The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported eruptive activity at Ambrym during October and November. In October small steam emissions from both Benbow and Marum craters were visible in webcam images. A low-level thermal anomaly over the volcano was detected in satellite images on 3 October indicating the presence of lava at or near the surface. Low-to-moderate thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images during 1, 2, 5, and 11-12 November. Seismic data confirmed an ongoing volcanic activity. On 12 November interferometry analysis of satellite data indicated magma movement beneath the surface. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Dempo was recorded at 1338 on 23 November. Jets of dark material were ejected around 200 m above the lake’s surface, mainly to the N. The eruption lasted about four minutes based on the seismic data. According to a news article, there were 68 registered climbers on Dempo when the eruption occurred, though no one was near the summit at the time; the volcano was closed to climbers on 24 November. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public were reminded to stay 1 km away from the crater and as far as 2 km on the N flank.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 20-26 November. Ash plumes rose 1-3 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW on 20 November. Daily ash plumes during the rest of the week rose 600-1,500 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. A majority of the webcam images posted with the daily reports showed incandescence at the summit. Rumbling was reported during 21-22 and 26 November. As of 2000 on 23 November there were 5,607 people in evacuation centers and another 7,363 people staying in other locations, according to a news article. Members of the Indonesian Army were sent to seven affected villages to assist with clean up and recovery. BNPB confirmed that at least 422 temporary housing units were to be built within the next two months to accommodate displaced families. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents were prohibited within a radius of 7 km from the center of Laki-laki and within a radius of 8 km on the SW, W, and NW flanks.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News, Antara News, Antara News

The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) reported that a new eruption at the Sundhnúkur crater row began in a location between Stóra-Skógfell and Sýlingarfell, within the Reykjanes volcanic system, after a brief period of precursory seismicity. The eruption was the tenth to have occurred on the Reykjanes Peninsula since March 2021 and the seventh in 2024. A small earthquake swarm started at 2230 on 20 November and was followed by pressure changes in boreholes at 2237, both indicative of a dike intrusion. At 2300 IMO raised the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). A NE-SW-trending fissure opened at 2314 and propagated NE. Lava fountains rose along the fissure and lava spread laterally from the fissure to the E and W, though most of the advancement was to the W. IMO raised the Aviation Color Code to Red at 2319 and noted that a volcanic plume rose to 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l.; the Aviation Color Code was lowered back to Orange at 2354. According to a news article 50-60 people in Grindavík were evacuated along with people at the Blue Lagoon spa and the Svartsengi power station.

IMO confirmed at 0004 on 21 November that no ash was detected in the plume. Gas emissions drifted S towards Grindavík. The Hazard Levels were raised to the highest and second highest levels (on a five-level scale) in five of the six zones, and an updated hazard map was released. Operations at the Keflavík International Airport were not disrupted, though according to a news report at least one flight path to the airport was modified. The eruption had peaked by 0210 on 21 November. The fissure was about 3 km long and no longer propagating; the S end of the fissure was located near Sýlingarfell. The lava effusion rate was an estimated 1,300 cubic meters per second, compared to approximately 2,500 cubic meters per second recorded during the August eruption. The lava front was about 500 m from Grindavíkurvegur. Lava continued to advance W and curved slightly SW around the margins of previous lava flows and earthen barriers constructed to protect the Svartsengi power station and the Blue Lagoon. Workers continued to strengthen the barriers with additional material. Lava flowed over Grindavík road at about 0430 and just before 0800 the lava front reached the Njarðvík Line hot water pipeline; water flow was not disrupted. Lava crossed the Svartsengi power line at around 0900 which caused a power outage in Grindavík and disruptions across the Suðurnes region, based on a news source. IMO noted that by 1155 only the central part of the fissure was active, between Stóri-Skógfell and Sýlingarfell. By midday lava had reached the parking lot of the Blue Lagoon, about 4 km away from the fissure. The lava advanced over the asphalt faster than 100 meters per second [Correction: 100 meters per hour] during 1209-1335, and engulfed a service building.

Subsidence was detected around Svartsengi. Both seismicity and deformation decreased significantly shortly after the eruption began; only a few minor earthquakes continued to be recorded and deformation was minimal in the vicinity of the fissure. An estimated 10 million cubic meters of lava was effused within the first few hours, about half of what had accumulated in the reservoir since the previous eruption.

Overnight during 21-22 November activity along the fissure had concentrated into three segments, each with a growing cone. Lava from the middle crater flowed W and lava from the end craters flowed mostly E. The effusion rate had decreased significantly and lava advancement on the W part of the lava flow had notably slowed. Lava encountered higher areas of the ground, flowed N, and thickened. One of the hazard zones, Zone 4 which includes Grindavík, was lowered one step to the middle level. On 23 November the eruption continued at a steady rate from three craters and the middle cone remained the most active. No earthquakes were recorded, and subsidence continued to be detected. Lava continued to flow W and inflated along the earthen barriers at Svartsengi and Bláa Lónið. A channel of lava flowed along the S flanks of Stóra-Scógfell.

By 0500 on 24 November activity at the craters subsided, though each continued to produce lava flows. Sulfur dioxide gas was detected in Grindavík during the previous few days. During the morning of 24 November tremor levels sharply declined and continued to slightly decrease during 24-25 November. The eruptive activity remained vigorous and was not decreasing as quickly as recorded during previous eruptions. The northern cone was the most active and lava from the cone flowed E. The southern cone ejected lava above the crater rim through the night but was not active on 25 November. Activity at the middle cone was not seen on 25 November. The surface of the W lava flow near Svartsengi had cooled. The eruption continued during 25-26 November, though both subsidence and eruptive activity decreased. Lava from the northern cone continued to flow E; no movement was detected at the W flow. The total volume of erupted lava was an estimated 43 million cubic meters and covered an area of about 8.5 square kilometers.

Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO), Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV)

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch during 14-21 November. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images during 16, 18, and 20-21 November. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

The Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) reported that seismicity at Ulawun increased at around 1600 on 19 November and was characterized as an increase in the magnitude of events resembling volcano-tectonic signals. Signals indicating volcanic tremors increased at around 1830 on 20 November, increased again at around 2015, and then slightly decreased and continued at that level. RVO recommended a declaration of Alert Level Stage 1 (the lowest level of a four-stage scale).

Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO)

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-22 November. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 2134 on 20 November generated an ash plume that rose 1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. On 21 November sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,100 tons per day. An explosion at 0052 on 23 November generated an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted S and ejected blocks 800-1,000 m from the vent. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1458 on 23 November rose 1.6 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

According to a news report the coordinator for the Banda Api observation post stated that the climbing route on the volcano was closed on 18 November due to increased seismicity. The coordinator noted that during 1 August-17 November there were 11 shallow volcanic earthquakes, 541 deep volcanic earthquakes, and 46 local and 250 distant tectonic earthquakes, respectively; three of the events were felt. The average number of earthquakes per day was between 13 and 30 events, though the average was as high as 40 per day. Though the volcano was sometimes obscured by weather conditions, diffuse white plumes were observed rising 20-30 m above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 1 km away from the summit.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 20-26 November. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes that were sometimes dense generally rose as high as 3 km above the summit and drifted NW and W. According to a news report an ash plume that rose 1 km above the summit and drifted NW at 0606 on 25 November contained lightning and produced audible rumbling. PVMBG noted that ash plumes rose as high as 4.6 km above the summit and drifted NW on 26 November. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 14-21 November. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images on 16 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 18-26 November. The flow had filled most of the summit crater with minor advancement in the N part of the E lobe. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit most of the week, though elevated surface temperatures were identified in satellite images during 18-19 and 23-24 November. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 20-26 November. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.2 km above the summit and drifted mainly SW, W, and NW. Daily webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence at the summit of the inner active cone. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported a continuing eruption at Kanlaon during 19-25 November. The seismic network recorded 3-23 daily volcanic earthquakes, and sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 5,125 to 8,040 tonnes per day; weather clouds obscured views on 19 November. Moderate gas-and-steam emissions high as 300 m above the summit and drifted SW and WSW. There was one ash emission event on 21 November and two on 23 November, with each lasting 4-8 minutes long. According to the Tokyo VAAC the ash emissions rose as high as 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and SW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.

Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 14-21 November. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 16 and 19-20 November; weather conditions prevented views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that volcanic activity at Kuchinoerabujima had been declining since mid-August. The number of shallow volcanic earthquakes that had been frequent since the beginning of April, with most epicenters located near Furudake Crater, and few near Shindake Crater (just N of Furudake), had declined; no large-amplitude earthquakes had been recorded. There were no notable changes to hydrothermal fields from late October to mid-November. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions were at low levels, fluctuating between 20 and 60 tons per day, and occasionally below detectable limits. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-5) at 1100 on 20 November and the public was warned to exercise caution around the craters and not to enter restricted areas.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

The Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that continuous ash emissions Manam were identified in satellite images during 20-25 November rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW, W, and SW. Weather clouds occasionally obscured or partially obscured views.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 15-21 November. Seismicity was higher compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 196 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulted from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)

Servicio Geológico Colombiano’s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 19-25 November. The number of seismic events associated with fluid movement decreased in number but increased in magnitude compared to the previous week. Additionally, the number of low-level, long-duration events increased. Webcam images confirmed several ash emissions and higher-temperature ejecta associated with some of these events, though weather clouds sometimes obscured views. Seismicity associated with rock fracturing remained similar in number but decreased in magnitude compared to the previous week. The earthquakes were less than M 1, located below Arenas Crater and the SSW, NE, and SE flanks within 10 km, and had depths of 1-7 km. Low-energy thermal anomalies on the crater floor were identified in satellite data when weather permitted. Gas plumes rose up to 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SW on 21 and 24 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions detected in satellite data were similar to previous weeks. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater, not to spend long periods of time on the Murillo-Cerro Gualí Road, and to avoid drainages in the high-threat zones.

Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)

The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 20-26 November with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 400-900 m above the summit and drifted N, W, and SW. Weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the summit on 24 and 26 November. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 18-25 November. An explosion at 1908 on 18 November generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted S. Multiple eruptive events recorded during 18-19 and 23-24 November produced ash plumes that rose 0.8-1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly SW and W. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)