Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 31 January-6 February 2024
Name	Location	Eruption Start Date	Report Status
Kilauea	Hawaiian Islands (USA)	—	New
Lewotobi	Flores Island	2023 Dec 23	New
Mayon	Luzon (Philippines)	2023 Apr 27 ± 2 days	New
Poas	Costa Rica	2023 Dec 1	New
Ambae	Vanuatu	—	Continuing
Ambrym	Vanuatu	—	Continuing
Awu	Sangihe Islands	—	Continuing
Ebeko	Paramushir Island (Russia)	2022 Jun 11	Continuing
El Misti	Peru	—	Continuing
Great Sitkin	Andreanof Islands (USA)	2021 May 25	Continuing
Ibu	Halmahera	2008 Apr 5	Continuing
Lewotolok	Lembata Island	2020 Nov 27	Continuing
Marapi	Central Sumatra	2023 Dec 3	Continuing
Merapi	Central Java	2020 Dec 31	Continuing
Semeru	Eastern Java	2017 Jun 6	Continuing
Sheveluch	Central Kamchatka (Russia)	1999 Aug 15	Continuing
Stromboli	Aeolian Islands (Italy)	1934 Feb 2	Continuing
Suwanosejima	Ryukyu Islands (Japan)	2004 Oct 23	Continuing
Yasur	Vanuatu	1270 ± 110 years	Continuing

All times are local unless otherwise stated.

Kilauea | 31 January-6 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Kilauea
Hawaiian Islands (USA)

HVO reported that seismicity at Kilauea increased on 27 January and during 27-30 January the locations of the earthquakes became more widespread. Inflation at the summit was ongoing and remained at a high level. Sulfur dioxide gas emission rates were low. Seismicity intensified in the late hours of 30 January, just before midnight. By 0300 on 31 January, the network had recorded 25-30 earthquakes. The earthquakes were located at depths of 1.5-3 km in clusters that had migrated between the area just S of Halema`uma`u Crater and the region SW of the outer caldera boundary. The rate of inflation increased at around 0400. The seismic and deformation data suggested that magma was rising towards the surface, and as a result HVO raised the Volcano Alert Level to Watch (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 0441. They noted that the patterns of earthquake activity and ground deformation were concentrated S of the caldera, so new eruptive activity could occur in or near Halema`uma`u Crater or the region S of the caldera.

Seismicity continued to intensify. During 0300-1755 on 31 January, over 500 earthquakes had been located, making a total of more 1,400 earthquakes recorded since 0900 on 27 January. The earthquakes occurred at a rate of 25-40 per hour. The events were located along the Koa’e fault system, SW of the summit. The magnitudes ranged from less than 1 to as high as 3.4; several of the earthquakes were large enough to be felt by HVO staff in the field and neighboring communities. The larger earthquakes triggered rockfalls in Halema`uma`u. About 20 microradians of inflation were detected by deformation instruments.

Seismicity decreased by the morning of 1 February, with 25-30 earthquakes per hour, and throughout the day the rate dropped further to 15-20 earthquakes per hour. The events continued to be located at depths of 1-4 km with epicenters in the vicinity of Pu’ukoa’e, 8-11 km SW of the caldera. Seismic and deformation data suggested that magma continued to move along the fault system. Models suggested that as much as 30 million cubic meters of magma had accumulated in the region SW of the caldera. Instruments detected almost 40 microradians of inflation by the morning on 1 February, but by 2 February the deformation data indicated deflation. Earthquake and ground deformation rates decreased significantly during 2-3 February, suggesting that the intrusion of magma had slowed or stopped and that the likelihood of an eruption had decreased. At 0810 on 3 February the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Advisory, and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Lewotobi | 31 January-6 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Lewotobi
Flores Island

PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano was ongoing during 31 January-6 February. Incandescence at the summit and from the lava flow on the NE flank was visible in webcam images during the week. On 31 January dense white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted N and NE. At 0825 on 2 February a white-and-gray ash plume rose 700 m and drifted N and a pyroclastic flow descended the N flank as far as 500 m. An eruptive event was recorded at 1248 but it was not observed. At 1429 a dense white-and-gray ash plume rose as high as 1.5 km and drifted N. White steam-and-gas plumes were visible on the other days rising to 500 m above the summit and drifting N, NE, and S; no emissions were observed on 4 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 4-km radius around Laki-laki crater, 5 km to the NNE, and 6 km on the NE flanks.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News, Antara News

Mayon | 31 January-6 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Mayon
Luzon (Philippines)

PHIVOLCS reported that unrest continued at Mayon during 31 January-6 February. Crater incandescence was visible daily. The seismic network recorded a few volcanic earthquakes and rockfall signals during the week. A phreatic explosion was recorded by the seismic network at 1647 on 4 February and lasted for two minutes and 49 seconds. The explosion produced an ash-and-steam plume that rose 1.2 km above the summit and drifted SW, ejected blocks onto the flanks, and generated pyroclastic density currents that descended the flanks. Booming noises were reported by residents. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 0-5 scale). Residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Poas | 31 January-6 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Poas
Costa Rica

OVSICORI-UNA reported that small, frequent phreatic eruptions at Poás continued during 30 January-6 February. Data from the monitoring network indicated that around 600 events per day were occurring, though most of the events did not eject material more than 50 m high, and only a few ejected material more than 100 m. At 0712 on 4 February a phreatic eruption produced a plume of steam, sediments, and water that rose 200 m. The report noted that small eruptive events were occurring at a rate of 20-25 events per hour before the 0712 event, ceased afterwards, and then resumed to a rate of about 20 events per hour. On 6 February incandescence at the vent was visible in webcam images and was attributed to the combustion of native sulfur. This phenomenon was last visible in 2019.

Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)

Ambae | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ambae
Vanuatu

On 31 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions at Ambae were ongoing based on data from monitoring systems. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Ambrym | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ambrym
Vanuatu

The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported that lava effusion in Ambrym began on 13 January and lasted for four days, producing a lava flow in Benbow Crater. Since then, steam emissions were ongoing and observed through 31 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Awu | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Awu
Sangihe Islands

In a press release for Awu, PVMBG reported that both the number and intensity of earthquake events increased during 29-31 January; the signals possibly indicated the movement of magma to shallower depths. Inflation had been recorded since June 2023 and was ongoing. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Ebeko | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ebeko
Paramushir Island (Russia)

KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 25 January-1 February. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 29 January and 1 February generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l and drifted SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

El Misti | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

El Misti
Peru

Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the NW flank of El Misti at 1640 on 5 February, impacting the Matagente drainage.

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Great Sitkin | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Great Sitkin
Andreanof Islands (USA)

AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 31 January-6 February with growth concentrated at the center of the flow in the summit crater. A few small volcanic earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network each day. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam views during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Ibu | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ibu
Halmahera

PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 17-23 January. White-and-gray ash emissions rose 200-1,500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. An eruptive event at 2200 on 2 February produced a white, gray, and black ash plume that rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted mainly SW. Booming noises were heard at the observation post. According to a news article, incandescent material was ejected 600 m above the summit and as far as 1 km to the N, NW, W, and S. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), with the public advised to stay outside of the 2 km hazard zone and 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News

Lewotolok | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Lewotolok
Lembata Island

PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 31 January-6 February. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 200 m above the summit and drifted NE, E, and SE on most days. Ejected incandescent material fell around the crater area on 2 February. White-and-gray plumes rose 50-100 m above the summit and drifted E on 5 February. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Marapi | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Marapi
Central Sumatra

PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 31 January-6 February. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 31 January-4 February. According to the Darwin VAAC an ash plume rose 400 m above the crater at 0430 on 3 February, though weather conditions prevented identification in satellite data. PVMBG noted that white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-500 m above the summit and drifted S, SW, and W on 5 February. According to a news source, residents reported vibrations and noises from the volcano from an eruptive event at 1516 on 5 February. The Darwin VAAC reported that at 1528 and 1702 on 6 February ash plumes were identified in satellite images rising as high as 800 m above the summit and drifting S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), FPMKI

Merapi | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Merapi
Central Java

BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 26 January-1 February. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 143 lava avalanches, triple in number compared to the previous week, that descended the S and SW flanks: three traveled S as far as 1 km down the upper part of the Boyong drainage and 140 traveled SW as far as 1.7 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage. A total of 10 pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng drainage, traveling as far as 2.4 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome identified in webcam images were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Sources: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG), Antara News

Semeru | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Semeru
Eastern Java

PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 31 January-6 February. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes rose 500-1,300 m above the summit and drifted W, N, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Sheveluch | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sheveluch
Central Kamchatka (Russia)

KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 25 January-1 February with a daily thermal anomaly identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Stromboli | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Stromboli
Aeolian Islands (Italy)

INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 29 January-4 February. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at three vents in Area N (one at N1 and two at N2), within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from two vents at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) in the crater terrace. Weather conditions sometimes prevented webcam views. Low-intensity explosions occurred at a rate of 2-5 per hour at Area N2 and ejected mainly coarse material (bombs and lapilli) as high as 80 m above the vents. Variable-intensity explosions in sector S2 (Area C-S) averaged 5-9 per hour from the vents, ejecting a mix of coarse material higher than 150 m. The Dipartimento della Protezione Civile maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-level scale).

Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV), Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Suwanosejima | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Suwanosejima
Ryukyu Islands (Japan)

JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 29 January-5 February. Crater incandescence was observed in webcam images nightly and rumbling was occasionally heard in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW). A total of three explosions were recorded during the week, ejecting large blocks as far as 300 m from the vent. The first explosion, at 1135 on 29 January, produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The second explosion was recorded at 0950 on 31 January, though details about emissions were unknown. The third explosion, at 2223 on 31 January, generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Yasur | 31 January-6 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Yasur
Vanuatu

On 31 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5) during the month. Recent satellite observations indicated an increase in steam, gas, and ash emissions from the summit crater. Explosions continued, with some ejecting bombs that landed back in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.

Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

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Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers

1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

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URL: https://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

Acronyms and Abbreviations

a.s.l. - above sea level

AVO - Alaska Volcano Observatory

AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

CENAPRED - Centro Nacionale de Prevencion de Desastres (México)

CONRED - Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres

COSPEC - Correlation Spectrometer

CVGHM (formerly VSI) - Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

CVO - Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS)

GMS - Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GVO - Goma Volcano Observatory

GVP - Global Volcanism Program (Smithsonian Institution)

HVO - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS)

ICE - Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (Costa Rica)

IG - Instituto Geofísico (Ecuador)

IGNS - Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (New Zealand) - now GNS Science

INETER - Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaragua)

INGEMMET - Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico (Peru)

INGEOMINAS - Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (Colombia)

INGV-CT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (Italy)

INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (Guatemala)

IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)

JMA - Japanese Meteorological Agency

KEMSD - Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Seismilogical Department

KVERT - Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team

M - magnitude

METEOSAT - Meteorological Satellite

MEVO - Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory

MWO - Meteorological Watch Office

NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center

NIED - National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan)

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

OVDAS - Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (Chile)

OFDA - Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (Chile)

OVPDLF - Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (France)

OVSICORI-UNA - Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philippines)

RSAM - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement

RVO - Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SERNAGEOMIN - Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (Chile)

SIGMET - Significant Meteorological Information

SNET - Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (El Salvador)

SVERT - Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (Russia)

USAID - US Agency for International Development

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

VAAC - Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD - Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion

VDAP - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (USGS)

VHP - Volcano Hazards Program (USGS)

VRC - Volcano Research Center (Japan)

Report for Kilauea
HVO reported that seismicity at Kilauea increased on 27 January and during 27-30 January the locations of the earthquakes became more widespread. Inflation at the summit was ongoing and remained at a high level. Sulfur dioxide gas emission rates were low. Seismicity intensified in the late hours of 30 January, just before midnight. By 0300 on 31 January, the network had recorded 25-30 earthquakes. The earthquakes were located at depths of 1.5-3 km in clusters that had migrated between the area just S of Halema`uma`u Crater and the region SW of the outer caldera boundary. The rate of inflation increased at around 0400. The seismic and deformation data suggested that magma was rising towards the surface, and as a result HVO raised the Volcano Alert Level to Watch (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) at 0441. They noted that the patterns of earthquake activity and ground deformation were concentrated S of the caldera, so new eruptive activity could occur in or near Halema`uma`u Crater or the region S of the caldera.

Seismicity continued to intensify. During 0300-1755 on 31 January, over 500 earthquakes had been located, making a total of more 1,400 earthquakes recorded since 0900 on 27 January. The earthquakes occurred at a rate of 25-40 per hour. The events were located along the Koa’e fault system, SW of the summit. The magnitudes ranged from less than 1 to as high as 3.4; several of the earthquakes were large enough to be felt by HVO staff in the field and neighboring communities. The larger earthquakes triggered rockfalls in Halema`uma`u. About 20 microradians of inflation were detected by deformation instruments.

Seismicity decreased by the morning of 1 February, with 25-30 earthquakes per hour, and throughout the day the rate dropped further to 15-20 earthquakes per hour. The events continued to be located at depths of 1-4 km with epicenters in the vicinity of Pu’ukoa’e, 8-11 km SW of the caldera. Seismic and deformation data suggested that magma continued to move along the fault system. Models suggested that as much as 30 million cubic meters of magma had accumulated in the region SW of the caldera. Instruments detected almost 40 microradians of inflation by the morning on 1 February, but by 2 February the deformation data indicated deflation. Earthquake and ground deformation rates decreased significantly during 2-3 February, suggesting that the intrusion of magma had slowed or stopped and that the likelihood of an eruption had decreased. At 0810 on 3 February the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Advisory, and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow.
Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO)

Report for Lewotobi
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano was ongoing during 31 January-6 February. Incandescence at the summit and from the lava flow on the NE flank was visible in webcam images during the week. On 31 January dense white-and-gray ash plumes rose as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted N and NE. At 0825 on 2 February a white-and-gray ash plume rose 700 m and drifted N and a pyroclastic flow descended the N flank as far as 500 m. An eruptive event was recorded at 1248 but it was not observed. At 1429 a dense white-and-gray ash plume rose as high as 1.5 km and drifted N. White steam-and-gas plumes were visible on the other days rising to 500 m above the summit and drifting N, NE, and S; no emissions were observed on 4 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 4-km radius around Laki-laki crater, 5 km to the NNE, and 6 km on the NE flanks.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News, Antara News

Report for Mayon
PHIVOLCS reported that unrest continued at Mayon during 31 January-6 February. Crater incandescence was visible daily. The seismic network recorded a few volcanic earthquakes and rockfall signals during the week. A phreatic explosion was recorded by the seismic network at 1647 on 4 February and lasted for two minutes and 49 seconds. The explosion produced an ash-and-steam plume that rose 1.2 km above the summit and drifted SW, ejected blocks onto the flanks, and generated pyroclastic density currents that descended the flanks. Booming noises were reported by residents. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 0-5 scale). Residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.
Sources: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

Report for Poas
OVSICORI-UNA reported that small, frequent phreatic eruptions at Poás continued during 30 January-6 February. Data from the monitoring network indicated that around 600 events per day were occurring, though most of the events did not eject material more than 50 m high, and only a few ejected material more than 100 m. At 0712 on 4 February a phreatic eruption produced a plume of steam, sediments, and water that rose 200 m. The report noted that small eruptive events were occurring at a rate of 20-25 events per hour before the 0712 event, ceased afterwards, and then resumed to a rate of about 20 events per hour. On 6 February incandescence at the vent was visible in webcam images and was attributed to the combustion of native sulfur. This phenomenon was last visible in 2019.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)

Report for Ambae
On 31 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions at Ambae were ongoing based on data from monitoring systems. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.
Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Report for Ambrym
The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-Hazards Department (VMGD) reported that lava effusion in Ambrym began on 13 January and lasted for four days, producing a lava flow in Benbow Crater. Since then, steam emissions were ongoing and observed through 31 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.
Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)

Report for Awu
In a press release for Awu, PVMBG reported that both the number and intensity of earthquake events increased during 29-31 January; the signals possibly indicated the movement of magma to shallower depths. Inflation had been recorded since June 2023 and was ongoing. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Ebeko
KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 25 January-1 February. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 29 January and 1 February generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l and drifted SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Report for El Misti
Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the NW flank of El Misti at 1640 on 5 February, impacting the Matagente drainage.
Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Report for Great Sitkin
AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin during 31 January-6 February with growth concentrated at the center of the flow in the summit crater. A few small volcanic earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network each day. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam views during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Report for Ibu
PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 17-23 January. White-and-gray ash emissions rose 200-1,500 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. An eruptive event at 2200 on 2 February produced a white, gray, and black ash plume that rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted mainly SW. Booming noises were heard at the observation post. According to a news article, incandescent material was ejected 600 m above the summit and as far as 1 km to the N, NW, W, and S. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), with the public advised to stay outside of the 2 km hazard zone and 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Antara News

Report for Lewotolok
PVMBG reported that the eruption at Lewotolok continued during 31 January-6 February. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 200 m above the summit and drifted NE, E, and SE on most days. Ejected incandescent material fell around the crater area on 2 February. White-and-gray plumes rose 50-100 m above the summit and drifted E on 5 February. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Marapi
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 31 January-6 February. White gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 31 January-4 February. According to the Darwin VAAC an ash plume rose 400 m above the crater at 0430 on 3 February, though weather conditions prevented identification in satellite data. PVMBG noted that white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-500 m above the summit and drifted S, SW, and W on 5 February. According to a news source, residents reported vibrations and noises from the volcano from an eruptive event at 1516 on 5 February. The Darwin VAAC reported that at 1528 and 1702 on 6 February ash plumes were identified in satellite images rising as high as 800 m above the summit and drifting S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), FPMKI

Report for Merapi
BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 26 January-1 February. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 143 lava avalanches, triple in number compared to the previous week, that descended the S and SW flanks: three traveled S as far as 1 km down the upper part of the Boyong drainage and 140 traveled SW as far as 1.7 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage. A total of 10 pyroclastic flows descended the Bebeng drainage, traveling as far as 2.4 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome identified in webcam images were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Sources: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG), Antara News

Report for Semeru
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 31 January-6 February. Daily gray-and-white ash plumes rose 500-1,300 m above the summit and drifted W, N, and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Sheveluch
KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 25 January-1 February with a daily thermal anomaly identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Report for Stromboli
INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 29 January-4 February. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at three vents in Area N (one at N1 and two at N2), within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from two vents at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) in the crater terrace. Weather conditions sometimes prevented webcam views. Low-intensity explosions occurred at a rate of 2-5 per hour at Area N2 and ejected mainly coarse material (bombs and lapilli) as high as 80 m above the vents. Variable-intensity explosions in sector S2 (Area C-S) averaged 5-9 per hour from the vents, ejecting a mix of coarse material higher than 150 m. The Dipartimento della Protezione Civile maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-level scale).
Sources: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV), Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Report for Suwanosejima
JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 29 January-5 February. Crater incandescence was observed in webcam images nightly and rumbling was occasionally heard in Toshima village (3.5 km SSW). A total of three explosions were recorded during the week, ejecting large blocks as far as 300 m from the vent. The first explosion, at 1135 on 29 January, produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The second explosion was recorded at 0950 on 31 January, though details about emissions were unknown. The third explosion, at 2223 on 31 January, generated an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted E. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from the crater.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Report for Yasur
On 31 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5) during the month. Recent satellite observations indicated an increase in steam, gas, and ash emissions from the summit crater. Explosions continued, with some ejecting bombs that landed back in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.
Source: Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD)