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Unnamed

Photo of this volcano
  • Country
  • Volcanic Region
  • Landform | Volc Type
  • Last Known Eruption
  • 20.852°S
  • 175.55°W

  • -296 m
    -971 ft

  • 243030
  • Latitude
  • Longitude

  • Summit
    Elevation

  • Volcano
    Number

Most Recent Weekly Report: 25 January-31 January 2017 Citation IconCite this Report

Based on analysis of satellite images, GeoNet reported that a submarine eruption at an Unnamed volcano (GVP volcano number 243030) about 46 km NW of Tonga’s capital Nuku’alofa began on 23 January. Activity was also identified in images from 26, 28, 29, and 31 January, characterized by discolored water, and a volcanic plume on 31 January.

Source: GeoNet


Most Recent Bulletin Report: June 2017 (BGVN 42:06) Citation IconCite this Report

Plumes of discolored water seen in satellite imagery during 23-28 January 2017

Murray Ford, a coastal geomorphologist from New Zealand's Auckland University, reported in a Radio New Zealand story on 1 February 2017 that satellite imagery showed a large plume of discolored water between Tongatapu and the volcanic Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai islands. The activity seen by Murray was on a Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) satellite image acquired on 27 January 2017 (figure 2). which showed a bright area of discolored water above the summit and a broader area of discolored water immediately NW, likely from previous events. According to volcanologist Brad Scott (GNS Science) there are additional satellite images from 23, 26, 28, and 29 January 2017, indicating that the eruption had been ongoing for over a week. His colleagues in Tonga indicated a possible associated steam plume, but cloud cover made observations uncertain.

Figure (see Caption) Figure 2. Landsat 8 OLI satellite image a submarine plume from an unnamed seamount in Tonga on 27 January 2017, about 33 km NW of Tongatapu island. A small bright area of discolored water is directly over the summit (bottom center), with a small plume immediately N, and a broad area of discolored water to the NW, likely from previous eruptive events. The larger plume to the NW measures 30 km long and 20 km wide. Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory.

A report prepared by Taylor (2000) noted that there had been four previous reports of activity from this location: submarine activity in August 1911, a steam plume in July 1923, discolored water in 1970, and an ephemeral island near the end of an eruptive episode during 27 December 1998-14 January 1999 (also see BGVN 24:03). In a blog post about the latest eruption, Brad Scott (GNS Science) also stated that there had been discolored water and felt earthquakes sometime in 2007.

Reference: Taylor, P., 2000, A volcanic hazards assessment following the January 1999 eruption of Submarine Volcano III, Tofua Volcanic Arc, Kingdom of Tonga, Australian Volcanological Investigations (AVI) Occasional Report No. 99/01, 5 August 2000, 7 p.

Information Contacts: NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/89565/underwater-eruption-near-tongatapu); Brad Scott, New Zealand GeoNet Project, a collaboration between the Earthquake Commission and GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand (URL: http://www.geonet.org.nz/, http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/1usjOmF4LqaI64qScMocuW); Radio New Zealand (URL: http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/323569/scientist-discovers-underwater-eruption-in-tonga).

Weekly Reports - Index


2017: January


25 January-31 January 2017 Citation IconCite this Report

Based on analysis of satellite images, GeoNet reported that a submarine eruption at an Unnamed volcano (GVP volcano number 243030) about 46 km NW of Tonga’s capital Nuku’alofa began on 23 January. Activity was also identified in images from 26, 28, 29, and 31 January, characterized by discolored water, and a volcanic plume on 31 January.

Source: GeoNet


Bulletin Reports - Index

Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.

02/1970 (CSLP 16-70) Large area of water discoloration

00/1974 (Ref 1984) No activity as of 1974

03/1999 (BGVN 24:03) Eruption NW of Tongatapu builds temporary island in January

06/2017 (BGVN 42:06) Plumes of discolored water seen in satellite imagery during 23-28 January 2017




Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted)


February 1970 (CSLP 16-70)

Large area of water discoloration

Card 0870 (16 February 1970) Large area of water discoloration

William Melson and Robert A. Citron, of the Smithsonian Institution, are on location in the South Pacific . . . . Citron reported the following by cable: "Captain B.N. Rankin, Fiji Airways, spotted submarine volcanic activity on 3 January in vicinity Falcon Island. Rankin estimates discoloration of water covered 500 acre area with a definite division between a patch forming the centre and that surrounding it which was lighter in color. Captain Hillwilliss, Nukualofa, Tonga, believes shoal is Falcon Island. Captain N.M. Ganley, Fiji Airways, gave position of shoal at 35 miles [56 km] SW of . . . Falcon Island."

Information Contacts: Robert A. Citron, Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, Smithsonian Institution.


