Report for Etna
The Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that an eruption at Etna continued during 24 February-2 March. Activity observed through webcams and during field inspections on 28 February and 2 March was characterized by the effusion of lava flows from at least four vents, Strombolian activity at the summit, and gas emissions at several of the summit craters. Strombolian activity at SE Crater stopped on 25 February and the effusion rate at the fissure on the upper S flank of Bocca Nuova Crater decreased significantly. On 27 February Strombolian activity resumed at SE Crater and lava effusion increased at Bocca Nuova Crater. Lava overflowed the SE Crater on 28 February. That same day several new features on the upper S flank of Bocca Nuova Crater were identified in drone images. Several small cracks partly surrounding a 150-m-long, oval depression, oriented NE-SW, was located just upflank of the eruptive fissure. At a higher elevation than the depression was a vent that produced a yellow fumarolic plume. Thermally anomalous areas were located about 100 m both to the E and W of the depression. The lava-flow fronts were most active at an elevation of 2,750 m. Strombolian activity at SE Crater ceased during the evening of 28 February. Lava effusion at the Bocca Nuova vent continued during 1-2 March at a low rate.

Report for Ambae
On 27 February the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam and/or gas emissions from the active vents at Ambae were ongoing during February based on satellite images and webcam images during 18 and 20-21 February. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.

Report for Ambrym
On 27 February the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing fumarolic activity at Ambrym from both Benbow and Marum craters based on webcam images. Seismic data confirmed ongoing unrest. A low-level thermal anomaly was identified in satellite data from 11 February indicting increased surface temperatures. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.

Report for Yasur
On 27 February the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5). Satellite and webcam images indicated that explosions continued, producing emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash. Gas emissions were identified in satellite images, and seismic data confirmed continuing volcanic activity with explosions that were occasionally strong. Low-level thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images during 12-13 and 16 February. The report warned that ejected material from explosions could fall in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.

Report for Marapi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity at Marapi continued during 26 Febraury-4 March. Eruptive events were recorded at 1430 on 1 March and at 0833 on 5 March, though no emissions were visually observed due to weather clouds. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the active crater.

Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 21-27 February. Seismicity was at higher levels that the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 53 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 48 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Krasak drainage, 82 that traveled as far as 1.6 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage, and one that descended the Boyong drainage on the S flank as far as 1.6 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome resulting from continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 26 February-4 March, with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Daily white-and-gray or gray ash plumes rose 400-1,300 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki. During 25 February-4 March. Dense gray ash plumes were observed multiple times on most days rising as high as 2.5 km above the summit; no emissions were observed on 4 March. The ash plumes drifted mainly NW, W, and SW, but sometimes N and NE. Incandescence at the summit and reflected in the plume was visible in several of the webcam images posted with the reports. A news article noted that the Frans Xavier Seda Airport (60 km W) was temporarily closed on 2 March due to impacts from ash.

According to a news article about 250 families that had been in evacuation centers since November 2024 moved to temporary housing on 24 February, and the remaining families will move during the next relocation phase. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle clockwise from the SW to the NE.

Report for Lewotolok
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that an eruption at Lewotolok was ongoing during 25 February-4 March. Seismicity increased and was characterized by the emergence of harmonic tremor on 25 February and an increase in the number and intensity of earthquakes during 25-26 February. Tiltmeter data showed no deformation. White-and-gray ash plumes that were sometimes dense rose 200-700 m above the summit and drifted NW and W; eruptive events were recorded during 3-4 March though not visually confirmed. Incandescence at the summit was visible in webcam images and incandescent material was being ejected above the summit on most days. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the vent and 2.5 km away on the S, SE, and W flanks.

Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 26 February-4 March. White plumes rose 100-200 m above the crater rim and drifted W on 26 February. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions during the rest of the week. Booming sounds were reported during 28 February and 2-3 March. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.

Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 19-25 February. Multiple daily gray, white-and-gray, or gray-to-brown ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Incandescence at the summit was visible in some webcam images posted with the reports. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.

Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 25 February-3 March. The seismic network recorded 3-10 daily volcanic earthquakes, though on 28 February there were 24 volcanic earthquakes along with three periods of volcanic tremor lasting from three minutes to two hours and 13 minutes. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,118 to 2,527 tonnes per day. Gas-and-steam emissions that were sometimes diffuse rose generally as high as 100 m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and SSW; weather conditions obscured views during 2-3 March. On 28 February three periods of ash emissions corresponding to the periods of volcanic tremor produced gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 150 m above the summit and drifted SW and WSW. According to the Office of Civil Defense and news reports more than 8,500 people remained in evacuation shelters, noting that 36 families from La Castellana (16 km SW) and 48 families from Canlaon City (10 km ESE) will not be able to return to their homes within the 4-km permanent danger zone. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.

Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 24 February-3 March. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An explosion at 0601 on 24 February generated an ash plume that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted SE. An eruptive event at 1840 on 25 February generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.

Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 24 February-2 March. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 1924 on 24 February generated an ash plume that rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted S, and ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the vent. On 26 February sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly higher than average at 1,500 tons per day. Eruptive events at 1037 on 27 February and at 1100 on 2 March produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.3 km above the crater rim and rose up and drifted NE, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Report for Yakedake
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) raised the Alert Level for Yakedake to 2 (on a scale of 1-5) at 0920 on 4 March, noting that the number of small volcanic earthquakes with epicenters near the summit began increasing around 1400 the day before. Additionally, inflation near the summit was detected in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data. JMA warned the public to be cautious within 1 km of the cater.

Report for Kaitoku Seamount
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that no signs of eruptive activity at the Kaitoku Seamount have been observed since discolored water and floating material were identified in January 2023. At 1100 on 14 February the “eruption warning” status was lowered to “eruption forecast” based on a two-level scale used for underwater volcanoes.

Report for Ahyi
Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued during 21-28 February. Occasional weak signals coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 21-28 February. Thermal anomalies over the volcano were identified in satellite images during 22 and 25-26 February; weather clouds obscured views on the other days. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a strong thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images during 20-28 February. According to the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), incandescent debris avalanches descended the SE flanks and summit incandescence was visible during dark hours. Daily ash plumes generated from debris avalanches rose more than 2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Weather conditions sometimes obscured webcam and satellite views. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 20-28 February. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater, confirmed by a 26 February radar image. Small daily earthquakes were detected by the seismic network. Slightly elevated surface temperatures were observed in satellite data during 25-26 February and 28 February-1 March and typical minor steaming from the vent region was visible in webcam images on most days during the week. Weather clouds sometimes obscured views of the volcano. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Atka Volcanic Complex
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that no additional explosions at the Atka volcanic complex were detected after the small explosion recorded at 1926 on 20 February. Several small daily earthquakes were detected during 21 February-3 March, though at a decreasing frequency through the week; seismicity was characterized as low. No ash deposits from the February 20 explosive event were visible in clear satellite views. Webcam views showed occasional steam emissions throughout the week. At 1452 on 3 March the Volcano Alert Level was lowered to Normal (the lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Green (the lowest color on a four-color scale).

Report for Spurr
On 28 February the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that ongoing unrest at Spurr was characterized by elevated seismicity and continuing deformation. Seismicity remained elevated, though had slightly decreased during the past few days. The seismic network recorded over 70 earthquakes with most located beneath the summit and some located beneath Crater Peak. Inflation continued at a similar rate that has been occurring since early 2024. Minor steam emissions were sometimes observed in webcam images. Weather clouds mostly obscured satellite and webcam views during 1-3 March. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera, from vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater, continued at variable levels during 26 February-4 March. The eleventh episode of lava fountaining occurred over an almost 13-hour period during 25-26 February. The episode was preceded by the appearance of incandescence from the row of vents along a fissure on the E side of the crater formed during September 2023. The incandescence began at one cone on the evening of 24 February and became visible along the entire fissure around 1800 on 25 February. The N vent began erupting at 1822 with low lava fountains, followed by small spattering fountains at the S vent just before 1900. Incandescence along the fissure persisted through much of the night, suggesting that magma may have intruded into the molten interior of Halema’uma’u Crater prior to the onset of the episode. Lava fountaining from the N and S vents ceased by 0706 on 26 February. Lava covered approximately 75-80 percent of the crater floor and flowed onto the down-dropped block, around the September 2023 vents. A large amount of pumice, Pele?s hair, and lightweight reticulite blanketed the W rim of Halema’uma’u Crater, and a few lightweight "ribbon" bombs up to about 0.6 m in diameter were deposited on top of the pumice.

On 26 February fresh lava in the NE corner of the crater floor appeared to have been emplaced from beneath the crater floor rather than from the recent flows. That flow and several other small flows were related to the incandescence along the September 2023 fissure. Overnight during 26-27 February a large section of the lava-flow crust overturned in the middle of the crater floor and a few small lava breakouts occurred from the flow front in the SE corner of the crater floor. During 28 February-3 March flows S of the September 2023 vents were active. The flows at the NE part of the crater floor began to stagnate, with only spots of incandescence visible during 1-3 March. Incandescence at both the N and S vents was variable through 3 March. Small domed fountains less than 5 m high erupted from the S vent during 0730-0740 on 4 March, producing a slow-moving lava flow that advanced onto the crater floor. Small fountains at the N vent began at 0804; during 0933-0945 lava overflowed the vent. The S vent produced small fountains and an active lava flow during 1245-1400. Lava fountains began again at the N vent at around 1400 that rose 5-10 m, and by 1420 they were reaching 50 m. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Report for Popocatepetl
The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 25 February-4 March. The seismic network recorded 11-31 long-period events per day on most days, accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions; there were 143 such events during 2-3 March. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, often characterized as low-amplitude harmonic tremor, with periods lasting 34 minutes to as long as two hours and 23 minutes. One volcano-tectonic was detected during 28 February-1 March, and 17 minutes of high-frequency tremor were detected during 1-2 March. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes were visible in webcam images on 25 and 27 February rising 5.8-6.4 km (19,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. (around 1 km above the summit) and drifting SE. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.

Report for Telica
Based on webcam and satellite images, the Washington VAAC reported that at 0720 on 25 February a narrow plume from Telica, possibly containing ash, extended more than 11 km SW at an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l.

Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that eruptive activity at Poás continued at variable levels during 21 February-4 March. Sulfur dioxide levels fluctuated at high levels. There were no eruptive events recorded during 21-22 February. Frequent small phreatic eruptions from Boca C were detected on 23 February at a rate of 5-20 per hour. Frequent small phreatic eruptions from both Boca A and Boca C continued during 25 February-4 March; the events produced plumes of steam and gas and ejected material to heights as high as 100 m above the surface of Laguna Caliente. According to a news article ashfall may have been reported as far as Sarchí (17 km SW) during 1-2 March, and a strong sulfur odor was reported in several areas near the volcano.

Report for Turrialba
On 3 March the Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that over the previous few days small collapses occurred from the inner SW wall of Turrialba’s West Crater, in the same area that is sometimes incandescent. Material from the collapses was mostly deposited inside the crater, though some ash rose above the rim. At 0933 a small ash eruption that lasted for 15 seconds produced an ash-and-gas plume that rose 100 m and drifted SW. No collapses were recorded on 4 March.

Report for Sabancaya
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported no explosions, thermal anomalies, or significant deformation at Sabancaya during 24 February-2 March. Gas-and-steam plumes rose as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and NW. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at moderate levels, averaging 216 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay outside of a 12 km radius from the summit.

Report for El Misti
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that three lahars carrying blocks traveled down El Misti’s flanks during 27-28 February. The first descended the Matagente drainage on the NW flank at 1655 on 27 February, the second descended the Huarangal-Los Incas drainage on the SW flank at 1725 on 27 February, and the third descended the SE flank in the Agua Salada, the Peña Colorada, or a nearby drainage at 1725 on 28 February. The public was warned to stay away from drainages, roads, and bridges on the flanks where there had been lahars. The Alert Level remained at Green (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Report for Ubinas
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar carrying blocks descended the Volcánmayo drainage on the SE flank of Ubinas at 1727 on 26 February. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to avoid driving on the Querapi-Ubinas-Huarina highway. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Report for Huaynaputina
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar carrying blocks descended the El Volcán drainage, on the S flank of Huaynaputina, at 1825 on 2 March. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to be cautious when traveling along the Quinistaquillas-Sijuaya highway.