Report for Stromboli
The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 7-13 October. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from at least two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce low-intensity explosions at a rate of 7-14 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 80 m above the vents. Spattering continued and was sometimes intense and continuous for long periods of time during 8-9 and 13 October. Explosions at the vents in Area C-S ejected tephra over 250 m above the vent. Intense spattering in Area N on 8 October was followed by the formation of a lava flow at around 1643 that descended the Sciara del Fuoco, stopping before the coastline. The lava flow was cooling and no longer active by 1930. Intense spattering again caused the overflow of lava the next day; at 1220 on 9 October lava flowed down the Sciara del Fuoco and again stopped before reaching the coastline; the flow was cooling by 1432. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Manam
The Darwin VAAC reported that ash plumes from Manam were identified in satellite images during 10-13 October rising to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NW, WNW, and W. The plumes were mostly continuous, though weather clouds sometimes obscured views.

Report for Langila
The Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume at Langila was identified in a satellite image at 0750 on 15 October rising to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting SW. The ash had dissipated by 0910.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 4-10 October. Seismicity was less intense compared to the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 200 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.7 km down the Bebeng drainage on the SW flank. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 9-15 October with multiple daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Almost daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 200-900 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions; eruptive events were recorded on 9 October, but no emissions were observed. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Lewotobi’s Laki-laki volcano continued during 9-15 October from a vent on the upper NW flank. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW. Incandescence at the vent was visible in a webcam image on 11 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 3 km radius around both Laki-laki and Perempuan craters, 4 km to the NNW and SSE of Laki-laki.

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 9-15 October. Daily dense gray-and-white ash plumes rose 100-800 m above the summit and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 3-km exclusion zone.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity at Ibu continued during 9-16 October. Daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense generally rose 0.1-2 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW; only white plumes were visible rising 100-200 m and drifting NE, SW, and W on 12 October. Some of the webcam images posted with the reports showed incandescence visible above the crater rim. At 0126 on 16 October an ash plume rose 4 km above the summit and drifted N and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing unrest at Kanlaon during 8-15 October, characterized by elevated seismicity and sulfur dioxide emissions. The seismic network recorded 1-19 daily volcanic earthquakes. Daily gas-and-steam emissions that were often voluminous rose 400-750 m above the summit and drifted NE, SE, SW, and W. Sulfur dioxide emissions were recorded daily and continued to be high, averaging 1,919-6,011 tonnes/day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5) and PHIVOLCS reminded the public to remain outside of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Taal
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that phreatic eruptive events at Taal periodically continued during 8-15 October. There were 1-2 phreatic events recorded almost daily during the week, with most reportedly lasting 3-13 minutes long. Hot fluids upwelling in the lake were persistently observed, and daily steam-and-gas emissions that were sometime voluminous rose as high as 3 km above the crater rim. Two volcanic earthquakes were detected during 8-9 October, two periods of volcanic tremor lasting two minutes long were recorded during 9-10 October, one volcanic earthquake was recorded during 11-12 October, and a period of tremor lasting 10 hours and 30 minutes was recorded during 12-13 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 2,256 tonnes per day (t/d) on 9 October, 1,256 t/d on 12 October, and 2,064 t/d/ on 14 October, remaining at elevated levels. Vog was reported during 10-11 October. The Alert Level remained at 1 (on a scale of 0-5), and PHIVOLCS reminded the public that the entire Taal Volcano Island was a Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and recommended that the Main Crater and areas along the Daang Kastila fissure should remain prohibited.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 7-14 October. Crater incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. Eruptive events at 0221 and 0750 on 7 October produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1.1-1.5 km above the crater rim; the plume from the second event drifted E. Ash-and-gas plumes were continuously emitted during 0943-1310, rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim, and drifted E. Ash-and-gas plumes from eruptive events at 0333 and 1540 on 10 October rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted S and SE, respectively. Three eruptive events on 11 October, at 0403, 0737, and 1130, produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose 1-1.3 km straight up above the crater rim or drifted SE. An ash-and-gas plume from an eruptive event at 1352 on 13 October rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7-14 October. Daily crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 0018 on 11 October generated an ash-and-gas plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and merged into weather clouds. Ash-and-gas plumes from an explosion at 1242 on 13 October rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The explosion ejected large blocks 1-1.3 km from the vent. An eruptive event at 1344 on that same day produced an ash-and-gas plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that moderate explosive activity was ongoing at Ebeko during 4-10 October. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, about 7 km E), explosions on 4 October generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km (6,600 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on 4 October; on other days either no activity was observed, or weather conditions prevented views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 4-10 October. A thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images during 3-7 October; the volcano was quiet or weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that during 4-10 October lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the dome at Young Sheveluch. Thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images during 4-8 and 10 October. Plumes of resuspended ash drifted 1,100 km SE and E during 3-4, 7-8, and 10 October. Weather conditions prevented views on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 9-15 October. Continuing lava effusion was confirmed in satellite data on 12 October, by which time lava had filled most of the summit crater. The local seismic network continued to detect small earthquakes associated with the ongoing eruption. Weather clouds often obscured webcam and satellite views of the summit. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Spurr
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that low-level unrest at Spurr was ongoing. An extended outage of the seismic network occurred during February-April; elevated seismicity was already occurring when the network returned on 3 April. The rate of about 20 earthquakes per week and their magnitudes did not significantly change through mid-October . Over 900 located earthquakes were clustered in two areas; the earthquakes in one cluster were located at depths of 0-10 km beneath the volcano and those in the second cluster were located at depths of 20-35 km beneath an area SE of Crater Peak vent. The largest earthquake, a M 2.4, was recorded on 6 October. Inflation began to be detected in March by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations on the flanks and has continued at a steady rate. A total of 4 cm of uplift was recorded by the stations closest to the source of deformation. The deformation was also confirmed in satellite radar data. A small lake formed in the summit crater sometime between 15 May and 15 June. During a 23 June overflight scientists observed the lake and estimated that it was approximately 3,800 square meters in area. Gas measurements detected low levels of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide at levels similar to the background levels measured in previous years. The summit crater lake grew to around 5,670 square meters by 18 September, was blue-green in color, and partially covered by ice. Active steaming was visible from vents along and above the NE lake shore and crater wall, and from a pit in the ice on the NE crater rim and had not changed in vigor during the current period of unrest.

The observations suggested that a new batch of magma had been emplaced beneath the volcano, with preliminary models indicating an area of pressurization at 3-5 km depth and about 3-4 km W of Spur. AVO noted that the current increase in earthquake activity has some similarities to past episodes of increased earthquake activity at Spurr. These periods include August 1991 to June 1992 that preceded the 1992 eruptions and 2004 to 2006 when increased earthquake activity accompanied an episode of heating at the summit that melted a substantial portion of the ice cap. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale).

Report for Sangay
The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 8-15 October. The seismic network recorded 102-249 daily explosions during 8-12 October; there were no counts during the rest of the week due to data transmission problems. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rose as high as 1.6 km above the summit and drifted mainly W, WSW, and SW and occasionally to the NE. Weather conditions often obscured views, though several episodes of crater incandescence were observed during dark hours and incandescent material descended the SE drainage as far as 2 km. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Sabancaya
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that the eruption at Sabancaya continued during 7-13 October with a daily average of 11 explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted less than 10 km SE and S. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in satellite data. Slight inflation was detected N of Hualca Hualca (7 km N). Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 504 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius.

Report for Villarrica
On 11 October Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) reported that low levels of activity were detected at Villarrica during 16-30 September, characterized as a decrease in the frequency of explosions with ejection of high-temperature tephra outside the crater. A webcam located near the volcano recorded only gas-and-steam emissions rising to low heights, up to a maximum of 120 m above the crater rim, though weather clouds often prevented observations. Seismicity was low. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 525 ± 93 tonnes per day (t/d), with a maximum daily average of 618 t/d recorded on 26 September; these values were at baseline levels. The Volcanic Alert Level was lowered to Green (the lowest level on a four-level scale). SENAPRED decreased the restricted zone around the crater to 500 m, with a “Preventative Early Warning“ status issued for the communities of Villarrica, Pucón (16 km N), Curarrehue, and Panguipulli.