1974 (Ref 1984)

No activity as of 1974

Admiralty sailing directions (Hydrographer of the Royal Navy, 1984) reported volcanic activity at 20.85°S, 175.55°W in 1970, the site of 1911 and 1923 activity, but noted that in 1974 the volcano was dormant. This entry suggests that the Navy received a report of activity from a passing ship.

Reference. Hydrographer of the Royal Navy, 1984, West approaches - off-lying danger: Pacific Islands Pilot, v. II, British Admiralty Bureau, London, UK, p. 330.

Information Contacts: Hydrographer of the Royal Navy, British Admiralty Bureau, United Kingdom.


March 1999 (BGVN 24:03) Citation IconCite this Report

Eruption NW of Tongatapu builds temporary island in January

This volcanic center in the Tonga Islands, 35 km NW of Tongatapu (figure 1) and S of Falcon Island, forms part of the Tofua Volcanic Arc (TVA). The following report was compiled from various sources, as well as a submission from Paul Taylor based in part on information obtained from Tongan colleagues.

Figure (see Caption) Figure 1. Location map of the southern part of the central region of the Tonga Platform and Tofua Volcanic Arc showing the site of the January 1999 volcanic activity in Tonga. Note the NNE-SSW trending trough-like feature that separates the volcanic arc and the Tonga Platform in this region, which may be a southerly extension of the Tofua Trough. Falcon Island is north of the January 1999 eruption site; the structure SSE of Falcon Island contains the islands of Hunga Ha'apai and Hunga Tonga, and was the site of submarine eruptions in 1912, 1937, and 1988. Bathymetric contours are at intervals of 500 m. Courtesy of Paul Taylor.

The Tonga Chronicle noted that the activity was first reported to Tonga Defense Services on 8 January by Carl Riechelmann, who had seen a plume coming from the site. On 12 January 1999 the Tonga Defence Services flew a photographic mission to record the reported appearance of a new island. Shortly after departing Tongatapu's Fua'amoto Airport in a Twin Beech equipped for surveillance operations, the crew sighted billowing white plumes from the volcano. The aircraft approached cautiously at 300 m altitude, made one circuit, then descended to 150 m for closer observation. The plane circled for almost an hour while a series of still photographs, as well as a video, were taken. During this time the crew noted that the island appeared to exhibit a pattern of rising, then receding. The island was estimated to be roughly 200-300 m long and 30-40 m wide. The crew also saw lava in a small vent that appeared to be located within a 100-m cone. The island was located at 20° 51.55'S, 175° 32.47'W (20.86°S, 175.54°W). Photographs and a report of their observations were posted on the website of Tonga Cable and Wireless.

Submarine activity continued on 14 January, with turbulent water present around a 40 x 300 m shoal, but no island was observed. Reports described a vent producing an ash-and-steam column and ejecting lava fragments, and floating pumice near the eruption site.

A precautionary Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) was issued to aviators on 14 January by the Nadi Aviation Control Center declaring an area within 5.5 km of the eruption site a danger area. Pilots were requested to report any signs of volcanic activity. Tongan officials also issued a warning to shipping transiting the area.

On 15 January a survey team, including two geologists from the Ministry of Land, Survey, and Natural Resources, inspected the island from the deck of the VOEA Savea, according to a report in the Tonga Chronicle. At that time the island had disappeared beneath the ocean surface, but the site was still emitting smoke and fumes. Because of possible danger, boats were warned to stay away.

Information Contacts: Paul W. Taylor, Australian Volcanological Investigations, PO Box 291, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia; Kelepi Mafi, Ministry of Lands, Survey, and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 5, Nuku'Alofa, Kingdom of Tonga; Tonga Cable and Wireless, Private Bag 4, Nuku'alofa, Kingdom of Tonga (URL: http://www.candw.to/); Tonga Chronicle, PO Box 197, Nuku'alofa, Kingdom of Tonga; Tom Fox, International Civil Aviation Organization, 999 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada; Brad Scott, Wairakei Research Centre, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (IGNS) Limited, Private Bag 2000, Wairakei, New Zealand (URL: https://www.gns.cri.nz/).


June 2017 (BGVN 42:06) Citation IconCite this Report

Plumes of discolored water seen in satellite imagery during 23-28 January 2017

Murray Ford, a coastal geomorphologist from New Zealand's Auckland University, reported in a Radio New Zealand story on 1 February 2017 that satellite imagery showed a large plume of discolored water between Tongatapu and the volcanic Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai islands. The activity seen by Murray was on a Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) satellite image acquired on 27 January 2017 (figure 2). which showed a bright area of discolored water above the summit and a broader area of discolored water immediately NW, likely from previous events. According to volcanologist Brad Scott (GNS Science) there are additional satellite images from 23, 26, 28, and 29 January 2017, indicating that the eruption had been ongoing for over a week. His colleagues in Tonga indicated a possible associated steam plume, but cloud cover made observations uncertain.

Figure (see Caption) Figure 2. Landsat 8 OLI satellite image a submarine plume from an unnamed seamount in Tonga on 27 January 2017, about 33 km NW of Tongatapu island. A small bright area of discolored water is directly over the summit (bottom center), with a small plume immediately N, and a broad area of discolored water to the NW, likely from previous eruptive events. The larger plume to the NW measures 30 km long and 20 km wide. Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory.

A report prepared by Taylor (2000) noted that there had been four previous reports of activity from this location: submarine activity in August 1911, a steam plume in July 1923, discolored water in 1970, and an ephemeral island near the end of an eruptive episode during 27 December 1998-14 January 1999 (also see BGVN 24:03). In a blog post about the latest eruption, Brad Scott (GNS Science) also stated that there had been discolored water and felt earthquakes sometime in 2007.

Reference: Taylor, P., 2000, A volcanic hazards assessment following the January 1999 eruption of Submarine Volcano III, Tofua Volcanic Arc, Kingdom of Tonga, Australian Volcanological Investigations (AVI) Occasional Report No. 99/01, 5 August 2000, 7 p.

Information Contacts: NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/89565/underwater-eruption-near-tongatapu); Brad Scott, New Zealand GeoNet Project, a collaboration between the Earthquake Commission and GNS Science, Wairakei Research Centre, Private Bag 2000, Taupo 3352, New Zealand (URL: http://www.geonet.org.nz/, http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/1usjOmF4LqaI64qScMocuW); Radio New Zealand (URL: http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/323569/scientist-discovers-underwater-eruption-in-tonga).

The Global Volcanism Program has no synonyms or subfeatures listed for Unnamed.

Eruptive History

There is data available for 4 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.

2017 Jan 23 - 2017 Jan 31 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0

Episode 1 | Eruption (Submarine) Submarine
2017 Jan 23 - 2017 Jan 31 Evidence from Observations: Reported
 GeoNet reported that a submarine eruption about 46 km NW of Nuku’alofa began on 23 January 2017. Activity was also identified in satellite images from 26, 28, 29, and 31 January, characterized by discolored water, and a volcanic plume on 31 January.

List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Submarine

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
2017 Jan 23 2017 Jan 31 Observation Based on analysis of satellite images, GeoNet reported that a submarine eruption at an Unnamed volcano (GVP volcano number 243030) about 46 km NW of Tonga’s capital Nuku’alofa began on 23 January. Activity was also identified in images from 26, 28, 29, and 31 January, characterized by discolored water, and a volcanic plume on 31 January.
2017 Jan 23    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index) VEI 0

1999 Jan 8 (in or before) - 1999 Jan 14 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1

Episode 1 | Eruption
1999 Jan 8 (in or before) - 1999 Jan 14 (?) Evidence from Observations: Reported
 A submarine eruption was first observed on 8 January 1999. On the 12th a new island was reported that was 200-300 m long and 30-40 m wide. Lava was observed in the vent of a small cone on the island. Submarine activity continued on 14 January, with turbulent water present around a shoal, but no island was observed. Reports described a vent producing an ash-and-steam column and ejecting lava fragments, and floating pumice near the eruption site.

List of 6 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
   - - - -    - - - - Explosion
   - - - -    - - - - Lava flow
   - - - -    - - - - Ash
   - - - -    - - - - Pumice
   - - - -    - - - - Island
1999 Jan 8
(in or before)
   - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

[ 1970 Jan 3 - 1970 Jan 3 ] Uncertain Eruption

Episode 1 | Uncertain
1970 Jan 3 - 1970 Jan 3 Evidence from Observations: Reported
 Water discoloration was reported in the area of Falcon Island. There were varying reports as to the location of the event, with one pilot placing it 56 km SW of Falcon Island. The harbormaster of Tonga reported there was no new island, but merely an activated fumarole from an old charted site marked "Volcano 191".

1923 Jul 1 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0

Episode 1 | Eruption
1923 Jul 1 - Unknown Evidence from Observations: Reported

List of 1 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
1923 Jul 1    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)

1911 Aug Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0

Episode 1 | Eruption
1911 Aug - Unknown Evidence from Observations: Reported
 Submarine eruption in August 1911 (Sapper, 1927).

List of 1 Events for Episode 1

Start Date End Date Event Type Event Remarks
1911 Aug    - - - - VEI (Explosivity Index)
Deformation History

There is no Deformation History data available for Unnamed.

Emission History

There is no Emissions History data available for Unnamed.

GVP Map Holdings

Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.

The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

There are no samples for Unnamed in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.

External Sites