Global Volcanism Program | Garibaldi Lake

The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports available for Garibaldi Lake.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Garibaldi Lake.

The Global Volcanism Program has no Bulletin Reports available for Garibaldi Lake.

Basic Data

Volcano Number

Last Known Eruption

Elevation

Latitude
Longitude

320190

Unknown - Evidence Credible

2,316 m / 7,598 ft

49.933°N
123°W

Morphology

Volcano Landform
Cluster

Volcano Types
Volcanic field

Rock Types

Major
Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Basalt / Picro-Basalt

Minor
Dacite
Trachyandesite / Basaltic Trachyandesite

Tectonic Setting

Subduction zone
Continental crust (> 25 km)

Population

Within 5 km
Within 10 km
Within 30 km
Within 100 km

6,635
6,635
28,109
2,218,089

Geological Summary

A group of nine small andesitic stratovolcanoes and basaltic andesite vents in the scenic Garibaldi Lake area immediately north of Mount Garibaldi was formed during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The oldest stratovolcano, The Black Tusk, formed between about 1.3 and 1.1 million years ago (Ma). Following glacial dissection, renewed volcanism (0.21-0.17 Ma) produced the lava dome and flow forming its summit. Other Pleistocene vents are located along and to the west of the Cheakamus River. The Cinder Cone, to the east of The Black Tusk, produced a 9-km-long lava flow during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene (0.04 ± 0.04 Ma). Mount Price, west of Garibaldi Lake, was formed in three stages dating back to 1.1 million years, the latest of which produced two large lava flows from Clinker Peak during the early Holocene that ponded against the retreating continental ice sheet and formed the barrier containing Garibaldi Lake. The Table, a steep-sided subglacial tuya south of Garibaldi Lake, was also formed during the early Holocene.

References

The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography.

Green N L, 1981. Geology and petrology of Quaternary volcanic rocks, Garibaldi Lake area, southwestern British Columbia summary. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 92: 697-702.

Green N L, 1990. Late Cenozoic volcanism in the Mount Garibaldi and Garibaldi Lake volcanic fields, Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia. Geosci Can, 17: 171-174.

Green N L, Armstrong R L, Harakal J E, Souther J G, Read P B, 1988. Eruptive history and K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 100: 563-579.

Hickson C J, Edwards B R, 2001. Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards in Canada. In; Brooks G R (ed) A Synthesis of Geological Hazards in Canada, Geol Surv Can Bull, 548: 1-248.

Hickson C J, Soos A, Wright R, 1994. Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. Geol Surv Canada Open-File Rpt.

Mathews W H, 1958. Geology of the Mt. Garibaldi map-area, S.W. British Columbia. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 69: 186.

Wood C A, Kienle J (eds), 1990. Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ Press, 354 p.

Eruptive History

The Global Volcanism Program is not aware of any Holocene eruptions from Garibaldi Lake. If this volcano has had large eruptions (VEI >= 4) prior to 12,000 years ago, information might be found on the Garibaldi Lake page in the LaMEVE (Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions) database, a part of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.

Cones

Feature Name

Feature Type

Elevation

Latitude

Longitude

Black Tusk, The

Stratovolcano

2310 m

49° 58' 31.00" N

123° 2' 35.00" W

Cinder Cone, The

Cone

1895 m

49° 58' 15.00" N

123° 0' 25.00" W

Clinker Peak

Stratovolcano

1983 m

49° 54' 52.00" N

123° 2' 38.00" W

Price Bay

Cone

1788 m

49° 55' 30.00" N

123° 2' 3.00" W

Price, Mount
Red Mountain

Stratovolcano

2049 m

49° 55' 4.00" N

123° 2' 7.00" W

Sphinx Moraine

Vent

2378 m

49° 54' 7.00" N

122° 57' 5.00" W

Table, The

Tuya

2020 m

49° 53' 43.00" N

123° 0' 48.00" W

Photo Gallery

The Garibaldi Lake volcanic field consists of nine small stratovolcanoes and vents of Pleistocene to Holocene age around Garibaldi Lake, seen here with Mount Garibaldi in the background. Mount Price, in the center of the photo, is a small andesitic stratovolcano. Clinker Peak on the west flank produced two Holocene lava flows that dammed Rubble Creek at the right-hand margin of this photo, forming Garibaldi Lake.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

The low ridge in the center of the photo consists of early Holocene lava flows that originated from Clinker Peak on Mount Price to the south (out of view to the left). The lava flows ponded against the retreating continental glacier that filled the Cheakamus River valley to a depth of 1 km and formed a barrier that created Garibaldi Lake.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

The cliff along Rubble Creek is the margin of the early Holocene lava flows that formed Garibaldi Lake. The steep lava flow margin formed when the flow ponded against the retreating continental glacier filling the Cheakamus River valley. This has been the source of several landslides down Rubble Creek, leaving a scarp known as The Barrier.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Black Tusk is a glacially eroded lava dome from the earliest stage of activity of the Garibaldi Lake volcanic field about 1 million years ago. The light-colored ridge to the right is a glacial moraine.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

The irregular mound in the center of the photo is Cinder Cone, a late-Pleistocene cone of the Garibaldi Lake volcanic field. The cone formed during two periods of activity, the latest of which produced a lava flow down the glaciated valley to the north.

Photo by Lee Siebert, 1983 (Smithsonian Institution).

Garibaldi Lake is a group of nine cones around the lake in the center of this October 2020 Planet Labs satellite image monthly mosaic (N is at the top; this image is approximately 16.5 km across). The three cones SW of the lake center are Price Bay, Mount Price, and Clinker Peak. The Black Husk is the dark cone about 2.5-3 km N of the upper part of the lake, and The Cinder Cone is 2.5 km SE of that.

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).

Smithsonian Sample Collections Database

There are no samples for Garibaldi Lake in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.

External Sites

Copernicus Browser

The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions.

MIROVA

Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity.

MODVOLC Thermal Alerts

Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales.

WOVOdat
   Single Volcano View
   Temporal Evolution of Unrest
   Side by Side Volcanoes

WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.

GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments.

Volcanic Hazard Maps

The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter.

IRIS seismic stations/networks

Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Garibaldi Lake. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice.

UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations

Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Garibaldi Lake. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player.

DECADE Data

The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO₂ to the atmosphere, but installing CO₂ monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere.

Large Eruptions of Garibaldi Lake

Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA).

EarthChem

EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS).