PVMBG reported that daily white emissions rose 50-500 m above Slamet’s summit and drifted W during 15-21 May. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). On 16 May the exclusion zone was increased from 2 km to 3 km based on monitoring data.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Eruption with ash plumes and incandescent lava, 14 March-18 September 2014
The most recent Bulletin report on Slamet volcano detailed an eruption from approximately April to June 2009 (BGVN 34:05). From January 2011 to May 2015 (the period covered by this report), one period of eruptive activity occurred between 14 March and 18 September 2014. The eruption was characterized by ash plumes up to 4.6 km, ashfall up to 20 km from the summit, and numerous incandescent lava ejections. Thermal anomalies from this eruption were recorded in the MODIS/MODVOLC satellite data and two reports of ash explosions were observed by the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). Between late September 2014 and May 2015, the volcano continued emitting steam plumes but there were no further explosions.
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) reported that between 6 September 2009 and July 2011 there were no eruptions from Slamet. Intermittent steam plumes rose as high as 500 m above the crater. Seismicity and the temperature of hot water from nearby springs both decreased from earlier levels. On 11 July 2011, the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (meaning normal, on a scale of 1-4). No further reports of Slamet volcanic activity were offered until March 2014.
Renewed activity during March-September 2014. Both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes at Slamet increased in frequency beginning in early March 2014. Observers at a post in Slamet Gambuhan village, about 10 km N of the volcano, also noted that increasingly dense steam plumes rose to 600 m during the first week (1-7 March), and up to 1,000 m during 8-10 March. This prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert level from 1 to 2 on 10 March for the first time in 3 years. Steam plumes were rising as high as 1.2 km by 14 March when incandescence from the crater was observed at 2148 during an eruption. Ash plumes rose 800-1,000 m and drifted E.
Brownish-white steam plumes rose as high as 2 km during 15-21 March 2014. For the rest of March and April, white steam plumes rising to 600 or 800 m were more typical. Ash explosions were observed every week from 15 March through late April, rising as high as 2,000 m in late March and early April, drifting both E and W, depending on weather conditions. An increase in intensity of the explosions near the end of April prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert level to 3 for a brief period between 30 April and 12 May, requiring people to stay at least 4 km from the volcano. Ejecta from the volcano fell 300 m from the summit during 19-25 April. Tephra during 26-30 April fell as far as 1,500 m W of the summit with ash plumes rising to 1,700 m. Incandescence was observed hundreds of times between 26 and 29 April. The rumbling reported between 27-29 April was strong enough to rattle windows at the observation post 10 km N. MODIS/MODVOLC thermal satellite data recorded hot spots during 18-30 April, correlating well with the observations of incandescence.
Various seismic signals including explosion earthquakes, emission earthquakes, and shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes fluctuated during 8-28 March 2014. During 29 March-30 April 2014 seismicity from explosions and emissions increased noticeably (figure 4) and inflation was detected. There was also a dramatic increase from 6% to over 70% in the dissolved carbon dioxide content of a hot spring on the south side of Slamet during 17-20 March 2014.
PVMBG reported that in May 2014, incandescence was visible 14 times and there were ash plumes reaching 150-1,500 m above the summit that drifted NW and W. White steam plumes were typically visible 300-800 m above the summit. The volcano was quieter in early June with steam plumes rising only to 500 m and no ash explosions reported. Eruptive activity steadily increased from mid-June through August. During 15-30 June there were 14 moderate explosions reported that generated ash plumes 500-1,400 m above the summit and drifted N and W. Thirty-one explosions of ash were observed during the first two weeks of July that generated 300-1,500 m high plumes, drifting N and W. A very active interval with 148 observed ash plumes from 15 to 31 July sent plumes up to 2,000 m above the summit that drifted N and E. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 July 2014 a low-level ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) and drifted 83 km W and N.
In early August 2014 thick gray ash plumes rose 300-800 m above the summit drifting N, E, and W, with 100 explosions observed between 1 and 12 August. Seismicity also increased, and ejected material was deposited on the flanks as far as 1,500 m to the W and SW from the crater. Incandescence and rumbling/roaring noises were also reported. The Alert Level was again raised to 3 on 12 August 2014 and remained there through the end of 2014.
A large number of incandescent lava ejections were reported during September. One active period that month was 9-11 September, when brownish steam plumes rose to 1,500 m and incandescent lava ejections were observed up to 600 m above the summit more than 200 times. On 17 September a 1,200-m-high ash plume drifted S and SW from the summit, and several incandescent lava ejections were observed up to 500 m above the summit. Ash deposits 0.1-0.2 mm thick was reported 20 km S of the volcano. Darwin VAAC also reported ash drifting E at 4.6 km (15,000 ft). Incandescent ejections and a 500-m-high ash plume drifting W was also observed on 18 September (figure 5). The MODVOLC satellite image data again reported hot spots at Slamet between 28 July and 12 September 2014, which correlates with the most observations of incandescence from the volcano during this time.
Figure 5. Mount Slamet emits lava and gas during its eruption as seen from Pandansari village in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia on 18 September 2014. (Photo by Idhad Zakaria (AP) from time.com). |
While seismicity during March and April was dominated by emissions and explosion signals, during mid-September and October high amplitude tremors were abundant before tapering off at the end of November. Explosion signals stopped after mid-September, but the emission signals continued strongly through the period, although no more ash explosions were reported (figure 4). Deformation data indicated that relatively little pressure was accumulating due to magma movement.
Post-eruption, September 2014-May 2015. Activity at Slamet decreased considerably after 18 September. There were no reports recorded for October. Except for a report in early November of steam plumes rising to 1,500 m, the plumes remained at or below 500 m through early January. Deformation and geochemical data showed no significant changes during this period. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 on 5 January 2015.
During 1 February-10 April 2015 dense white plumes rose 50-800 m above Slamet's crater. Seismicity consisted of emission signals and a few tremors. The emission signals started to increase on 18 February and periods of continuous tremors were recorded during 21-22 and 28-29 March 2015, although no explosions were reported. Dense white plumes reported by PVMBG during 21 April-21 May 2015 rose up to 700 m above the crater with continued emission-related seismicity.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Time.com, 18 September 2014 (URL: http://time.com/3397931/mount-slamet-volcano-indonesia/).
2024: May
2023: September
| October
2020: October
2019: August
2015: April
| May
2014: March
| April
| May
| July
| August
| September
| December
2011: July
2009: April
| May
| June
| August
| September
2007: March
PVMBG reported that daily white emissions rose 50-500 m above Slamet’s summit and drifted W during 15-21 May. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). On 16 May the exclusion zone was increased from 2 km to 3 km based on monitoring data.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that daily white emissions rose 50-100 m above Slamet’s summit and drifted S and W during 25-30 October. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 30 October and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported continuing inflation and increased seismicity at Slamet in a 19 October press release. An increase in the amplitude of a continuous tremor signal was recorded by the seismic network on 1 October and a period of harmonic tremor that lasted one hour and 18 minutes was recorded on 18 October. Tiltmeter and Electronic Distance Measurement data from the Cilik station located at an elevation of 1,500 m showed inflation while another station (Buncis) showed deflation; the Jurangmangu station located at a lower elevation than Cilik showed no significant deformation pattern. Inflation was recorded in tilt data at the Bambangan station (at 2,000 m elevation) during 11-18 October. Gas emissions rose 50-300 m above the summit. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) due to increasing activity and the public was warned to stay outside a 2 km radius.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
In a 2 October press release PVMBG noted recent inflation and increased seismicity at Slamet. In 2023 seismicity was dominated by earthquake signals indicating movement of fluids around the surface and gas emissions, and these signals averaged 168 per day. Gas emissions rose 25-300 m above the summit. During 24 September-1 October there the number of local tectonic earthquakes increased followed by an increase in tremor amplitude. Tiltmeter and Electronic Distance Measurement data from the Cilik station located at an elevation of 1,500 m showed inflation while another station (Buncis) showed deflation; the Jurangmangu station located at a lower elevation that Cilik showed no significant deformation pattern. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside a 1 km radius.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 1 September-9 October white emissions rose as high as 100 m above Slamet’s summit. During the previous two weeks seismicity significantly decreased, specifically tremor and the signals indicating emissions. The magnitude of earthquakes returned to baseline levels. Tiltmeter data from an instrument on the upper E flank indicated inflation in the upper part of the edifice, though data from an instrument located N of the volcano indicated no overall deformation. On 8 October the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside a radius of 1 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Slamet significantly increased beginning in June, with 51,511 signals indicating emissions and 22 tectonic earthquakes recorded through 8 August. White plumes with variable density rose as high as 300 m above the crater rim.Tremor began to be recorded at the end of July with gradually increasing amplitude. In addition, notable inflation was detected at the end of July and long-term temperatures of hot springs showed an upward trend. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 21 April-21 May dense white plumes rose as high as 700 m above Slamet's crater. Seismicity consisted of emission signals and tremor; RSAM values fluctuated. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists were warned to not approach the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 1 February-10 April dense white plumes rose 50-800 m above Slamet's crater. Seismicity consisted of emission signals and tremor; emission signals started to increase on 18 February and periods of continuous tremor were recorded during 21-22 and 28-29 March. RSAM values fluctuated but rose overall. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists were warned to not approach the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 1 November-5 January white plumes rose at most 1.5 km above Slamet's crater. RSAM values fluctuated but decreased overall in December through 5 January. Deformation and geochemical data showed no significant changes. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 5 January. Residents and tourists were warned to not approach the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 13-16 September white plumes rose 50-200 m above Slamet's crater. An explosion on 17 September produced a dense blackish-gray ash plume that rose as high as 1.2 km and drifted S and SW. Incandescent material was ejected 200-500 m high and booming noises were reported. Ash fell in areas as far as 20 km S. Although white plumes mostly rose from the crater the next day, an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted W. During 19-20 September white plumes rose 100 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported explosive activity from Slamet during 4-12 September. During the past week, activity peaked with incandescent explosions; rumbling sounds were heard by scientists at the Slamet observation post. On 11 September the largest ash plume was observed (200-1,500 m above the summit) and incandescent plumes reached 400 m above the summit. Seismicity was dominated by emissions and explosion signals. Deformation data indicated that relatively little pressure was accumulating due to magma movement. PVMBG maintained the Alert Level 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 1-12 August 100 thick gray ash plumes rose 300-800 m above the summit drifting N, E, and W, seismicity increased, and ejected material was deposited on the flanks 1.5 km from the crater on the W and SW at Slamet. Incandescence and rumbling/roaring noises were reported. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12 August. Residents and tourists were warned not approach the crater within a radius of 4 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 July a low level plume from Slamet rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 83 km W and N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
CVGHM reported that incandescence had been visible 14 times in May and there were ash eruptions reaching 150-1,500 m above Slamet’s summit that drifted NW and W. White plumes were typically visible 50-800 m above the summit in May and June. There were 14 moderate ash eruptions during 15-30 June that generated plumes 500-1,400 m above the summit and drifted N and W. Incandescence was visible three times in June. During 1-2 July, there were 17 moderate ash plumes that generated plumes 300-1,200 m above the summit that drifted N and W. Alert Level 2 was maintained and visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
BNPB reported that the Alert Level for Slamet was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12 May because activity had decreased. Visitors and tourists were prohibited from approaching the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Badan Nacional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)
PVMBG reported that during 29 March-30 April seismicity at Slamet increased and inflation was detected. Observers noted that white plumes rose as high as 800 m above the crater, and dense gray ash plumes rose as high as 2 km and drifted E and W. During 19-25 April the plumes were gray to brown, and ejected material was deposited on the flanks 300 m from the crater. Crater incandescence was noted. During 26-30 April the ash plumes continued to have a brownish component, and material fell in areas within 1.5 km W. The crater was again incandescent. Rumbling noises were reported and windows at the Slamet observation post rattled during 27-29 April. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 30 April. Residents and tourists were warned not approach the crater within a radius of 4 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 8-14 March dense white plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above Slamet, and ash plumes rose 800-1,000 m and drifted E. Incandescence from the crater was observed at 2148 during an eruption on 14 March. Brownish-white plumes rose 2 km on 15 March and ash plumes rose 1.2 km and again drifted E. During 22-28 March white-to-gray plumes rose 1.3 km. Dense gray ash plumes rose 2 km and drifted W. White plumes were observed on 29 March. Various seismic signals including shallow volcanic earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and volcanic earthquakes fluctuated during 8-28 March. Carbon dioxide emissions significantly increased during 17-20 March. PVMBG noted that activity, based on visual and instrument monitoring, continued to fluctuate; on 29 March the Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists were warned not approach the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Slamet increased during 1-10 March, particularly during 8-10 March. Observers at a post in Slamet Gambuhan village, about 10 km away, noted that diffuse to dense white plumes rose as high as 600 m above the crater during 1-7 March, and as high as 1 km during 8-10 March. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 10 March; visitors and tourists were advised not to approach the crater within a radius of 2 km.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
CVGHM reported that between 6 September 2009 and July 2011 eruptions from Slamet had been absent and plumes (likely steam) rose as high as 500 m above the crater. Seismicity and the temperature of hot water from springs both decreased. On 11 July, the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
The Darwin VAAC reported that on 12 September a low-level ash plume from Slamet was observed by a pilot. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 8 August an ash plume from Slamet rose 90 m above the summit. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
CVGHM reported that during 8-28 June tephra was ejected 50-700 m above Slamet's crater and incandescent material was ejected 50-300 m above the crater. Booming noises were reported. During 23-29 June, incandescence and ash emissions were not observed. On 29 June, CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Slamet to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) because of decreased seismicity and emissions.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
CVGHM reported that during 26 May-4 June activity from Slamet fluctuated, but decreased overall. The number of earthquakes and the temperature of water in areas around the volcano were lower. Inflation and deflation fluctuated within a range of 2 cm. White plumes rose 100-750 high. During 5-7 June, activity was characterized by inflation and an increased number of earthquakes. During that time, white plumes were accompanied by ash emissions that rose 200-800 m from the crater, incandescent material was ejected 50-200 m above the crater, and booming noises were reported. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Based on ground information from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 27 May an ash plume from Slamet rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. Analysis of satellite imagery indicated that a possible plume rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l., but ash was not conclusively detected.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
On 26 May, CVGHM reported that since 21 April seismicity from Slamet continued to increase or remain elevated; the peak of activity was on 17 May. White-to-brown "eruption smoke" rose about 800 m above the crater and inflation was detected. Ashfall was detected in areas 5-9 km away. The temperature of water in several locations on the flanks increased. During 12 and 21-23 May, lava fountains rose 100-400 m above the crater rim. White-to-gray "smoke" rose 150 m above the crater and ejected incandescent material onto the W flank. On 22 May, ashfall was reported in Sawangan village, 5 km W. On 23 May, an ash plume rose 1 km above the crater and ash fell on the N flank. Ash accumulated to1 mm near the observation post. The next day, an ash plume rose 700 m above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
During 23 April-5 May, CVGHM reported that seismicity from Slamet increased and an eruption originating from the western part of the crater continued. During times of clear weather, observers reported that incandescent lava, ejected 25-100 m above the crater, fell back into and around the active crater. Gray and white "smoke" rose 100-800 m from the crater. Occasionally a "thunderous" noise accompanied eruptions of ash. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
CVGHM reported that seismicity from Slamet increased during 19-23 April. Diffuse white plumes rose about 50 m above the crater on 20 April. During 21-23 April, white and white-to-brownish plumes rose 50-800 m above the crater. On 23 April, the Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4); people were advised not to climb the summit. According to a news article, a CVGHM volcanologist stated that lava was ejected 600 m high and ash bursts up to 112 times within a 6-hour period were detected.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Jakarta Globe
According to a news article, a volcano observer monitoring Slamet reported on 1 April that plume activity had increased in intensity and frequency over the previous two weeks. Plumes rose to an estimated altitude of 3.8 km (12,500 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Earth Times
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Incandescent tephra; ashfall to 85 km
Slamet began to erupt ash and incandescent tephra at about 1800 on [12] July. At 0700 the next morning, explosions were occurring once a minute, ejecting incandescent fragments to 500 m above the vent. Ash fell 45 and 85 km NE at Cirebon and Brebes. By 1500, eruptive activity had stopped but heavy fuming continued from one of the active craters, feeding an 800-m plume. The moderate activity was consistent with most of the volcano's 38 eruptions in the past 200 years and no evacuation was ordered.
The eruption was preceded by periods of brief harmonic tremor on 9 July and six hours of increased seimicity including brief tremor episodes on 10 July. A second radio-telemetered seismometer will be installed on the volcano.
Information Contacts: VSI.
Activity decreases to quiet fuming
The eruption that began on 12 July ejected incandescent lava to 100 m above the summit, accompanied by a 200-m fume cloud. Similar activity continued the next day [see also 14:11]. Between 14 and 19 July, heavy fuming produced an 800-m light-colored plume. After 19 July, only quiet fuming persisted. No evacuations were necessary.
Information Contacts: VSI.
Increased seismicity and gas emission
Increased seismicity (table 1) and gas emission have been observed at Slamet since the second week in October. A white plume rose as much as 300 m, compared to 100-150 m the previous week. Geologists noted that a small eruption could occur at any time. The alert level has been increased and local officials have been notified. Slamet's most recent activity was a weak 30-hour Strombolian eruption 12-13 July [1988], preceded by tremor that began at 1145. No casualties were reported.
Seismicity | A-type | B-type | Degassing |
07 Oct 1989 | -- | 1 | 11 |
08 Oct 1989 | -- | -- | 30 |
09 Oct 1989 | 25 | 18 | 200 |
10 Oct 1989 | 200 | 10 | 11 |
Information Contacts: VSI.
Continued gas emission
The crater was covered by thick solfataric gas, but no significant changes were observed during fieldwork. Earthquakes associated with gas emissions were recorded an average of 776 times/day.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI; AP.
Plume emission follows harmonic tremor episodes
Harmonic tremor episodes (average frequency 2.5 Hz) began at 1730 on 24 June and were continuing as of early July. A dense 200-m-high plume was observed on 28 June. COSPEC measurements, started on 29 June, yielded SO2 fluxes of 66-87 t/d, compared to 30 t/d in 1988.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.
Increased seismicity and gas emission
Seismicity increased in January-February 1995. Continuous volcanic tremor (maximum amplitude 21 mm) was recorded during 14-19 January, followed by intermittent tremor (maximum amplitude 10 mm) until 26 January and during 6-10 February. Earthquakes associated with gas emissions were recorded at an average rate of 50 events/day in late January; by the end of February these had increased to 150 events/day (figure 06sla01f). No explosive activity was observed or detected.
Figure 1. Daily number of gas-emission earthquakes and tremor amplitude at Slamet, January-February 1995. Courtesy of VSI. |
Information Contacts: W. Tjetjep, VSI.
A modest steam plume and seismic signals during September
During September steam rose 150 m over the summit and seismic signals continued.
Information Contacts: Wimpy S. Tjetjep, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia, Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia.
Tremor and ash emission mark greatest unrest since last eruption in 1989
Mount Slamet has been predominantly quiet since its last eruption in 1989. During the week of 27 April-3 May, however, the volcano's status was raised to "Alert." That week and the next, "white ash emissions" reached 400 m and hot-spring temepratures ranged from 40 to 81°C. Tremors constituted the dominate seismic events. Slamet ejected black ash from its crater over 1-2 May, prompting concern. Government officials warned residents to stay away from the area following several outbursts within a 10-day period.
During 4-17 May seismicity was dominated by tremor with 4- to 30-mm amplitudes, and "thin-to-thick white ash plumes" reached 400 m height. During 18-24 May ash plumes only rose 25-100 m; tremor amplitudes declined to 0.5-20 mm. There was an increase in volcanic events, with B-type events increasing from 9 to 68 and A-type increasing from 10 to 26.
Information Contacts: Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
Ash emissions June-September; new seismograph measures constant tremor
Moderate eruptive activity at Slamet, including ash emission and seismicity of varying intensity, continued during June-September. On most days during this period a "thick white plume of ash" rose as high as 600 m above the summit. The thickness of the ash cloud increased in September.
A new PS-2 type seismograph was added to the existing seismic monitoring network on 29 May. Tremor with amplitudes ranging from 0.5 to 15 mm was the dominant seismic type recorded during June. During 15-21 June tremor amplitudes ranged from 3-30 mm. In July small explosion earthquakes prevailed. Beginning in late July and continuing to 20 September, tremor was nearly constant with amplitudes up to 15 mm. Seismicity tended to increase toward the end of September (figure 2).
Figure 2. Number of volcanic earthquakes (A- and B-type) recorded at Slamet during June-September 1999. Data courtesy of VSI. |
Information Contacts: Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
During May-October 2000, continuous tremor and abundant explosion earthquakes
The following report covers mid-May to late October 2000. Activity increased during the third week of May when tremor events commonly reached amplitudes of 0.5-10 mm, and a white low-density plume rose 50-400 m above the summit. By the second week of June maximum tremor amplitudes reached 15 mm. A white gas-rich plume rose up to 200 m above the summit. In the last week of July, seismographs recorded 713 small explosion earthquakes along with tremor, and a dense white plume rose 300 m.
Similar activity persisted through mid-September, when tremor became continuous. The number of small explosion earthquakes increased; seismographs registered 3,244 events during 19-25 September, and 3,765 were registered during 26 September-2 October. A white, variable-density plume erupted continuously during the latter period. After 3 October, however, activity decreased significantly with explosion earthquakes decreasing in number to 199 during the next week. By mid-October both visual and instrumental monitoring confirmed a decrease in eruptive energy. Near the end of the month a low-density plume rose up to 300 m above the summit, but only volcanic tremor was recorded.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
Heavy rains trigger steam plumes during 28 March-3 April 2007
Our last review of Slamet's activity was in November 2000, reporting a white, gas-rich plume from the stratovolcano (BGVN 25:11). We are unaware of subsequent reporting until 28 March 2007. Starting that day and through 3 April, a volcano observer reported that plumes had increased in intensity and frequency. This 7-day interval took place after two weeks of heavy rains. The plumes were of sufficient magnitude to be visible in the provincial capital, Semarang, over 138 km to the ENE. The plumes did not significantly impact residents in vicinity of the volcano. Thermal anomalies (MODVOLC) have been absent on the upper cone during 2000 through 5 June 2008.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Saut Simatupang, 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
During April-June 2009, minor explosive eruptions with occasional lava fountains
Minor eruptions were reported at the active crater during April-June 2009. Small amounts of ash fell several times during May. Witnesses saw lava fountains on 12 and 21-23 May. Previously, steam plumes were associated with heavy rains during 28 March-3 April 2007 (BGVN 33:04).
During 19-23 April 2009 Slamet's seismicity increased. On 20 April, diffuse white plumes rose ~ 50 m above the crater. During 21-23 April, the number of eruption tremors increased steadily, and dense, white-to-brownish plumes rose 50-800 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
On 23 April, the Alert Level was raised to 3; people were advised not to climb the summit. According to a news article in the Jakarta Globe, a volcanologist from the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) stated that lava was ejected 600 m high and ash bursts occurred up to 112 times within a 6-hour period.
According to CVGHM, seismicity continued to increase or remain elevated during 23 April-17 May, peaking on 17 May. During this period, continuous eruptive quakes/tremors were recorded, together with an increase in amplitude (3-46 mm on 12-13 May, rising to about 20-32 mm between 17-24 May). Eruptions from the western part of the crater continued, and inflation was noted. During times of clear weather, observers reported that incandescent lava was ejected 25-100 m above the crater, and then fell back into and around the active crater. Gray and white "smoke" rose 100-800 m from the crater. Occasionally a thunderous noise accompanying eruptions of ash occurred, and ashfall was detected in areas 5-9 km away. The temperature of water in several locations on the flanks increased.
During 12 May and 21-23 May, lava fountains rose 100-400 m above the crater rim. During several eruptions, ejected incandescent material traveled down the W flank. White-to-gray "smoke" rose 150 m above the crater. On 22 May, ashfall was reported in Sawangan village, 5 km W. On 23 May, an ash plume rose 1 km above the crater and ash fell on the N flank. Ash accumulated to 1 mm depth near the observation post. The next day an ash plume rose 700 m above the crater.
Based on ground information from CVGHM, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that on 27 May an ash plume from Slamet rose to an altitude of 4.3 km. Analysis of satellite imagery also indicated that a possible plume rose to an altitude of 6.1 km, but ash was not conclusively detected.
CVGHM reported that during 26 May-4 June activity from Slamet fluctuated, but decreased overall. They found decreases in both the number of earthquakes and the temperature of water in areas around the volcano. Inflation and deflation fluctuated within a range of 2 cm. White plumes rose 100-750. During 5-7 June, activity was characterized by inflation and an increased number of earthquakes. During that time, white plumes were accompanied by ash emissions that rose 200-800 m from the crater, incandescent material was ejected 50-200 m above the crater, and booming noises were reported.
As of 4 June 2009, the Alert Level remained at 3, based on visual data, deformation, earthquakes, and tremor. CVGHM urged the public to don face masks during heavy ashfalls, and to cover water sources to prevent contamination by volcanic ash.
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Jakarta Globe (URL: http://www.thejakartaglobe.com).
Explosions send tephra ~700 m above summit through at least June 2009
Minor explosions at Slamet with occasional lava fountains and small ash plumes occurred from April through early June 2009 (BGVN 34:05). During the rest of June 2009, this activity continued. The Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) reported that during 8-28 June, tephra was ejected 50-700 m above the crater. In addition, incandescent material was ejected 50-300 m above the crater. Booming noises were also reported. During 23-29 June, incandescence and ash emissions were not observed. On 29 June, CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Slamet to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) because of decreased seismicity and emissions.
Based on pilot observations, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that on 8 August and 12 September 2009 ash plumes rose above the summit. In neither case was ash identified on satellite imagery.
June 2009 observations at the summit. Thorsten Boeckel and Martin Rietze climbed Slamet on 13 June 2009 and spent a night at the summit and at their camp at 3,200 m (figure 3). They said that reports issued prior to their climb noted plumes up to 700 m above the summit, but the activity later decreased to a point where the risk of being struck by a volcanic bomb had diminished, though hard hats were worn. These photographers have considerable experience on active volcanoes. Besides Strombolian eruptions, gas-fed flames sometimes reached ~ 20 m high (figure 3).
Approaching the summit they observed the vent to assess the risk and ultimately felt secure in advancing to more exposed positions on the rim. Deafening noise came from the two vents in the middle of the ~ 100-m wide intra-crater cinder cone. Figure 3 (B and E) present overviews of the active crater area. Two vents were glowing.
Initially, each eruption had a similar character, starting with a emission of gas and flames with a slightly blue-green color rising ~ 5 m above the vent. These emissions and flames later grew to reach ~ 20 m above the vent. As the eruptions proceeded the emissions became increasingly red. Eventually there was an explosion and lava fountains jetted up to ~ 200 m above the vent. Occasionally a second vent glowed (figure 3, B and D, and due to flames in H).
Fog at the crater made photography difficult at times. Strong luminosity from the gas flames would sometimes overexpose a portion of the photo. As dawn approached, more forceful tephra emissions generated billowing ash clouds (figure 3, F and G). Next, the loudest detonation of their stay occurred, but explosions did not become more violent over the next 6 hours.
Boeckel and Rietze had observed flames here in 2006. Rietze, who has visited more than 24 volcanoes, said he had never seen such impressive flames as those at Slamet: "These flames [during the 2009 visit (figure 3 H)] were up to 10-20 m high...shining intensely even without ejecta. In fact this was the reason why all long exposure images were burnt out in the center, it was not possible to photograph the Strombolian phases as with other volcanoes due to this. Of [course, the flames] changed from time to time, sometimes there were flames only, and sometimes only Strombolian phases."
Boeckel and Rietze also presented videos of vigorous flames on their websites. The cause of the flames remains uncertain in the absence of instrumental (eg., spectrometer) data. Occasional reports of combustion and flames are known at volcanoes, for example, from combustion of methane, or hydrogen (the latter, discussed by Naughton, 1973), and flames of various colors were documented in the 1943-1951 eruptions at Parícutin (Luhr and Simkin, 1993). In addition, the eruption of Tolbachik in July 1975 generated flames (Fedotov, 1984), and blue flames were associated with active vents preceding the 18 May 1980 eruption at St. Helens (SEAN 05:03).
During Rietze and Boeckel's 2006 visit, the active intracrater cone contained pits in both the middle and flank areas, with hundreds of small deep-orange flames (up to 2 m high) constantly burning. By 2009 the pits had filled up with debris, but new vents atop this area emitted burning gas and bursts of lava.
References. Fedotov, S.A. (ed.), 1984, The Great Fissure Tolbachik eruption, Kamchatka 1975-1976: Nauka, Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR Far East Science Center, Institute of Volcanology, 637 p. (in Russian).
Luhr, J., and Simkin, T., 1993, Parícutin: The volcano born in a Mexican cornfield: Geoscience Press, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. 427 p.
Naughton, J.J., 1973, Volcanic flame: source of fuel and relation to volcanic gas-lava equilibrium: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (Elsevier Ltd.), v. 37, no. 5, May 1973, p. 1163-1169, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90053-7
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Thorsten Boeckel (URL: http://www.tboeckel.de/); Martin Rietze (URL: http://mrietze.com/i-Slamet09.htm).
Eruption with ash plumes and incandescent lava, 14 March-18 September 2014
The most recent Bulletin report on Slamet volcano detailed an eruption from approximately April to June 2009 (BGVN 34:05). From January 2011 to May 2015 (the period covered by this report), one period of eruptive activity occurred between 14 March and 18 September 2014. The eruption was characterized by ash plumes up to 4.6 km, ashfall up to 20 km from the summit, and numerous incandescent lava ejections. Thermal anomalies from this eruption were recorded in the MODIS/MODVOLC satellite data and two reports of ash explosions were observed by the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). Between late September 2014 and May 2015, the volcano continued emitting steam plumes but there were no further explosions.
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation) reported that between 6 September 2009 and July 2011 there were no eruptions from Slamet. Intermittent steam plumes rose as high as 500 m above the crater. Seismicity and the temperature of hot water from nearby springs both decreased from earlier levels. On 11 July 2011, the Alert Level was lowered to 1 (meaning normal, on a scale of 1-4). No further reports of Slamet volcanic activity were offered until March 2014.
Renewed activity during March-September 2014. Both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes at Slamet increased in frequency beginning in early March 2014. Observers at a post in Slamet Gambuhan village, about 10 km N of the volcano, also noted that increasingly dense steam plumes rose to 600 m during the first week (1-7 March), and up to 1,000 m during 8-10 March. This prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert level from 1 to 2 on 10 March for the first time in 3 years. Steam plumes were rising as high as 1.2 km by 14 March when incandescence from the crater was observed at 2148 during an eruption. Ash plumes rose 800-1,000 m and drifted E.
Brownish-white steam plumes rose as high as 2 km during 15-21 March 2014. For the rest of March and April, white steam plumes rising to 600 or 800 m were more typical. Ash explosions were observed every week from 15 March through late April, rising as high as 2,000 m in late March and early April, drifting both E and W, depending on weather conditions. An increase in intensity of the explosions near the end of April prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert level to 3 for a brief period between 30 April and 12 May, requiring people to stay at least 4 km from the volcano. Ejecta from the volcano fell 300 m from the summit during 19-25 April. Tephra during 26-30 April fell as far as 1,500 m W of the summit with ash plumes rising to 1,700 m. Incandescence was observed hundreds of times between 26 and 29 April. The rumbling reported between 27-29 April was strong enough to rattle windows at the observation post 10 km N. MODIS/MODVOLC thermal satellite data recorded hot spots during 18-30 April, correlating well with the observations of incandescence.
Various seismic signals including explosion earthquakes, emission earthquakes, and shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes fluctuated during 8-28 March 2014. During 29 March-30 April 2014 seismicity from explosions and emissions increased noticeably (figure 4) and inflation was detected. There was also a dramatic increase from 6% to over 70% in the dissolved carbon dioxide content of a hot spring on the south side of Slamet during 17-20 March 2014.
PVMBG reported that in May 2014, incandescence was visible 14 times and there were ash plumes reaching 150-1,500 m above the summit that drifted NW and W. White steam plumes were typically visible 300-800 m above the summit. The volcano was quieter in early June with steam plumes rising only to 500 m and no ash explosions reported. Eruptive activity steadily increased from mid-June through August. During 15-30 June there were 14 moderate explosions reported that generated ash plumes 500-1,400 m above the summit and drifted N and W. Thirty-one explosions of ash were observed during the first two weeks of July that generated 300-1,500 m high plumes, drifting N and W. A very active interval with 148 observed ash plumes from 15 to 31 July sent plumes up to 2,000 m above the summit that drifted N and E. Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 18 July 2014 a low-level ash plume rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) and drifted 83 km W and N.
In early August 2014 thick gray ash plumes rose 300-800 m above the summit drifting N, E, and W, with 100 explosions observed between 1 and 12 August. Seismicity also increased, and ejected material was deposited on the flanks as far as 1,500 m to the W and SW from the crater. Incandescence and rumbling/roaring noises were also reported. The Alert Level was again raised to 3 on 12 August 2014 and remained there through the end of 2014.
A large number of incandescent lava ejections were reported during September. One active period that month was 9-11 September, when brownish steam plumes rose to 1,500 m and incandescent lava ejections were observed up to 600 m above the summit more than 200 times. On 17 September a 1,200-m-high ash plume drifted S and SW from the summit, and several incandescent lava ejections were observed up to 500 m above the summit. Ash deposits 0.1-0.2 mm thick was reported 20 km S of the volcano. Darwin VAAC also reported ash drifting E at 4.6 km (15,000 ft). Incandescent ejections and a 500-m-high ash plume drifting W was also observed on 18 September (figure 5). The MODVOLC satellite image data again reported hot spots at Slamet between 28 July and 12 September 2014, which correlates with the most observations of incandescence from the volcano during this time.
Figure 5. Mount Slamet emits lava and gas during its eruption as seen from Pandansari village in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia on 18 September 2014. (Photo by Idhad Zakaria (AP) from time.com). |
While seismicity during March and April was dominated by emissions and explosion signals, during mid-September and October high amplitude tremors were abundant before tapering off at the end of November. Explosion signals stopped after mid-September, but the emission signals continued strongly through the period, although no more ash explosions were reported (figure 4). Deformation data indicated that relatively little pressure was accumulating due to magma movement.
Post-eruption, September 2014-May 2015. Activity at Slamet decreased considerably after 18 September. There were no reports recorded for October. Except for a report in early November of steam plumes rising to 1,500 m, the plumes remained at or below 500 m through early January. Deformation and geochemical data showed no significant changes during this period. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 on 5 January 2015.
During 1 February-10 April 2015 dense white plumes rose 50-800 m above Slamet's crater. Seismicity consisted of emission signals and a few tremors. The emission signals started to increase on 18 February and periods of continuous tremors were recorded during 21-22 and 28-29 March 2015, although no explosions were reported. Dense white plumes reported by PVMBG during 21 April-21 May 2015 rose up to 700 m above the crater with continued emission-related seismicity.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Time.com, 18 September 2014 (URL: http://time.com/3397931/mount-slamet-volcano-indonesia/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Slamat | ||||
Cones |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Cilekatan, Gunung | Cone | |||
Cilik, Gunung | Cone | |||
Kembang, Gunung | Cone | |||
Malang Ii, Gunung | Cone | |||
Malang, Gunung | Cone | |||
Sembung, Gunung | Cone | |||
Terbang, Gunung | Cone | 824 m |
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There is data available for 42 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2014 Mar 8 - 2014 Sep 18 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
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2014 Mar 8 - 2014 Sep 18 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 45 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater
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2009 Apr 21 - 2009 Jun 22 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
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2009 Apr 21 - 2009 Jun 22 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 10 Events for Episode 1
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[ 2000 Jul 16 (?) ± 15 days - 2000 Oct 16 (?) ± 15 days ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2000 Jul 16 (?) ± 15 days - 2000 Oct 16 (?) ± 15 days | Evidence from Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1999 May 1 (?) - 1999 Sep 16 (?) ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1999 May 1 (?) - 1999 Sep 16 (?) ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1988 Jul 12 - 1988 Jul 13 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1988 Jul 12 - 1988 Jul 13 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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[ 1974 May 29 - 1974 May 29 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1974 May 29 - 1974 May 29 | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1973 Aug 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1973 Aug 16 ± 15 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1969 Jun 23 - 1969 Aug 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1969 Jun 23 - 1969 Aug 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1967 May 7 - 1967 Jul 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1967 May 7 - 1967 Jul 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1966 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1966 Jul 2 ± 182 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1960 Dec 16 ± 15 days - 1961 Jan 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1960 Dec 16 ± 15 days - 1961 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1958 Sep 13 - 1958 Nov 5 ± 4 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1958 Sep 13 - 1958 Nov 5 ± 4 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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1958 Apr 17 - 1958 May 7 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1958 Apr 17 - 1958 May 7 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1957 Feb 8 - 1957 Feb 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1957 Feb 8 - 1957 Feb 8 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1955 Nov 12 - 1955 Dec 20 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1955 Nov 12 - 1955 Dec 20 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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1953 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1953 Oct 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1953 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1953 Oct 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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1951 Jun 26 - 1952 Jan 1 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1951 Jun 26 - 1952 Jan 1 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1951 Feb 11 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1951 Feb 11 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1948 Nov 14 - 1948 Dec 15 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1948 Nov 14 - 1948 Dec 15 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1944 May 9 - 1944 Oct 30 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1944 May 9 - 1944 Oct 30 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1943 Oct 2 - 1944 Jan 5 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1943 Oct 2 - 1944 Jan 5 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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[ 1943 Mar 18 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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1943 Mar 18 - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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1940 Mar 15 - 1940 Apr 15 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1940 Mar 15 - 1940 Apr 15 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1939 Dec 4 - 1939 Dec 4 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1939 Dec 4 - 1939 Dec 4 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1939 Mar 29 - 1939 Jul 15 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1939 Mar 29 - 1939 Jul 15 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1937 Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||
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1937 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported |
[ 1934 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||
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1934 - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown |
1933 May 12 - 1933 May 13 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1933 May 12 - 1933 May 13 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1932 Jul 1 - 1932 Sep 10 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1932 Jul 1 - 1932 Sep 10 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1930 Apr 2 - 1930 Apr 13 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1930 Apr 2 - 1930 Apr 13 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1929 Jun 6 - 1929 Jun 15 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1929 Jun 6 - 1929 Jun 15 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1928 Mar 20 - 1928 May 12 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1928 Mar 20 - 1928 May 12 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1927 Feb 27 - 1927 Feb 27 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1927 Feb 27 - 1927 Feb 27 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1926 Nov 23 ± 1 days - 1926 Nov 30 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1926 Nov 23 ± 1 days - 1926 Nov 30 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1923 Jun 2 - 1923 Jun 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1923 Jun 2 - 1923 Jun 2 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1904 Jul 14 - 1904 Aug 9 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1904 Jul 14 - 1904 Aug 9 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1890 Aug 6 - 1890 Aug 29 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1890 Aug 6 - 1890 Aug 29 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1885 Mar 21 - 1885 Mar 30 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1885 Mar 21 - 1885 Mar 30 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1875 Nov 2 ± 2 days - 1875 Dec 26 ± 5 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1875 Nov 2 ± 2 days - 1875 Dec 26 ± 5 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1875 May 29 (in or before) - 1875 Jun 4 ± 4 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1875 May 29 (in or before) - 1875 Jun 4 ± 4 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1860 Mar 19 - 1860 Apr 11 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1860 Mar 19 - 1860 Apr 11 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1849 Dec 1 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1849 Dec 1 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1847 Mar 20 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1847 Mar 20 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1835 Sep - 1835 Sep Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1835 Sep - 1835 Sep | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1825 Oct Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1825 Oct - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1772 Aug 11 - 1772 Aug 12 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1772 Aug 11 - 1772 Aug 12 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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There is data available for 1 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Reference List: Chaussard and Amelung 2012; Philibosian and Simons 2011.
Full References:
Chaussard E, Amelung F, 2012. Precursory inflation of shallow magma reservoirs at west Sunda volcanoes detected by InSAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L21311. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053817
Philibosian, B., and M. Simons, 2011. A survey of volcanic deformation on Java using ALOS PALSAR interferometric time series. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 12: Q11004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003775
There is no Emissions History data available for Slamet.
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.
There are no samples for Slamet in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Slamet. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Slamet. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Slamet | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |