Report for Whakaari/White Island
On 28 January GeoNet reported that emissions from Whakaari/White Island during the previous few weeks were characterized as weak-to-moderate gas-and-steam plumes that frequently contained minor amounts of ash. The plumes were visible in images from satellite and webcams (at Whakatane and Te Kaha), and during clearer weather conditions a larger plume was occasionally visible from the Bay of Plenty. The New Zealand Met Service also detected ash in the plumes using satellite images on some of the days. Ash was not visible in emissions during a midday observation overflight on 14 January, but during an overflight to measure volcanic gases later that afternoon, ash was visible in the emissions; sulfur dioxide gas flux was higher compared to periods of lower volcanic activity. A minor event where ash was visible in the plume was recorded in webcam images at 0710 on 27 January. The activity was consistent with moderate-to-heightened levels of unrest, therefore the Volcanic Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) due to the presence of ash in the emissions. GeoNet stated that the Alert Levels were reflective of the current level of activity, but there was uncertainty due to the current lack of consistent, usable, real-time monitoring data; GeoNet relies on remote cameras and satellite images to monitor Whakaari.

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 22-28 January. White and gray gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 750 m above the summit on 22, 26, and 28 January. White gas-and-steam emissions rose as high as 200 m above the summit on 25 and 27 January; no emissions were observed during 23-24 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 17-23 January. Seismicity was less intense than the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 28 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 19 that traveled as far as 1.7 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 19 that traveled as far as 1.6 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 22-28 January with several daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted in several directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 22-28 January. Explosive events were recorded on 22-23 and 25-27 January, generating gray or white-to-gray ash plumes that rose at least 1.6 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions, though daily emissions were also observed in the absence of eruptions. Webcam images posted with the reports showed daily incandescence at the summit and incandescent material being ejected above the summit of the inner active cone during explosions. Faint rumbling was heard at the Lewotobi Laki-laki Observation Post (7 km WNW) on 28 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW.

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that explosive activity continued at Dukono during 22-28 January. Emissions were observed daily; white-and-gray emissions rose as high as 800 m above the summit. Seismicity included 189-340 daily explosion events and episodes of continuous tremor. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1 to 4), and the public was warned to stay outside of the 4-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 22-28 January, with a decrease in eruptive activity resulting in the Alert Level being lowered from Level 4 to Level 3 (on a scale of 1 to 4) at 1700 on 28 January. Additionally, the recommended exclusion zone was adjusted in response to the new Alert Level status, with the public now advised to maintain a distance of at least 4 km from the eruption center, except in the N sector, where the distance extends to 5 km from the N crater wall opening. Eruptive events were recorded daily, generating gray and white-to-gray ash plumes that rose at least 1.2 km above the summit and drifted multiple directions. Webcam images posted with the eruption reports showed incandescence at the summit and occasionally incandescent material being ejected above the summit during explosions. In a special report, PVMBG noted that the lava dome growing in the crater had exceeded the crater wall height, resulting in small collapse avalanches onto the N and NW flanks. Deformation monitoring data (Electronic Distance Measurement surveys) showed a deflationary trend between 1 and 27 January.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 22-28 January. The seismic network recorded 8-35 daily volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic tremor was recorded during 25-27 January with 3-11 periods lasting 4-38 minutes at a time. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,691 to 4,222 tonnes per day. Continuous moderate to voluminous gas-and-steam emissions with occasional ash content rose 100-900 m above the summit and drifted SW and W. During 23-27 January there were 1-14 periods of ash emission lasting 2-65 minutes. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 20-27 January. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Discrete eruption events were recorded at 1217 and 1407 on 22 January and at 0754 on 23 January. Eruptions produced ash plumes that reached 1.2-1.5 km above the crater rim, and ash drifted to the N and SW. One explosive event, detected by infrasound monitoring equipment at 1527 on 25 January, produced ash emissions that reached 800 m above the crater rim and drifted SW. Ballistic projectiles were ejected as far as 300 m from the center of the crater. Tremor accompanied the eruption events and ashfall was reported by the Suwanosejima Branch of the Toshima Village Office (3.5 km SSW). The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-27 January. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. On 20 January sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 3,200 tons per day. Explosions at 1220 on 21 January, 1709 and 2246 on 22 January, 0243 on 23 January, and 1626 on 25 January produced ash plumes that rose 800-2,500 m above the crater rim and drifted E, SE, S, and SW. Some explosions ejected large blocks 900-1,300 m from the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Ahyi
Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued through 24 January. Satellite images showed a plume of discolored water in the vicinity of the seamount on 18 January, indicating possible submarine activity. No signals coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 16-23 January. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 16-23 January. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. Gas-and-steam plumes with variable amounts of ash drifted 60 km NE during 20-21 January, and plumes of resuspended ash drifted 300 km SE during 21-23 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 21-28 January. The local seismic network did not detect any small earthquakes on most or all days during the week. Cloudy satellite and webcam images prevented clear observations. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera continued during 22-28 January from vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions were last recorded on 19 January, after the end of a lava-fountaining episode, and averaged around 800 tonnes per day; sulfur dioxide emissions likely continued at similar levels during 20-21 January. Incandescence was strong at the N vent during 21-22 January, and weak, intermittent spatter from the N vent was visible early on 22 January. Sustained spattering began at about 1457 on 22 January around the time seismic tremor increased, deflation was detected near the vent, and a sulfur dioxide gas discharge was estimated at more than 10,000 tonnes per day. Lava flows were established by 1459, followed at 1551 by domed fountains rising 5-10 m. The activity continued overnight during 22-23 January with lava fountains rising 30-50 m. Pele’s hair fell at the Steaming Bluff parking area and lava flows covered about half of the crater floor. Eruptive activity at the N vent paused at 0430 on 23 January. Intense incandescence from the N vent and spots of orange glow from the crater floor were visible overnight during 23-24 January.

Small, sporadic spattering at the N vent began at around 1800 on 24 January, strengthening into sustained lava fountains by 2315, and then lava flows advancing onto the crater floor at 2328. Lava fountains were rising as high as 45 m by midnight, and a second flow had developed. Fountain heights began to decrease at 0200 on 25 January and by 0300 they were 15-30 m high, and the second lava flow was no longer active. Nearly half of the crater floor had been covered by lava. Lava fountain activity gradually declined throughout the morning and lava flows from the N vent stopped at 1236. A large area of erupted lava overturned around 1358 during a period when lava was draining back into the N vent, and the lava surface at the center of the crater floor dropped about 0.5 m. Spots of orange glow on the crater floor were visible as the lava cooled. Strong incandescence at the N vent was visible.

Around 1330 on 27 January small, sporadic spatter fountains began again and continued to intensify into sustained fountaining by 1841. At 1940 fountains from the N vent were 30-40 m high and fed multiple lava flows. A small fountain at the S vent fed a small flow from the S side of its cone. By 0740 on 28 January the fountains at the N vent were about 40-45 m high and at the S vent were about 30 m high. Then at 1043 the S vent stopped erupting followed by the N vent at 1047. Lava flows covered more than half of the crater floor. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Santa Maria
The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito dome complex during 22-28 January with continuing lava extrusion at Caliente dome. Daily explosions, as many as 6 per hour when reported, generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the dome and drifted SW, W, and NW. Effusion of blocky lava and collapses of material produced block avalanches that descended the flanks in multiple directions almost daily; the avalanches could sometimes be heard in areas several kilometers away. Collapsed material produced short pyroclastic flows on 26 and 27 January. Incandescence at the crater was sometimes visible during dark hours. On 28 January ashfall was reported in Las Marías (9.5 km S), Finca El Patrocinio (8 km SW), San Marcos (10 km SW), Loma Linda Palajunoj (7 km SW), and other nearby communities, and forecasted for areas downwind on most days.

Report for Fuego
The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that low-level eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 22-28 January. Conditions for observation were often unfavorable. Weak explosions were reported on 23 and 26 January, and weak rumbling sounds were heard on 24 January. At night and early morning on 24 and 28 January crater incandescence was observed. Almost daily gas-and-steam emissions were reported rising as high as 750 m above the summit and drifted S, SW, and W.

Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported an explosive eruption at Poás at 0602 on 23 January, but due to weather conditions no visual observations were made. A VONA issued late on 24 January with no supporting details about the activity was retracted the next day by OVSICORI-UNA, noting that there had been no eruption. Volcanic tremor was high but fluctuated throughout the week. High SO2 flux was reported at 400 tons per day (t/d) on 24 January. An increase in uplift deformation was reported on 24 and 27 January.

Report for Purace
The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported that the amplitude of seismic tremor at Puracé increased during the afternoon of 21 January and remained elevated through 23 January. Satellite images captured on 23 January showed a system of cracks and cavities formed during the ash emission on 20 January. Gas-and-steam emissions rose from previously existing fumarolic vents at the Puracé cone and from the two new vents that had opened days before at the Curiquinga cone, located immediately SE of Puracé. Significant levels of sulfur dioxide emissions continued to be detected by instruments at the Puracé summit. Strong sulfur dioxide odors were reported in the communities of Paletará (16 km SW), Puracé (11 km NW), and Popayán (Cauca, 30 km NW). The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Reventador
The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Reventador during 22-28 January. Seismicity was not reported on 22-23 January and only partly recorded on the morning of 24 January, with 22 explosions, due to data transmission issues with the seismic monitoring equipment. From the afternoon of 24 January to the morning of 28 January, seismicity included 63-79 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, harmonic tremor, and tremor associated with emissions. Weather conditions occasionally obscured views of summit activity; however, when the weather permitted, ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam and/or satellite images rising 300-1,300 m above the crater and drifting W, WNW, and NW. The Washington VAAC also issued alerts for ash and gas emissions. The surveillance camera network recorded multiple instances of incandescent material descending as far as 800 m below the crater rim overnight 24-27 January. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Sangay
The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 22-28 January. The seismic network recorded 52-165 daily explosions. During 22-24 and 27 January, gas-and-ash emissions observed in webcam and/or satellite images rose as high as 1.8 km above the summit and drifted multiple directions. The Washington VAAC also issued alerts for ash and gas emissions on those dates. Weather clouds obscured views of summit activity on 25-26 and 28 January. The surveillance camera network recorded multiple instances of incandescence in the crater area during the nights of 22 and 23 January. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Sabancaya
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 20-26 January with a daily average of three explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted less than 10 km W and SW. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 814 tons per day. No thermal anomalies or significant deformation were detected. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Report for El Misti
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the SE flank of El Misti at 1054 on 27 January. The public was warned to stay away from drainages and roads on that flank. The Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Ubinas
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the Volcánmayo drainage on the SE flank of Ubinas at 1930 on 25 January. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to avoid driving on the Querapi-Ubinas-Huarina highway. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.