On 29 March the Icelandic Meteorological Office noted that Hekla had been quiet the previous few days; no additional earthquakes had been detected since a period of increased seismicity during 10-26 March. The Icelandic Civil Defense continued to maintain a level of "uncertainty".
Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)
Elevated seismicity during March-April 2013
Introduction. This Bulletin report covers the unusual seismic activity recorded at Hekla from early March through April 2013. The last Bulletin report (BGVN 25:06) on Hekla clarified errors concerning NASA's airborne plume experiments on 29 February 2000, which occurred during Hekla's last eruption.
Several references have been included to provide more information on Hekla's most recent eruptions in 1991 and 2000. Below are also two maps showing Hekla's location and lava flows created during some of Hekla's eruptions (figures 2 and 3).
March 2013. On 10 March 2013, the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) began detecting micro-earthquakes at Hekla. The IMO detected at least 7 high-frequency earthquakes whose magnitudes ranged from 0.4-1. The earthquakes were recorded over a small area approximately 4.5 km to the NE of Hekla's summit with a source 11-12 km below the surface. The earthquakes were judged as the result of brittle fracture rather than a consequence of magma moving. It is important to note a clustering of earthquakes such as these is uncommon during non-eruption periods at Hekla.
The IMO informed the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police (NCIP) of the occurrence of these earthquakes. This type of activity had not been seen since Hekla's last eruption. With this information the NCIP and the Police Commissioner at Hvolsvöllur declared an 'uncertainty phase', which is the lowest of three warning level regarding natural hazards. The IMO also changed the Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow. The Aviation Colour Code is a 5-level color code scale that informs the aviation community of a volcano's status. The 5 levels in order of increasing volcanic activity are Grey, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. According the IMO website, the Yellow color code signifies that a "volcano is experiencing signs of elevated unrest above known background levels or, after a change from [a] higher alert level…"
On 28 March, no seismic activity was detected at Hekla for ~4 days. No obvious signs of an imminent eruption were reported. Nevertheless, the 'uncertainty phase' warning level was kept in effect and the Aviation Colour Code remained Yellow. For the last few days of March 2013, no new activity was reported.
April 2013. For the first three days of April, Hekla remained quiet, but the 'uncertainty phase' warning level remained in effect. On 4 April, the IMO changed the Aviation Colour Code from Yellow to Green. No changes in gas or heat were observed at Hekla's summit and no crustal movement was detected. Due to the low activity, the 'uncertainty phase' warning level was removed.
Hekla continued to be quiet until 26 April, when an M 1.1 earthquake occurred in the same area as the earthquakes in March. No other activity was reported at Hekla for the rest of April.
References. Aviation Colour Code map, Icelandic Meteorological Office, date accessed 17 March 2015, (URL: http://en.vedur.is/weather/aviation/volcanic-hazards/ )
Gudmundsson, A., Oskarsson, N., Grönvold, K., Saemundsson, K., Sigurdsson, O., Stefansson, R., Gislason, S., Einarsson, P., Brandsdottir, B., Larsen, G., Johannesson, H., and Thordarson, T., 1992, The 1991 eruption of Hekla, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v54, pp 238-246, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00278391 )
Hekla volcano 2013-daily reports, Trip to Iceland, 27 March 2013, date accessed March 17, 2015, (URL: http://www.trip-to-iceland.com/culture/hekla-volcano-2013-daily-reports/ )
Höskuldsson, Á., Óskarsson N., Pedersen, R., Grönvold, K., Vogfjörð, K., and Ólafsdóttir, R., 2007, The Millennium Eruption of Hekla in February 2000. Bulletin of Volcanology, v70 (2), pp 169-82, DOI 10.1007/s00445-007-0128-3, data accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-007-0128-3# )
Seismic activity in Mount Hekla, Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV), 26 March 2013, date accessed 17 March 2015, (URL: http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-in-mount-hekla)
Soosalu, H. and Einarsson P., 2001, Earthquake Activity Related to the 1991 Eruption of the Hekla Volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v63(8), pp 536-544, DOI 10.1007/s00445-001-0177-y, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-001-0177-y# )
Soosalu, H., Einarsson, P., and Jakobsdóttir, S., 2003, Volcanic tremor related to the 1991 eruption of the Hekla volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v65, pp 562-577, DOI 10.1007/s00445-003-0285-y, date accessed 16 Mar 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-003-0285-y#page-1)
Soosalu, H., Einarsson P., and Þorbjarnardóttir, B. S., 2005, Seismic Activity related to the 2000 Eruption of the Hekla Volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v68(1), pp21-36, DOI 10.1007/s00445-005-0417-7, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-005-0417-7)
Information Contacts: Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 7-9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland (URL: http://en.vedur.is/); National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police (NCIP), Civil Protection and Emergency Management Department, Skúlagata 21, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland (URL: http://www.almannavarnir.is/displayer.asp?cat_id=133); and Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, GNS Science, PO Box 30368 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, 5010 New Zealand (URL: http://www.gns.cri.nz/).
2013: March
On 29 March the Icelandic Meteorological Office noted that Hekla had been quiet the previous few days; no additional earthquakes had been detected since a period of increased seismicity during 10-26 March. The Icelandic Civil Defense continued to maintain a level of "uncertainty".
Source: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO)
The Icelandic Meteorological Office noted that since 10 March, at least seven micro-earthquakes at Hekla, ranging in size from M 0.4 to 1, had been detected within a small area about 4.5 km NE of the summit, at depths of 11-12 km. These earthquakes were high-frequency, suggestive of brittle fracturing rather than magma movement. At Hekla, such a clustering of earthquakes is unusual in between eruptions. Continuous measurements of borehole strain and ground-based GPS showed no changes in crustal deformation.
On 26 March the Icelandic Meteorological Office increased the Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow, because of the increased seismic activity. Icelandic Civil Defense together with the Police in Hvolsvöllur had also declared a level of uncertainty for Hekla, although there were no observable signs that an eruption of Hekla was imminent.
Sources: Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO); Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV)
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Eruptions and lava fountaining from multiple fissures starting on 5 May
Card 0933 (07 May 1970) Eruption from fracture system; tephra fall to the N
The following telephone report from Hiynur Sigtryggsson of the Icelandic Weather Bureau was relayed . . . by Paul Bauer. "At approximately 1800 EDT (2200 GMT) on 5 May 1970, the volcano Hekla blew up and is now in eruption."
The following report from the National Research Council of Iceland was relayed . . . by Jules Friedman. "There is an eruption from the fracture system controlling Hekla. There are two outflow centers active at the present time, one is said to be N of Hekla, the other S of Hekla. Aparently short cross fractures across the main Hekla fracture system are involved. There was, at least yesterday (5 May) and possibly continuing today, an eruption cloud. According to reports here in Washington last night, the eruption cloud deterred light aircraft and prevented any more detailed observation. In a sector N of the volcano, there was a tephra fall, tephra used in lieu of ash to indicate different size fragments. The wind sector is pointed N so that this is the area affected by the ash fall, and some farms were being evacuated."
Card 0934 (07 May 1970) Inspection flight reveals 13 vents and fissures; dense ash cloud to 29,000 feet
The following report from the Iceland Defense Force was passed to the Center by Commander Bolst. "Reporting from the Commander Iceland Defense Force. Time of the report is 061140 Zulu of May 1970. Due unfavorable weather and danger from flying rock and pumice cloud, P3B aircraft, volcano reconnaissance flight, was directed to remain outside of ten miles with minimum altitude of 10,000 feet. Nevertheless, crew managed to observe the eruption area for about 20 minutes before weather closed in entirely. Apparently there are seven fissure vents along the southeastern slopes of Mount Hekla proper. These had emitted an estimated 4 square miles lava flow. An eighth vent was observed on the NW slope, the peak itself obscured by clouds and smoke. About four miles, bearing 070° from peak, five additional fissures also violently emitting fire and rock but no lava. Latter are not associated with peak or any existing crater but are on relatively flat lava plain. All 13 vents and fissures were emitting fire to an altitude of 500-1,000 feet, and dense ash and smoke were observed to 29,000 feet. Local reports indicate pumice fall and lava flow now subsiding. As area is relatively sparsely settled, Icelanders have accomplished the required evacuation and have situation in hand."
The following cable was received from S. Thorarinsson on 7 May. "Inspection Hekla area reveals eruption not in Hekla proper but separate fissure eruptions with very high fountains N, SW, and S of Hekla."
Card 0936 (11 May 1970) Present activity mainly lava with some pumice production
The following cables were received from H. Sigtryggsson. "Seismic activity recorded Reykjavik began at [2058 on 4 May] with irregular tremors generally increasing until [2200 on 5 May] but subsiding considerably after [2235] and virtually disappearing around midnight. Several earthquakes recorded, first one at [2058 on 5 May] largest at [2140, M 4] last earthquake at [0203 on 6 May]. No seismic activity observed since. Eruption activity first observed [2133 on 5 May] explosive at first with moderate pumice production depth of pumice layer close to 8 cm, 15 km from volcano. Explosive activity decreased after midnight and lava flow became predominant. Eruption cloud initially reached height of about 15 km, initial cloud drifted NNW. Moderate lava flow has reached length of about 2 km. Nuees ardentes not observed. No activity has been observed at the main crater of Hekla, activity mainly confined crater groups about two kilometers to NE of summit crater. present activity mainly lava production with slight pumice production."
"Further information on Hekla eruption. Lava eruption continues with slightly diminished intensity. Sickness of livestock possibly due to effects of volcanic ash or other effects of the eruption have been reported at some farms near the volcano."
Card 0940 (14 May 1970) Summary of fissure locations and activity; high amounts of fluorine
A flank eruption of Hekla occurred shortly after 2100 local time on 5 May. The erupting fissures were at oblique angles from the main Hekla fissure system running very nearly N to S (12° to the E). Initial lava fountaining reached heights of 700-800 m within three hours after the eruption began. The most violent vents were on the SE side of Hekla, four fissures erupted. The first fissure is located on the W flank 2,500 m from the summit and 150 m in length. The second fissure is located 3,000 m to the N of the summit with a length of 400 m at an elevation of 400 m. The third and fourth fissures are located on the SW flank; one at an elevation of 800 m and the other at an elevation of 700 m. They have lengths of 50 m and 700 m respectively. There was some change in lava composition during the first two days. The first ash produced by the eruption contained 8.65% Fe2O3, and the first lava contained 9.3% Fe2O3. Stronium was 310-350 in the same sequence.
Ten square kilometers of surface area were covered by lava during the first 24 hours of the eruption. After the second day the surface area covered by lava has not substantially increased but the thickness of the lava has increased. Total volume of lava is estimated to be 0.5 km3 by 12 May. Total volume of tephra is estimated to be 0.2 km3 by the same date. Seventeen cm deep ash was recorded 10 km from the volcano's summit on the axis of the ash fall. One-half cm deep ash was recorded 300 km from the volcano summit.
Local groundwater is measuring high amounts of flourine, which is toxic to sheep and horses. Fluorine concentration in creek water has been measured at 10 mg per liter.
Eruption cloud recorded on radar reached a height of 53,000 feet on 5 May. By 12 May the S and W craters had come to a complete stop. The W vent stopped on 7 May. The S vent stopped on 9-10 May. The N crater continues activity at a considerably reduced level.
Card 0944 (22 May 1970) New fissure on 20 May has 20 lava fountains
The following cable was received from Dr. Sigurdur Thorarinsson on 22 May 1970. "At 2240 on 20 May, a 1 km length fissure opened up one km further N of northern crater of Hekla volcano. The new fissure direction is NE-SW with 20 fountains playing. Lava flow considerable."
Information Contacts:
Card 0933 (07 May 1970) Icelandic Weather Bureau via Paul Bauer, American University, Washington, D.C. USA; National Research Council of Iceland via Jules D. Friedman, U.S. Geological Survey.
Card 0934 (07 May 1970) Commander, Iceland Defense Force via Lt. Cmdr. Bolst, U.S. Navy, Norfolk, Virginia, USA; S. Thorarinsson, Icelandic Museum of Natural History.
Card 0936 (11 May 1970) Hlynur Sigtryggsson, Icelandic Weather Bureau, Vedurstofa Islands, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Card 0940 (14 May 1970) S. Thorarinsson, Icelandic Museum of Natural History; G.E. Sigvaldason, Science Institute, University of Iceland.
Card 0944 (22 May 1970) S. Thorarinsson, Icelandic Museum of Natural History.
Eruption ends on 3-4 July; area of fluorine poisoning is clearing
Card 0974 (20 July 1970) Eruption ends on 3-4 July; area of fluorine poisoning is clearing
The eruption came to what is likely to be a definite end during the night between 3-4 July. In the areas in North Iceland most seriously affected by fluorine poisoning, so much of the fluorine has been washed away from the ash that the grazing grounds are regarded as tolerably safe for grazing.
Information Contacts: Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Science Institute, University of Iceland.
Review of May-July 1970 eruption
Card 1093-1094 (19 January 1971) Review of May-July 1970 eruption
The eruption commenced at 2123 ± 2 minutes on 5 May 1970, and lasted until 5 July, or exactly two months. The real Hekla fissure, which splits the Hekla ridge lengthwise, did not open up this time except in its extreme SW. The main eruption was from fissures at the base of the Hekla ridge to the SSW (Sudurgigar), and NE (Hlidargigar). The eruption in the Sudurgigar began at an elevation of about 800 m above sea level. The elevation of the highest Hlidargigar, where eruption began about an hour later than in Sudurgigar, is about 640 m. During the first phase of the eruption, the eruption cloud reached 15,000 m height. The main tephra fall lasted about two hours, during which time the tephra production averaged 10,000 m3/sec. The total volume of the tephra produced was about 70 million m3. The bulk of the tephra came from the Sudurgigar crater row SSE of the Hekla ridge. The tephra was carried NNW and reached the north coast of Iceland, 90 km from Hekla, in 2.5 hours. The tephra sector within the 0.1 cm isopach covers 6,950 km2 on land, but altogether there was some tephra fall over an area of about 40,000 km2. The tephra, which had an SiO2 content of 54-55%, was strongly polluted by fluorine, the fluorine content of the freshly fallen tephra being 800-2,000 ppm. About 1,500 ewes and 6,000 lambs were killed by fluorine poisoning.
The production of lava during the first hours averaged about 800 m3/sec. The flow from Sudurgigar ceased on 10 May, and in the Hlidargigar craters NE of the mountain on 20 May, but on the same day a new fissure 0.9 km long opened up 1 km to the north of Hlidargigar. From this fissure lava flowed incessantly until 5 July. A row of craters, now known as Oldugigar, was built up on this fissure. The highest one is about 100 m. The eruption fissures in the Sjkolkviar area are arranged en echelon, and so are seemingly the Sudurgigar eruption fissures. The total area of the 1970 lava is 18.5 km2. The lava from the Sudurgigar covers 6.5 km2, lava on the SW slopes of Hekla 2.1 km2, and the lava from the Hlidargigar and Oldugigar crater rows 9.9 km2. (Hlidargigar lava 5.8 km2, Oldugigar lava 6.6 km2, of which 2.5 km2 covered Hlidargigar lava). The total volume of the 1970 Hekla lava is about 0.2 km3.
The new Hekla lava is andesitic, containing a little olivine, and in chemical composition and texture similar to the lava produced during the last months of the 1947-48 eruption. The outer structure is typical aa lava.
The chemical composition of the lava justifies the view that the 1970 eruption should be classified as a Hekla eruption, although the fissure which splits the Hekla ridge lengthwise took very little part in it.
Information Contacts: Sigurdur Thorarinsson, Science Institute, University of Iceland.
Large tephra cloud and lava flows
"Hekla started erupting at 1328 on 17 August. Small earthquakes were recorded on local seismographs for 20-25 minutes prior to the first explosions but these precursors were not noticed until later.
"This was a mixed eruption starting in the summit area and quickly extending to the full fissure length of 7 km, longer than observed in the 1947 and 1970 eruptions. The initial activity at 1320 was a steam column, then a dark tephra column started between 1327 and 1330. The main tephra fall lasted about 2 hours and extended NNE, and the eruption column reached about 15 km altitude. The maximum tephra thickness 10 km N of the summit was 20 cm, and at the N coast, about 230 km distant, 1 mm or less. The fluorine content in many grazing districts is above danger level, causing problems for livestock, especially sheep. Lava began flowing shortly after the beginning of the eruption. The first flows appeared near the summit, then lava eruption extended to the lower parts of the fissure. Most of the lava issued within 12 hours and nearly all within 24 hours, forming four main separate lava flows, covering an area of about 22 km2. The volume of the lava is estimated at about 0.1 km2 and the tephra somewhat less than in the 1970 eruption, which produced 0.07 km3.
"Glowing scoria was last observed in the early morning of 20 August. Steam emission was continuing as of late August. For the first few days following the eruption this steam column was often darkened at the base, but no glow was observed.
"Preliminary chemical analyses of tephra and lava show composition similar to that of the 1970 eruption products. The last Hekla eruption took place 5 May-5 July 1970, making this period of quiescence of only 10 years the shortest recorded for Hekla since 1104. The shortest previous period between eruptions was 1206-22 and the second shortest was between the 1947 and 1970 eruptions. If the present eruption episode is over now, the behavior is highly unusual. All previous known eruptions have lasted from 2 months to 2 years. Initially there have been a few days of major activity, followed by a few almost quiet days, then renewed explosive activity and lava eruption concentrated on small parts of the fissure."
Information Contacts: K. Grönvold, Nordic Volcanological Institute (NVI); S. Thorarinsson, Univ. of Iceland.
Lava extrusion and ash ejection from summit crater
[The report in 6:4 repeats and expands upon the preliminary information received at press time for 6:3. These reports are combined here.]
An eruption of Hekla was first observed about 0300 on 9 April. The initial activity consisted of ejection of ash columns. Pilots said that ash reached 4.2 km altitude and radar registered the top of an eruption column at 6.6 km above sea level. Ash was blown N, toward the interior of Iceland, falling at least 30 km from the volcano. Lava extrusion from a newly formed summit crater began later on 9 April, reached a peak during the afternoon, then declined gradually until the eruption ended on 16 April. Three flows were extruded, the two largest moving down the N side of the main Hekla ridge, the smallest down the S side. The lava covered an area of 5-6 km2 and extended a maximum of 4.5 km from the crater, reaching the base of Hekla Ridge on both the N and S sides. After the initial ash ejection, activity was dominantly effusive, but a small amount of ash fell E and NE of the volcano later in the eruption. The area has remained inaccessible, but ash amounts were estimated to be only a few millimeters thick. No earthquakes were recorded prior to the eruption, and distinct harmonic tremor did not appear on seismic records until after the eruption began.
Volcanologists interpreted the April activity as a continuation of the much larger eruption of August 1980.
Further Reference. Grönvold, K., Larsen, G., Einarsson, P., Thorarinsson, S., and others, 1983, The Hekla eruption of 1980-1981: BV, v. 46, p. 349-364.
Information Contacts: K. Gronvold, NVI; S. Thorarinsson, Univ. of Iceland.
SO2 detected from 1981 lava flows
The COSPEC detected SO2 N and SW of Hekla's April 1981 lava flows.
Information Contacts: K. Grönvold; NVI; R. Stoiber and S. Williams, Dartmouth College.
Tephra cloud to 10 km above summit; ashfalls to N coast; fluid lava flows from fissure vent
[A preliminary report of Hekla's early 1991 eruption appeared in 15:12. Additional information from Agust Gudmunsson, printed in 16:1, has been added in brackets, replacing some of the original material from 15:12.]
On 17 January, after 10 years of repose, an eruption ejected tephra columns and fed numerous fluid lava flows from fissure vents. Local farmers noticed strong sulfurous smells around 1200-1300, 4-5 hours before the eruption began. Instruments, however, gave less than [30] minutes warning of the eruption. [The first earthquake associated with the eruption occurred at 1632. From 1642, the earthquakes increased in number and the largest attained M 3. Seven borehole strainmeters are located 14-45 km from Hekla, and a conspicuous strain pulse was recorded at 1636, just after the first earthquake. Volcanic tremor started at about 1700. No eruption column was detected by Icelandic Meteorological Office radar at 1700, but it had attained 11.5 km height at 1710. The eruption column was observed from nearby farms at 1705 and 1707.]
Images from the Meteosat geostationary satellite showed a plume extending NNE (azimuth 010°), over an uninhabited area, and by 2000 it was approaching the coast (more than 200 km from the volcano), where light ashfall was reported. Feeding of the eruption cloud appeared to have stopped by 2000, and the plume was clearly detached from the volcano by 2100. At 2300, Meteosat images showed a second eruption cloud, which was again carried NNE and reached 300 km in length before dissipating by 0300. Weather clouds then prevented additional satellite observations.
[During the early hours of the eruption, several fissures were active, including the southern part of the main Hekla fissure.] Numerous lava flows advanced W, E, and S, extending 4-5 km by midnight. Four flank vents were visible and glow could be seen from the summit area, obscured by clouds. Lava viscosity was relatively low, producing comparatively thin, fast-moving flows reminiscent of the 1980 eruption. [Tremor began to decrease at about 1800 and by 0400 the next morning was already down to a relatively low level. Since then it has been slowly decreasing, with occasional short-term increases.
On the second day of the eruption, activity was already more or less restricted to a single fissure on the lower southern flank, trending SE from the top of the volcano. One crater on this fissure was still active as of 8 February. Slight activity could be seen in another fissure on the S side of the volcano until 20 January, but with very little lava flow and no fountains.
The volume of freshly fallen tephra is estimated at roughly 0.02 km3. This is about 1/3 of the estimated volume of tephra generated during Hekla's eruptions in 1970 and 1980. The total area covered by newly erupted lava is 22-23 km2, and the estimated volume of this lava is 0.13 km3 [see also 16:3]. For comparison, the lava from the 1980 eruption covers 24 km2 and its volume is estimated at 0.15 km3. Similarly, the 1970 lava covers 18.5 km2 and has an estimated volume of 0.2 km3. The composition of the 1991 lava is very similar to that of the 1970 and 1980 lavas.]
Hekla, one of the most active volcanoes in Iceland, is near the intersection of the Eastern Volcanic Zone and the transform zone of S Iceland. Although near a zone of spreading, it is not a typical rift volcano. Its products are intermediate to acid in composition. The last two repose periods (1970-80 and 1981-91) are the shortest in Hekla's known history, since 1104. Hekla's previous eruption began on 17 August 1980 and produced about 120 x 106 m3 of lava and 60 x 106 m3 of tephra before activity stopped on 20 August. The eruption resumed on 9 April 1981, extruding another 30 x 106 m3 of lava in the succeeding week; [these two episodes are usually regarded as a single eruption] (Grönvold and others, 1983).
Reference. Grönvold, K., Larsen, G., Einarsson, P., Thorarinsson, S., and Saemundsson, K., 1983, The Hekla eruption 1980-1981: BV, v. 46, p. 349-363.
Information Contacts: P. Einarsson and S. Björnsson, Univ of Iceland; [A. Gudmunsson and]E. Tryggvason, NVI; O. Karst and J. Paquette, NOAA.
Lava effusion ends in early March
"The eruption that started on 17 January (15:12 and 16:1) lasted until 11 March, or nearly 53 days. The eruption produced mainly basaltic andesite lava, with a total area of about 23 km2. Its thickness is as little as 2 m on the steepest slopes of the volcano but exceeds 10 m on flat ground. The estimated average thickness is 6-7 m and the volume of lava is 0.15 km3. The volume of freshly fallen tephra is estimated as roughly 0.02 km3 but negligible when calculated as dense lava. Consequently, 0.15 km3 may be regarded as the total volume produced during this eruption. The lava and tephra are basaltic andesites, almost identical in composition to those produced in the eruptions of 1970 and 1980-81.
"Changes in the volcanic tremor, as well as field observations, indicate that the main eruption occurred from 1700 on 17 January to about 0400 on 18 January. During this period the effusion rate may have attained 2,000 m3/s, but the average production of lava during the first 40 hours of the eruption was ~800 m3/s. After attaining its peak on the first day, the effusion rate decreased rapidly to ~10 m3/s. The rate then decreased slowly during the next three weeks to a temporary minimum of ~1 m3/s on 9 February. The effusion rate increased again on 14 February and was ~10 m3/s on 16 February. The rate decreased to ~3 m3/s on 24 February, to ~1 m3/s on 6 March, and then remained similar until the end of the eruption."
Further Reference. Gudmundsson, A., Oskarsson, N., Grönvold, K., Saemundsson, K., Sigurdsson, O., Stefansson, R., Gislason, S., Einarsson, P., Brandsdottir, B., Larsen, G., Johannesson, H., and Thordarson, T., 1992, The 1991 eruption of Hekla, Iceland: BV, v. 54, p. 238-246.
Information Contacts: A. Gudmundsson, NVI.
Fissure eruption; abundant lava flows produced
On 26 February 2000 the WSW-trending, elongated Hekla volcano erupted. A fissure 6-7 km long opened along the SW flank of the Hekla ridge, from which a discontinuous curtain of lava erupted starting at 1819. Just a few minutes later, at 1825, an ash plume reached a height of 11 km and was carried N by light winds. Based on the tremor amplitude the eruption reached peak intensity in the first hour of activity, then gradually declined.
Seismic networks maintained by the Science Institute at the University of Iceland and the Icelandic Meteorological Office recorded short-term precursors. Small earthquakes were first detected by seismographs at various locations during 1655-1707. These gradually increased and the first well-located earthquakes (M 1-2) started at 1729, centered 1-2 km SE of the summit at depths of a few kilometers. A network of borehole strainmeters operated by the Meteorological Office also detected precursory changes associated with magma movements. A decrease in strain build-up rate, signaling a release of magma pressure, was recorded by a strainmeter in a borehole ~15 km from the summit at 1817.
Notice was given to the National Civil Defense and the Civil Aviation Administration about 40 minutes before the eruption, and the public was alerted about the imminent eruption about 15 minutes before it began through national radio broadcasts. Continuous low-frequency tremor began at 1819, at the same time the eruptive cloud was spotted.
Ashfall was reported on 26 February from Grimsey Island, ~70 km off the N coast of Iceland and 300 km N of Hekla. Although small amounts of ash fell in inhabited areas of N Iceland, most fell in uninhabited areas of the island's interior. Seven hours after the eruption's onset the ash deposit 21 km N had a maximum thickness of 4-5 cm.
Lava flows on 27 February covered a large part of the SE flank. That evening a lava stream flowed N from the erupting fissure at a rate of several meters per hour. Another more active lava stream emanated from three craters near the S end of the fissure; the stream was several kilometers long and advancing at ~1 m/minute.
On 28 February an eruption cloud was deflected towards the S by northerly winds. However weather conditions precluded direct observations. Tremor amplitude continued to slowly decline, and the strength of the eruption was decreasing (figure 1). Two eruption clouds were seen at 0500, confirming that activity was ongoing. Although the craters were not visible in the daylight, the most active crater just S of the summit produced three lava streams down the S flanks. Activity in the N declined during the day on 28 February. At 0630 one lava flow had reached the Vatnafjoll mountains at Lambafell, 5 km S of the summit. Advancing at ~2-3 m/hour, the lava front was estimated to be 8-10 m wide. That evening observers watched Strombolian activity in three craters at the southernmost part of the fissure.
Ashfall was reported on the morning of 29 February 35-40 km S in Fljótshlíð. At 0500 volcanic tremor had started to increase and continued until 1000-1100. By about 0800 all activity in the summit had ceased. During the afternoon of 29 February activity at the southernmost end of the fissure increased again, producing eruption clouds ascending above the summit. In the darkness of the evening, three craters at the southernmost end of the fissure produced lava flowing SW. People watching the lava on the NE flanks reported that they could walk on the stopped flow there.
Vigorous Strombolian eruptions and lava flows on the fissure that cuts the SW slopes were seen during a reconnaissance flight on 1 March during 1100-1230. Four main vents and three smaller vents produced explosions at intervals of 4-5 minutes. At the base of the fissure a large tumuli had developed. The lava streams coming out through the opening of the tumuli joined a stream coming from overflows of the uppermost craters. The S-directed lava flows were fed by the crater closest to the summit. The lava field in the S had only advanced ~100 m since 28 February, but on 1 March it was growing toward the E. By 1 March lava had covered approximately 17 km2.
Increased activity was observed in the upper craters on 2 March, although bad weather persisted from 1200 on 1 March until midday on 3 March. There was also constant steaming from the SW craters, and, compared to 1 March, much larger steam clouds rising from the upper craters. At nightfall explosions were observed at ~30-minute intervals. Glowing lava streams were noted on the flank of the mountain on 2 March.
On 3 March a group of scientists reached the SW lava flow at 1300 and found that the lava front was ~10 m wide and advancing very slowly, ~1-2 m/day. While tracing the lava to the W the group noted that at some places the flow was spreading much faster, up to ~1 m/hour. Following the lava flow along its W side, the group reached its origin at the foot of the volcano, where it emerged from the end of the erupting fissure. At the origin, the estimated flow rate was 0.06 m/s, producing about 10 m3/s of lava. Due to the continuous degassing along the lava stream a blue mist was formed. The blue mist was also observed farther E along the flank of the volcano, indicating that lava was still flowing from the crater close to the summit area. The craters in this region fed the lava flow that moved S toward the Vatnafjoll glacier 10 km SE from Hekla. Later in the evening observers reported that lava was still flowing slowly towards Vatnafjoll. Explosive activity in the uppermost crater of the SW-fissure was characterized by small explosions at 10-20 minute intervals that produced white steam clouds with only trace amounts of ash.
Due to bad weather conditions on 4 March, no direct observations could be made of the eruption. Decreasing eruption tremor was detected. On 5 March the lava flow to the SW was still ongoing according to observations made in the afternoon. At sunset, a red pulsing glow was observed in the uppermost craters of the SW-fissure from the town of Selsundsfjall, 15 km SW. Small eruption clouds were observed on 6 March penetrating the weather clouds covering the summit of Hekla.
During a reconnaissance flight between 1730 and 1830 on 6 March the whole fissure was steaming vigorously and all of the lava flows appeared to have stopped. The lava stream in the SW had left behind an empty channel. Neither incandescence nor explosive activity were observed from the craters. Minor tremors continued on 6-7 March, but may have been related to lava degassing in the feeder dike.
At 0844 on 8 March the last eruptive tremor was detected on seismometers. Based on the end of detectable tremor, and with no signs of new eruptive products since 5 March, it was determined that the eruption ended on the morning of 8 March. Lava covered approximately 18 km2; the preliminary estimate of lava production was 0.11 km3.
Plume investigation. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) contained in plumes from Hekla was detected by the Earth Probe TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) instrument. TOMS imagery at 1154 on 27 February showed that the volcanic cloud was a narrow plume arcing from the volcano in southern Iceland, then N to Greenland, and finally E towards Norway. The plume primarily contained SO2 because almost all of the ash fell out locally. On 28 February the TOMS imagery indicated that plume stretched out over the Barents Sea and possibly into eastern Russia. By 29 February the SO2 cloud had drifted E in a band along the Norwegian and Russian coasts of the Barents Sea.
During a transit flight on 28 February a SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment) mission with an instrument-laden DC-8 aircraft flew through the plume shortly after the eruption ~11.3 km NNE of Iceland at 76°N and 5°W, just off the Greenland coastline. The plume extended up to ~13 km altitude, well into the lower stratosphere. Instruments also measured many in situ trace gases, SO2, HNO3, NO, NOy, O3, and aerosols (volatile and non-volatile), including their size distribution. From about 0508 until 0518 on 29 February the SOLVE aircraft again entered the volcanic cloud. The scientific team reported large enhancements in CN, NOy, HNO3, CO, and particle counts, ozone went to nearly zero, H2O jumped up, and there were strong scattering layers up to 13 km. The plume was a very impressive, orange, airfoil-shaped feature in the pre-dawn sky. The DC-8 engines needed an oil change and new filters after passing through the plume. A flight on 5 March detected enhanced aerosols and SO2 at 1301, but by that time the plume was so diluted that it represented no danger to the aircraft. During the three weeks following the initial encounter the DC-8 detected remnants of the plume trapped within the polar vortex. The resulting analysis concluded that volatile aerosols increased and the sizes of non-volatile large aerosols decreased.
Fluoride analysis. Ash from previous Hekla eruptions has often been the cause of fluorosis in grazing animals. However, during this time of the year most domestic animals are kept indoors, so fluorosis is not expected to become a problem. Freshly fallen ash was measured for soluble fluoride ions (F-). The result was 800-900 mg F/kg. Snow melted by the ash contained about 2,200 mg/l (ppm) of fluoride.
Information Contacts: Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Nordic Volcanological Institute, Grensásvegur 50, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland (URL: http://nordvulk.hi.is); Páll Einarsson, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland; Ragnar Stefánsson, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 9, 150 Reykjavík, Iceland (URL: http://www.vedur.is/); Mark Schoeberl, Code 910, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 USA; Michael Fromm, Computational Physics, Inc., 2750 Prosperity Ave., Suite 600, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA (URL: http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/solve/); Arlin Krueger, Code 916, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 USA.
Clarification of NASA airborne plume experiments on 29 February 2000
NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) advised that information concerning two flights of their DC-8 aircraft as reported in BGVN 25:02 contained errors and requested that the information be corrected with additional details as follows:
"For approximately seven minutes starting at 0510 during a transit flight on 29 February to Kiruna, Sweden, a NASA DC-8 aircraft with a payload of SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment) sensors flew through the plume ~11.3 km NNE of Iceland at 76 °N and 5 °W, just off the Greenland coastline. The plume extended up to ~13 km altitude, well into the lower stratosphere. The aircraft passed thorough the volcanic ash far N and W, and at a flight level much higher, than the predictions reported by the Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), London. Instruments measured many in situ trace gases, SO2, HNO3, NO, NOy, O3, volatile and non-volatile aerosols, and aerosol size distribution. The scientific team reported substantial increases in CN, NOy, HNO3, CO, and particle counts, O3 went to nearly zero, H2O increased, and strong scattering layers up to 13 km were detected.
"A flight on 5 March detected enhanced aerosols and SO2 at 1301, but by that time the plume was so diluted that it represented no danger to the aircraft. During the three weeks following the initial encounter the DC-8 detected remnants of the plume trapped within the polar vortex. The resulting analysis concluded that volatile aerosols increased and the sizes of non-volatile large aerosols decreased."
NASA-DFRC also advised that the statement about the plume being a "very impressive, orange, airfoil-shaped feature in the pre-dawn sky" was erroneous. Post-flight interviews with the pilot indicated that there was no moon out, therefore pitch black sky conditions existed at the time of the encounter. The pilots had no visual evidence of flying into the plume.
Information Contacts: Gary Shelton, NASA, Dryden Flight Research Center, P.O. Box 273, Edwards, CA 93523-0273 USA.
Elevated seismicity during March-April 2013
Introduction. This Bulletin report covers the unusual seismic activity recorded at Hekla from early March through April 2013. The last Bulletin report (BGVN 25:06) on Hekla clarified errors concerning NASA's airborne plume experiments on 29 February 2000, which occurred during Hekla's last eruption.
Several references have been included to provide more information on Hekla's most recent eruptions in 1991 and 2000. Below are also two maps showing Hekla's location and lava flows created during some of Hekla's eruptions (figures 2 and 3).
March 2013. On 10 March 2013, the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) began detecting micro-earthquakes at Hekla. The IMO detected at least 7 high-frequency earthquakes whose magnitudes ranged from 0.4-1. The earthquakes were recorded over a small area approximately 4.5 km to the NE of Hekla's summit with a source 11-12 km below the surface. The earthquakes were judged as the result of brittle fracture rather than a consequence of magma moving. It is important to note a clustering of earthquakes such as these is uncommon during non-eruption periods at Hekla.
The IMO informed the National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police (NCIP) of the occurrence of these earthquakes. This type of activity had not been seen since Hekla's last eruption. With this information the NCIP and the Police Commissioner at Hvolsvöllur declared an 'uncertainty phase', which is the lowest of three warning level regarding natural hazards. The IMO also changed the Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow. The Aviation Colour Code is a 5-level color code scale that informs the aviation community of a volcano's status. The 5 levels in order of increasing volcanic activity are Grey, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red. According the IMO website, the Yellow color code signifies that a "volcano is experiencing signs of elevated unrest above known background levels or, after a change from [a] higher alert level…"
On 28 March, no seismic activity was detected at Hekla for ~4 days. No obvious signs of an imminent eruption were reported. Nevertheless, the 'uncertainty phase' warning level was kept in effect and the Aviation Colour Code remained Yellow. For the last few days of March 2013, no new activity was reported.
April 2013. For the first three days of April, Hekla remained quiet, but the 'uncertainty phase' warning level remained in effect. On 4 April, the IMO changed the Aviation Colour Code from Yellow to Green. No changes in gas or heat were observed at Hekla's summit and no crustal movement was detected. Due to the low activity, the 'uncertainty phase' warning level was removed.
Hekla continued to be quiet until 26 April, when an M 1.1 earthquake occurred in the same area as the earthquakes in March. No other activity was reported at Hekla for the rest of April.
References. Aviation Colour Code map, Icelandic Meteorological Office, date accessed 17 March 2015, (URL: http://en.vedur.is/weather/aviation/volcanic-hazards/ )
Gudmundsson, A., Oskarsson, N., Grönvold, K., Saemundsson, K., Sigurdsson, O., Stefansson, R., Gislason, S., Einarsson, P., Brandsdottir, B., Larsen, G., Johannesson, H., and Thordarson, T., 1992, The 1991 eruption of Hekla, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v54, pp 238-246, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00278391 )
Hekla volcano 2013-daily reports, Trip to Iceland, 27 March 2013, date accessed March 17, 2015, (URL: http://www.trip-to-iceland.com/culture/hekla-volcano-2013-daily-reports/ )
Höskuldsson, Á., Óskarsson N., Pedersen, R., Grönvold, K., Vogfjörð, K., and Ólafsdóttir, R., 2007, The Millennium Eruption of Hekla in February 2000. Bulletin of Volcanology, v70 (2), pp 169-82, DOI 10.1007/s00445-007-0128-3, data accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-007-0128-3# )
Seismic activity in Mount Hekla, Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV), 26 March 2013, date accessed 17 March 2015, (URL: http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-in-mount-hekla)
Soosalu, H. and Einarsson P., 2001, Earthquake Activity Related to the 1991 Eruption of the Hekla Volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v63(8), pp 536-544, DOI 10.1007/s00445-001-0177-y, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-001-0177-y# )
Soosalu, H., Einarsson, P., and Jakobsdóttir, S., 2003, Volcanic tremor related to the 1991 eruption of the Hekla volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v65, pp 562-577, DOI 10.1007/s00445-003-0285-y, date accessed 16 Mar 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-003-0285-y#page-1)
Soosalu, H., Einarsson P., and Þorbjarnardóttir, B. S., 2005, Seismic Activity related to the 2000 Eruption of the Hekla Volcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, v68(1), pp21-36, DOI 10.1007/s00445-005-0417-7, date accessed 16 March 2015 (URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-005-0417-7)
Information Contacts: Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegur 7-9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland (URL: http://en.vedur.is/); National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police (NCIP), Civil Protection and Emergency Management Department, Skúlagata 21, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland (URL: http://www.almannavarnir.is/displayer.asp?cat_id=133); and Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, GNS Science, PO Box 30368 1 Fairway Drive, Lower Hutt, 5010 New Zealand (URL: http://www.gns.cri.nz/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Heklufell | Heklufjall | ||||
Craters |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Austurhraun | Fissure vent | 63° 54' 0" N | 19° 50' 0" W | |
Axlargigur | Fissure vent | |||
Baejarhraun | Fissure vent | 63° 53' 0" N | 20° 2' 0" W | |
Bjallagigar | Fissure vent | 64° 1' 0" N | 19° 39' 0" W | |
Eldividarhraun | Fissure vent | 63° 52' 0" N | 20° 1' 0" W | |
Eskihlidarfjöll | Crater Row | 64° 5' 0" N | 19° 10' 0" W | |
Grafellshraun | Crater Row | 63° 53' 0" N | 19° 40' 0" W | |
Grasleysufjöll | Crater Row | 63° 52' 0" N | 19° 35' 0" W | |
Gunnarsholtshraun | Fissure vent | 63° 52' 0" N | 20° 12' 0" W | |
Haahraun | Fissure vent | 63° 57' 0" N | 19° 38' 0" W | |
Heklugja | Fissure vent | 1491 m | 64° 4' 0" N | 19° 36' 0" W |
Helliskvislarhraun | Fissure vent | 64° 3' 0" N | 19° 25' 0" W | |
Hestolduhraun | Fissure vent | 64° 3' 0" N | 19° 32' 0" W | |
Hlidargigar | Fissure vent | |||
Hraungigur | Fissure vent | |||
Hraunhalshraun | Crater Row | 63° 52' 0" N | 19° 50' 0" W | |
Krafakholahraun | Fissure vent | 63° 51' 0" N | 20° 4' 0" W | |
Krakagigar | Fissure vent | 800 m | 64° 1' 0" N | 19° 29' 0" W |
Kringluhraun | Crater Row | 64° 2' 0" N | 19° 15' 0" W | |
Krokagilsolduhraun | Fissure vent | 64° 1' 0" N | 19° 17' 0" W | |
Krokahraun | Fissure vent | 63° 57' 0" N | 20° 2' 0" W | |
Lambadalshraun | Crater Row | 63° 51' 0" N | 19° 45' 0" W | |
Lambafit
Lambagigar |
Fissure vent | 550 m | 64° 5' 0" N | 19° 22' 0" W |
Langviuhraun | Crater Row | 63° 56' 0" N | 19° 35' 0" W | |
Mundafell
Mundagigar |
Fissure vent | 760 m | 63° 59' 0" N | 19° 33' 0" W |
Oldugigar | Fissure vent | |||
Oxi | Fissure vent | 63° 51' 0" N | 20° 0' 0" W | |
Raudfossahraun | Crater Row | 64° 3' 0" N | 19° 19' 0" W | |
Raudkembingur | Fissure vent | 64° 1' 0" N | 19° 34' 0" W | |
Raudkollar | Fissure vent | 63° 52' 0" N | 19° 51' 0" W | |
Raudölduhraun | Crater Row | 63° 51' 0" N | 19° 46' 0" W | |
Raudoldur | Crater | |||
Raudubjallar | Fissure vent | 550 m | 63° 55' 0" N | 19° 49' 0" W |
Reydarvatnshraun | Fissure vent | 63° 51' 0" N | 20° 9' 0" W | |
Reynifellshraun | Crater Row | 63° 48' 0" N | 19° 52' 0" W | |
Selsundshraun North | Fissure vent | 63° 57' 0" N | 19° 57' 0" W | |
Selsundshraun South | Fissure vent | 63° 56' 0" N | 19° 58' 0" W | |
Stakahraun | Fissure vent | 64° 6' 0" N | 19° 40' 0" W | |
Sudurgigar | Fissure vent | |||
Svalaskardshraun | Crater Row | 64° 2' 0" N | 19° 22' 0" W | |
Svinhofdarhraun | Fissure vent | 63° 58' 0" N | 20° 0' 0" W | |
Taglgigahraun | Fissure vent | 64° 10' 0" N | 19° 20' 0" W | |
Toppgigur | Fissure vent | |||
Trippabjallar
Trippafjoll |
Fissure vent | 682 m | 63° 56' 0" N | 19° 45' 0" W |
Tröllaskógahraun | Crater Row | 63° 52' 0" N | 19° 52' 0" W | |
Valagja | Fissure vent | 64° 6' 0" N | 19° 26' 0" W | |
Vatnafjöll | Fissure vent | 1235 m | 63° 55' 0" N | 19° 40' 0" W |
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There is data available for 65 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2000 Feb 26 - 2000 Mar 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2000 Feb 26 - 2000 Mar 8 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank
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1991 Jan 17 - 1991 Mar 11 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, SW, SE & NE flank fissures | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1991 Jan 17 - 1991 Mar 11 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, SW, SE & NE flank fissures
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1981 Apr 9 - 1981 Apr 16 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit and north flank (900 and 740 m) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1981 Apr 9 - 1981 Apr 16 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Summit and north flank (900 and 740 m)
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1980 Aug 17 - 1980 Aug 20 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, SW and NE flanks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1980 Aug 17 - 1980 Aug 20 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 14 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, SW and NE flanks
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1970 May 5 - 1970 Jul 5 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Sudurgigar, Hlidargigar, Oldugigar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1970 May 5 - 1970 Jul 5 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 16 Events for Episode 1 at Sudurgigar, Hlidargigar, Oldugigar
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1947 Mar 29 - 1948 Apr 21 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Hraungigur, Axlargigur, Toppgigur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1947 Mar 29 - 1948 Apr 21 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 19 Events for Episode 1 at Hraungigur, Axlargigur, Toppgigur
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1913 Apr 25 - 1913 May 18 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | E & NE of Hekla (Mundafit, Lambafit) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1913 Apr 25 - 1913 May 18 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at E & NE of Hekla (Mundafit, Lambafit)
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1878 Feb 27 - 1878 Apr Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | East of Hekla (Krakagigar) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1878 Feb 27 - 1878 Apr | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at East of Hekla (Krakagigar)
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1845 Sep 2 - 1846 Apr 5 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, SW and NE flanks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1845 Sep 2 - 1846 Apr 5 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 15 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, SW and NE flanks
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1766 Apr 5 - 1768 May Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Bjallagigar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1766 Apr 5 - 1768 May | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 14 Events for Episode 1 at Bjallagigar
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1725 Apr 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW, south and east of Hekla | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1725 Apr 2 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW, south and east of Hekla
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1693 Feb 13 - 1693 Sep 14 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1693 Feb 13 - 1693 Sep 14 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 13 Events for Episode 1
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1636 May 8 - 1637 Jun Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1636 May 8 - 1637 Jun | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1
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1597 Jan 3 - 1597 Jun (in or after) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1597 Jan 3 - 1597 Jun (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1
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1554 May - 1554 Jun (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW of Hekla (Raudubjallar) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1554 May - 1554 Jun (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW of Hekla (Raudubjallar)
|
1510 Jul 25 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1510 Jul 25 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 9 Events for Episode 1
|
1440 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SE of Hekla | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1440 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at SE of Hekla
|
1389 Dec 1 ± 30 days - 1390 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit ridge, west flank (Raudoldur) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1389 Dec 1 ± 30 days - 1390 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Summit ridge, west flank (Raudoldur)
|
1341 May 19 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1341 May 19 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1
|
1300 Jul 11 - 1301 Jul Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1300 Jul 11 - 1301 Jul | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1
|
1222 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1222 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
1206 Dec 4 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1206 Dec 4 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
1158 Jan 19 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1158 Jan 19 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
1104 Oct 15 ± 45 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5
Episode 1 | Eruption | H1 tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1104 Oct 15 ± 45 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at H1 tephra
|
1050 ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Austurhraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1050 ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Austurhraun
|
0800 ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Heklutaglahraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0800 ± 50 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Heklutaglahraun
|
0750 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Taglgigahraun, Solvahraun, Stakahraun | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0750 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Taglgigahraun, Solvahraun, Stakahraun
|
0650 ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank (Helliskvislarhraun) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0650 ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank (Helliskvislarhraun)
|
0550 ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0550 ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
|
0350 ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Eskihlidarhraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0350 ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Eskihlidarhraun)
|
0250 ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank (Hestolduhraun), Vatnafjöll | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0250 ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank (Hestolduhraun), Vatnafjöll
|
0150 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Kringluhraun) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0150 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Kringluhraun)
|
0250 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0250 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun)
|
0650 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Svalaskardshraun) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0650 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Svalaskardshraun)
|
0750 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0750 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank, Vatnafjöll (Langviuhraun)
|
0850 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank (Raudkembingahraun), Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0850 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank (Raudkembingahraun), Vatnafjöll
|
1100 BCE ± 50 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5
Episode 1 | Eruption | H3 tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1100 BCE ± 50 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at H3 tephra
|
1150 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Hraunhalsshraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1150 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Hraunhalsshraun)
|
1250 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank, Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1250 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank, Vatnafjöll
|
1350 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1350 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll
|
1550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Seslund pumice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1550 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Seslund pumice
|
1650 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1650 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll
|
1750 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1750 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
|
1850 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | NE flank (Krokagilsoduhraun), Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1850 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at NE flank (Krokagilsoduhraun), Vatnafjöll
|
2310 BCE ± 20 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5
Episode 1 | Eruption | H4 tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2310 BCE ± 20 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at H4 tephra
|
2450 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Reynnisfellshraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2450 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Reynnisfellshraun)
|
2750 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2750 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll
|
2950 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Tröllaskógahraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2950 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Tröllaskógahraun)
|
3350 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Raudkollar, Vatnafjöll (Grafellshraun) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3350 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Raudkollar, Vatnafjöll (Grafellshraun)
|
3450 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3450 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll
|
3750 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3750 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll
|
3950 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Axarhraun, Vatnafjöll | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3950 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Axarhraun, Vatnafjöll
|
4050 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Baejarhraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4050 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Baejarhraun
|
4110 BCE ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | Hekla Ö tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4110 BCE ± 100 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Hekla Ö tephra
|
4150 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Grasleysisfjallahraun) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4150 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Grasleysisfjallahraun)
|
4250 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Knafaholdahraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4250 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Knafaholdahraun
|
4350 BCE ± 1500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Lambadalshraun) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4350 BCE ± 1500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Lambadalshraun)
|
4550 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Krokahraun, Vatnafjöll | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4550 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Krokahraun, Vatnafjöll
|
4650 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Gunnarsholtshraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4650 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Gunnarsholtshraun
|
4700 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Heka DH tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4700 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Heka DH tephra
|
4750 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (west of Laufafell) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4750 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (west of Laufafell)
|
4950 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Vatnafjöll (Raudölduhraun) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4950 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Vatnafjöll (Raudölduhraun)
|
5050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Reydarvatnshraun lava flow, Vatnafjöll | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Reydarvatnshraun lava flow, Vatnafjöll
|
5150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 5
Episode 1 | Eruption | H5 tephra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5150 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at H5 tephra
|
5850 BCE ± 2500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Svinholdahraun | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5850 BCE ± 2500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Svinholdahraun
|
There is data available for 6 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Reference List: Sturkell et al. 2006; Ofeigsson et al. 2011.
Full References:
Ofeigsson, B. G., A. Hooper, F. Sigmundsson, E. Sturkell, and R. Grapenthin, 2011. Deep magma storage at Hekla volcano, Iceland, revealed by InSAR time series analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, B05401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007576
Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and R. Slunga,, 2006. 1983-2003 decaying rate of deflation at Askja caldera: Pressure decrease in an extensive magma plumbing system at a spreading plate boundary. Bull. Volc., 68, 727-735.
Reference List: Sturkell et al. 2006; Ofeigsson et al. 2011.
Full References:
Ofeigsson, B. G., A. Hooper, F. Sigmundsson, E. Sturkell, and R. Grapenthin, 2011. Deep magma storage at Hekla volcano, Iceland, revealed by InSAR time series analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, B05401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007576
Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and R. Slunga,, 2006. 1983-2003 decaying rate of deflation at Askja caldera: Pressure decrease in an extensive magma plumbing system at a spreading plate boundary. Bull. Volc., 68, 727-735.
Reference List: Ofeigsson et al. 2011.
Full References:
Ofeigsson, B. G., A. Hooper, F. Sigmundsson, E. Sturkell, and R. Grapenthin, 2011. Deep magma storage at Hekla volcano, Iceland, revealed by InSAR time series analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, B05401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007576
Start Date: 1991 | Stop Date: 1991 | Direction: Subsidence | Method: Tilt |
Magnitude: Unknown | Spatial Extent: Unknown | Latitude: Unknown | Longitude: Unknown |
Remarks: Tilt measurements show that Hekla subsided during the 1991 eruption. |
Reference List: Sturkell et al. 2006.
Full References:
Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and R. Slunga,, 2006. 1983-2003 decaying rate of deflation at Askja caldera: Pressure decrease in an extensive magma plumbing system at a spreading plate boundary. Bull. Volc., 68, 727-735.
Reference List: Sturkell et al. 2006; Ofeigsson et al. 2011.
Full References:
Ofeigsson, B. G., A. Hooper, F. Sigmundsson, E. Sturkell, and R. Grapenthin, 2011. Deep magma storage at Hekla volcano, Iceland, revealed by InSAR time series analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 116, B05401. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007576
Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and R. Slunga,, 2006. 1983-2003 decaying rate of deflation at Askja caldera: Pressure decrease in an extensive magma plumbing system at a spreading plate boundary. Bull. Volc., 68, 727-735.
Start Date: 1985 | Stop Date: 1991 | Direction: Uplift | Method: Tilt |
Magnitude: Unknown | Spatial Extent: Unknown | Latitude: Unknown | Longitude: Unknown |
Remarks: Tilt measurements show that Hekla uplifted prior to the 1991 eruption. |
Reference List: Sturkell et al. 2006.
Full References:
Sturkell, E., F. Sigmundsson, and R. Slunga,, 2006. 1983-2003 decaying rate of deflation at Askja caldera: Pressure decrease in an extensive magma plumbing system at a spreading plate boundary. Bull. Volc., 68, 727-735.
There is data available for 4 emission periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Start Date: 2000 Feb 26 | Stop Date: 2000 Feb 26 | Method: Satellite (Earth Probe TOMS) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 11 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 11 km | Total SO2 Mass: 183 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
20000226 | 11.0 | 183.000 |
Start Date: 1991 Jan 20 | Stop Date: 1991 Jan 20 | Method: Satellite (Nimbus-7 TOMS) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 7 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 7 km | Total SO2 Mass: 230 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
19910120 | 6.5 | 230.000 |
Start Date: 1981 Apr 09 | Stop Date: 1981 Apr 09 | Method: Satellite (Nimbus-7 TOMS) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 7 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 7 km | Total SO2 Mass: 10 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
19810409 | 7.0 | 10.000 |
Start Date: 1980 Aug 18 | Stop Date: 1980 Aug 18 | Method: Satellite (Nimbus-7 TOMS) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 15 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 15 km | Total SO2 Mass: 460 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
19800818 | 15.0 | 460.000 |
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.
The following 58 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.
Catalog Number | Sample Description | Lava Source | Collection Date |
---|---|---|---|
NMNH 112021 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112022 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112023 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112024 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112025 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112026 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112027 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112028 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112029 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112030 | Scoriaceous Volcanic Bomb | -- | -- |
NMNH 112031 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112032 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112033 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112034 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112035 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112036 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112037 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112038 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 112039 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 112040 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 112041 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112042 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112043 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112044 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112045 | Acidic Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 112046 | Unidentified | -- | -- |
NMNH 112048-1 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112049-2 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112050 | Basaltic Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 112051 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112052 | Basaltic Volcanic Bomb | -- | -- |
NMNH 112053 | Welded Tuff | -- | -- |
NMNH 112054 | Gabbro | -- | -- |
NMNH 112055 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 112056 | Palagonite | -- | -- |
NMNH 112057 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112059 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 112060 | Scoriaceous Volcanic Bomb | -- | -- |
NMNH 116691-11 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-1 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-10 | Sand | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-11 | Sulfur | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-12 | Calcite | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-13 | Quartz | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-14 | Scolecite | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-15 | Scolecite | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-16 | Basaltic Andesite Lapilli | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-17 | Glacial Soil | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-2 | Basalt | Near Oldugigar vent | -- |
NMNH 117676-3 | Basalt | Oldugigar Vent | -- |
NMNH 117676-4 | Basalt | Oldugigar Vent | -- |
NMNH 117676-5 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-6 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-7 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-8 | Obsidian | -- | -- |
NMNH 117676-9 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 73259 | Obsidian | -- | -- |
NMNH 90563 | Volcanic Dust | -- | -- |
Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes (Link to Hekla) | The Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes is an interactive, web-based tool, containing information on volcanic systems that belong to the active volcanic zones of Iceland. It is a collaboration of the Icelandic Meteorological Office (the state volcano observatory), the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, and the Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police, with contributions from a large number of specialists in Iceland and elsewhere. This official publication is intended to serve as an accurate and up-to-date source of information about active volcanoes in Iceland and their characteristics. The Catalogue forms a part of an integrated volcanic risk assessment project in Iceland GOSVÁ (commenced in 2012), as well as being part of the effort of FUTUREVOLC (2012-2016) on establishing an Icelandic volcano supersite. |
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Hekla. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Hekla. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Hekla | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |