and moderate levels throughout the week. Webcam images confirmed ash emissions associated with some of these events along with occasional ejections of hotter material. Ash plumes rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted NW and WNW during the first half of the week and N, E, and SE during the second half of the week. Ashfall was reported in Cabaña de Brisas (NW) and in areas to the E around the Lagunilla River. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing increased in the number of events, though their magnitudes were comparable to the previous week; these earthquakes, with depths ranging from less than 1 km down to 8 km below the summit, were primarily located within 4 km SSW, S, SE, and SE of Arenas Crater. The largest event was an M 1 which was detected at 2131 on 28 September and located about 2 km SSE and 4 km deep. Sulfur dioxide emissions were variable, and drift directions were not towards measuring stations; satellite measurements indicated increased emissions and a high value on 29 September that had not been recorded since February 2023. Low-to-moderate thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualí Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones.
Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)
Report for Nyamulagira
A 28 September satellite image showed some minor advancement (around 200 m) of the W branch of Nyamuragira’s NNW lava flow compared to an 18 September image. Small thermal anomalies were concentrated near the end of the NNW lava flow and at the end of the W branch, and a few were located along the flow about of a third of the way up the flank. A thermal anomaly was present the part of the eastern crater floor. A few small thermal anomalies on the W flank flow were visible, though weather clouds obscured most of W flank. Weather clouds also obscured part of the summit crater and the upper NNW flow.
Source: Copernicus
Report for Popocatepetl
Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 24 September-1 October. Weather clouds sometimes prevented visual observations. The seismic network recorded 9-58 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions; emissions contained minor amounts of ash during 29-30 September. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor with periods lasting from 57 minutes up to five hours and nine minutes, and a period of emissions that lasted 18 minutes during 27-28 September. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes visible in webcam and satellite images on 28 September rose to 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. (or about 1.3 km above the crater rim) and drifted NW and NE. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.
Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Report for Reventador
Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that an eruption at Reventador was ongoing during 24 September-1 October. Signals from the seismic stations were not transmitted during the first half of the week; during 28 September-1 October seismicity was characterized by 79-105 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and/or satellite images rising as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifting NW, WNW, and W. Webcams occasionally did not transmit data and weather conditions sometimes obscured views. Thermal anomalies in the crater were identified in satellite images on most days. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
Report for Rincon de la Vieja
Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that small phreatic eruptions at Rincón de la Vieja were recorded at 1715, 2225, and 2248 on 26 September, at 0538 on 27 September, and at 2200 on 29 September. Emissions from the events did not contain ash.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)
Report for Sabancaya
Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 23-29 September with a daily average of 18 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 2.3 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km SE and S. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 729 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius.
Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)
Report for Semeru
Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 25 September-1 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 100-600 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, SW, and S; eruptive events were recorded on 27 September, but no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Report for Sheveluch
Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 19-26 September lava extrusion likely continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 1,500 km E during 25-26 September. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Report for Stromboli
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 23-29 September. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce explosions at a rate of 3-15 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 80 m above the vents. Spattering was observed that was intense on 23 and 26 September. Explosions at the vent in Area C-S mainly occurred at a rate of 1-5 events per hour during 26-28 September and ejected tephra over 250 m above the vent. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)
Report for Suwanosejima
Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 23-30 September. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Explosions were recorded by the seismic network at 0337, 0428, 0730, and 1720 on 25 September, at 1415 and 1554 on 26 September, and at 1810 on 28 September. The explosions generated ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly W and SW. Eruptive events during 24-28 and 30 September produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted and drifted mainly W and SW. Occasional ashfall was reported at the Suwanosejima Branch Office in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW), though dates were unspecified. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
Report for Yasur
On 26 September the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5). Recent visual observations, webcam mages, and photos taken in the field indicated that explosions continued, producing emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash. Gas emissions and thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. The report warned that some of the explosions may eject material that falls in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.
Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)