Report for Etna
The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity at Etna’s summit craters continued during 29 December 2025-4 January 2026, characterized by explosive activity (mainly at Voragine Crater) and advancing lava flows in the Valle del Bove. Visual observations were often hindered by weather conditions. On 29 December explosive activity at the BN-2 vent at Bocca Nuova Crater and from the vent on the E flank of the Voragine Crater produced ash emissions that rapidly dispersed near the summit. The NE Crater (Northeast Crater) produced sporadic ash emissions and flashes of incandescence visible at night. Beginning on 30 December summit activity was concentrated at Voragine Crater with Strombolian activity and minor ash emissions. Beginning at around 1730 on 1 January, as the weather conditions cleared, lava flows were visible within the Valle del Bove in webcam images. Satellite images and field observations conducted by INGV scientists revealed that at least two vents had opened just upslope of Mount Simone at about 2,050-2,100 m elevation. Intense spattering activity had built hornitos around the vents. By 1900 the lava flow field consisted of several branches, with the longest branch reaching an area just S of Rocca Musarra, around 1,570 m elevation. On 2 January the most advanced lava flow had reached 1,420 m elevation and was about 2.8 km long. During the next day, on 3 January, INGV scientists observed the flow field and launched drones. They noted that the longest branch had advanced 330 m since the previous day, reaching 1,380 m elevation, and had a total length of 3.14 km. The most active part of the flow field was between 1,800 m and 1,700 m elevation; this area consisted of several active branches, some newer flows overlapped older flows. The flow field area was an estimated 550,000 square meters. Lava flows were active on 4 January, though the longest flow was stationary and cooling.

Report for Piton de la Fournaise
The Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF) reported that a magmatic intrusion occurred beneath Dolomieu Crater at Piton de la Fournaise on 1 January based on seismic and deformation data. Seismicity began to increase at 0447 and by 0600 the seismic network had recorded 304 volcanic-tectonic earthquakes at depths of 1.6-2.3 km. The majority of earthquakes were less than M 1. The increased seismicity was accompanied by rapid, minor deformation (up to 10 microradians) at the summit area that lasted less than an hour. The data suggested that an intrusion occurred during 0445-0550 beneath the SW edge of Dolomieu Crater at a depth of around 1 km. The Alert Level was raised to 1 (or an Orange Alert) and access to the volcano was restricted at 0600. Seismicity decreased following the intrusion and returned to a pre-intrusion rate of about 1-3 earthquakes per hour.

Report for Ambae
The Wellington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that low-level ash plumes at Ambae rose 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N during 4-5 January. According to the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) the Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of Danger Zone A, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and to stay away from drainages during heavy rains.

Report for Ambrym
The Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that at 0650 on 8 January an ash plume at Ambrym was identified in satellite images. Seismic data confirmed ongoing unrest that was characterized by volcanic tremor and several volcano-seismic events. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Report for Bur ni Telong
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased seismicity at Bur ni Telong on 30 December. A M 4.5 earthquake was detected at 2043 on 30 December and located about 5 km SW of the summit. The earthquake was followed by an increase in the number of deep volcanic earthquakes (VA) and shallow volcanic earthquakes (VB) beneath the volcano; by 2130 the seismic network had recorded 12 VAs, seven VBs, and one local tectonic earthquake. Four earthquakes were felt. Six more earthquakes located about 5 km SW were detected by 2245. Seismicity began to increase in July 2025, with events progressively getting stronger and closer to the surface, especially during November-December. At 2245 the Alert level was raised to 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the crater area and to avoid the fumarole and solfatara regions, especially during cloudy or rainy weather. According to news reports about 2,000 residents evacuated, mainly from Rembune (3 km WSW) and Pantan Pediangan (3 km W). A total of 16 earthquakes were recorded during 30-31 December, though seismicity decreased through the day on 31 December. On 3 January PVMBG lowered the Alert Level to 2 and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the crater.

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) continued during 31 December 2025-7 January 2026. An eruptive event at 0458 on 6 January produced a dense white-to-gray ash plume that rose to around 250 m above the summit and drifted SE. An eruptive event was recorded at 1323 on 7 January, though weather conditions prevented visual confirmation. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that activity continued at Semeru during 31 December 2025-7 January 2026, with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. White-and-gray or gray ash plumes were observed daily rising 400-1,000 m above the summit and drifting in multiple directions. Minor incandescence at the summit on the upper SE flank was visible in some nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit on the SE flank along the Kobokan drainage, and 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km SE of the summit.

Report for Lewotolok
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported increased eruptive activity at Lewotolok. Increased seismicity was detected during 1-4 January. Generally white plumes rose 25-50 m above the summit, though at 1209 on 4 January a white-and-gray ash plume rose about 300 m above the summit and material was ejected 300 m and onto the SE flank. White-and-gray ash plumes rose 200-500 m above the summit and drifted E and NE at 1543 on 5 January, at 0831 on 6 January, and at 0831, at 1152, and at 1802 on 7 January. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the summit and 2.5 km away on the SSE and W flanks.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 31 December 2025-7 January 2026. Eruptive events were recorded daily. White-to-gray or gray ash plumes rose 400-800 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions during 31 December-2 January and on 4 January; weather conditions prevented visual confirmation on the other days. Incandescence at the summit was visible in a few nighttime webcam images. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 2 km away from the active crater and 3.5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 30 December 2025-7 January 2026. The seismic network recorded 1-4 daily volcanic earthquakes. Gas-and-steam emissions of variable densities rose as high as 950 m above the crater rim and drifted in various directions. Daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 550 to 2,598 tonnes per day. Two periods of ash emissions were visible on 3 January, one lasted 21 minutes and the other lasted one hour and four minutes. One of the emissions was captured in webcam images at 1635; it was grayish, rose 300 m above the crater rim, and drifted SW. Based on webcam images a grayish plume rose 350 m above the crater rim and drifted SW at 0555 on 6 January; the ash emission lasted for three hours and 30 minutes. Two periods of ash emissions were visible on 7 January, one lasted one hour and 48 minutes and the other lasted for six hours and 21 minutes. One of the emissions was captured in webcam images at 1458; it was grayish, rose 900 m above the crater rim, and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay out of the 4-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Report for Mayon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that escalating numbers of rockfalls preceded the extrusion of new lava at Mayon. Beginning in November 2025 rockfalls from the summit lava dome became more frequent based on visual and seismic observations. A total of 599 rockfalls were recorded during November-December, averaging 21 events per day. Photos of the summit dome on 8 and 10 December revealed that dark lava spines had been recently extruded. On 31 December a total of 47 rockfalls were recorded, the highest number recorded in a single day in 2025. Ground deformation had been anomalous for the previous 18 months, notably at the E and NE flanks; inflation at the W and SW flanks began to be detected in May 2025. At 0600 on 1 January 2026 the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a 0-5 scale); the public was warned to stay out of the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Sulfur dioxide emissions remained at background levels, averaging 288 tonnes per day (t/d) on 2 January and 702 t/d on 5 January. The seismic network continued to detect a high number of rockfalls from the unstable summit dome; a total of 346 rockfalls were recorded during 1-6 January as well as four volcanic earthquakes. The rockfalls lasted 1-5 minutes and descended the S flank less than 1 km. The volume of the rockfalls increased on 5 January and incandescence at the summit was seen at night, indicting the extrusion of new lava at the summit. Beginning at 1226 on 6 January a collapse of new material from the summit generated a three-minute-long pyroclastic density current (PDC) that traveled less than 2 km down the Bonga drainage on the SE flank. At 1320 the Alert Level was raised to 3. The Albay Provincial Information Office reported that the governor ordered the evacuation of residents living within the PDZ. Activity continued to increase through the day; in total there were 131 rockfalls and five PDCs detected on 6 January . By 0600 on 7 January a total of 3,476 people (952 families) had moved to 13 evacuation shelters, and an additional 39 people (12 families) were staying with friends or relatives, according to a report from the Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Center (DROMIC). Collapses at the summit dome continued on 7 January; a total of 16 discrete PDC events were recorded during 1226-1630, generating grayish to brownish ash clouds that rose 200 m and drifted ENE. According to the Tokyo VAAC ash plumes during 1458-1928 on 7 January rose 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l., or as high as 580 m above the summit, and drifted NW and ENE.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 26 December 2025-2 January 2026. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An eruptive event at 2254 on 6 January generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to be cautious within 1.5 km of the crater.

Report for Kikai
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that after the 29 December 2025 eruption at Iodake Crater (at Satsuma Iwo-jima, a subaerial part of Kikai’s NW caldera rim), no additional eruptive activity was detected through 2 January 2026. Nighttime incandescence at the summit was detected in webcam images. Seismicity remained low. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to be cautious within 500 m away from Iodake Crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 December 2025-6 January 2026. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images and small eruptive events were occasionally detected. A period of continuous emissions during 1558-1710 on 6 January produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to be cautious within 2 km of both the Minimadake and Showa craters.

Report for Krasheninnikov
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that eruptive activity at Krasheninnikov continued during 25 December 2025-1 January 2026. A large daily thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. Satellite images showed active lava flows on the ENE flank on 1 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates and times are provided in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC); specific events are indicated in local time where specified.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 25 December 2025-1 January 2026. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during 25 and 29-31 December; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 31 December 2025-7 January 2026. Seismicity was quiet and weather clouds often obscured satellite and webcam views. Weakly elevated surface temperatures were observed in satellite images during 30 December-3 January. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Katmai
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that on 30 December strong winds in the vicinity of Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes dispersed unconsolidated ash up to 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. to the SE. The ash was originally deposited during the Novarupta-Katmai eruption in 1912. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, characterized by episodic fountaining, incandescence, and intermittent spatter from craters along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 30 December 2025-7 January 2026. Webcam views showed persistent incandescence from the S vent and several instances of brief incandescence from the N vent during most nights. Incandescence at the N vent intensified during 3-4 January and then was intermittent at both vents during 5-6 January. Spattering at the N vent was occasionally visible during 6-7 January. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Popocatepetl
The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 30 December 2025-8 January 2026. The seismic network recorded 13-60 long-period events per day, accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions with occasional minor ash content that drifted in various directions. In addition, the seismic network recorded 0-110 minutes of tremor daily and 0-2 daily volcano-tectonic earthquakes. According to the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) ash plumes visible in webcam and satellite images during 31 December and 1, 3-4, and 7 January rose 5.8-6.7 km (19,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. (as high as 1.3 km above the summit) and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.

Report for Telica
The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that at 0720 on 2 January a diffuse ash plume at Telica was visible in satellite and webcam images rising to 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting less than 10 km SW.

Report for Masaya
The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported that at 0750 on 2 January a diffuse ash plume from Masaya was visible in satellite and webcam images rising to 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting less than 20 km SW.

Report for Purace
The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported continuing eruptive activity at Puracé during 30 December 2025-7 January 2026. Seismicity was characterized by pulses of tremor, long-period signals indicating fluid movement, and periods of continuous tremor. The seismicity was located at depths of less than 1.5 km and was related to internal movement of gases as well as emissions. Daily gas-and-ash emissions, 2-11 per day, were associated with some seismic signals and visible in webcam images rising 200 to over 800 m above the summit and drifting downwind, mainly NE, NW, and W; weather conditions sometimes obscured views. Significant sulfur dioxide emissions were detected in satellite data. Elevated temperatures in the crater area continued to be detected and were possibly associated with the emissions of hot gases. White gas-and-steam emissions, first observed on 18 November, continued to rise from the fissure on the inner N wall. Ashfall was reported in Coconuco (12 km WNW) and Popayán (28 km NW) during 31 December-1 January. Ashfall and gas odors were reported in the Cristales area (27 km NW) during 3-4 January. Low-magnitude seismic activity associated with rock fracturing processes was located beneath Piocollo volcano at depths of 1-2 km during 5-7 January. On 6 January high amounts of rainfall on areas of ash deposits produced a secondary lahar down the Cocuy River drainage on the NE flank of the Puracé, Piocollo, and Curiquinga volcano chain. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay away from the crater.

Report for Sabancaya
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú’s (IGP) Centro Vulcanológico Nacional (CENVUL) reported continuing eruptive activity at Sabancaya during 29 December 2025-7 January 2026. The seismic network detected 6-25 daily earthquakes indicating the movement of magma and gases. There were 0-4 daily thermal anomalies at the bottom of the crater identified in satellite images. Ash, steam, and gas plumes generally rose as high as 1 km above the crater rim during 29-30 December, though at 1646 on 30 December a plume rose 1.4 km above the crater rim. During 31 December-6 January gas-and-steam plumes rose 200-600 m above the crater rim. Ash, steam, and gas plumes rose 500 m above the crater rim during 6-7 January. The emissions drifted within 10 km in various directions throughout the week. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.