Report for Stromboli
Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 27 January-2 February. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at four vents in Area N within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco and from two vents in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) on the crater terrace. The vents in Area N continued to produce low- to medium-intensity explosions at a rate of 8-9 events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than 150 m above the vents. Spattering continued and was sometimes intense, especially on 27 January and 2 February. Explosions at the vents in Area C-S ejected tephra more than 150 m above the vent at a rate of 2-4 events per hour. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Report for Ambae
On 30 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that steam-and-gas emissions from the active vents at Ambae were ongoing during January based on satellite images. A low-level thermal anomaly was identified in satellite data on 17 January indicating an increase in surface temperatures. Seismic data also confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5), and the public was warned to stay outside of the Danger Zone, defined as a 2-km radius around the active vents in Lake Voui, and away from drainages during heavy rains.
Report for Ambrym
On 30 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported ongoing fumarolic activity at Ambrym from both Benbow and Marum craters based on webcam images. Seismic data confirmed ongoing unrest. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 0-5). VMGD warned the public to stay outside of Permanent Danger Zone A, defined as a 1-km radius around Benbow Crater and a 2-km radius around Marum Crater, and to stay 500 m away from the ground cracks created by the December 2018 eruption.
Report for Yasur
On 30 January the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) reported that activity at Yasur continued at a level of “major unrest,” as defined by the Alert Level 2 status (on a scale of 0-5). Satellite and webcam images indicated that explosions continued, producing emissions of gas, steam, and/or ash. Gas emissions were identified in satellite images and seismic data confirmed continuing volcanic activity. The report warned that some of the explosions may eject material that falls in and around the crater. The public was reminded to not enter the restricted area within 600 m around the boundaries of the Permanent Exclusion Zone, defined by Danger Zone A on the hazard map.
Report for Merapi
The Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG) reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 24-30 January. Seismicity was less intense than the previous week. The SW lava dome produced 57 lava avalanches that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Bebeng drainage, 18 that traveled as far as 1.8 km SW down the Krasak drainage, and 31 that traveled as far as 2 km SW down the Sat/Putih drainage. Morphological changes at the SW dome were caused by continuing effusion and collapses of material. No significant morphological changes at the summit dome were visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Report for Semeru
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 29 January-4 February with daily eruptive events recorded by the seismic network. Gray or white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-1,000 m above the summit and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second lowest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Report for Lewotobi
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that eruptive activity continued at Lewotobi Laki-laki during 29 January-4 February. An eruptive event was recorded at 1742 on 29 January though no emissions were visible due to weather clouds. Dense gray ash plumes on 2 and 4 February rose 400-700 m above the summit and drifted N and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 5 km away from the center of Laki-laki and 6 km in a semicircle counterclockwise from the NE to the SW.
Report for Lokon-Empung
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that seismicity at Lokon-Empung decreased during January. The number of shallow volcanic earthquakes gradually decreased from 102 daily events on 2 January, to 15 daily events on 15 January, to 1-5 daily events during 20-29 January. White emissions rose as high as 10 m above the summit. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) at 0600 on 31 January and the public was warned to stay 1.5 km away from the crater.
Report for Awu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi reported that seismicity at Awu had decreased. Swarms of both deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes continued to occur but at decreasing frequency; the last swarm occurred during 1807-1817 on 31 January and consisted of nine shallow volcanic earthquakes. Tiltmeter data from the Kolongan station indicated continuing inflation of the volcano. Emissions continued to rose 10-200 m above the summit and had not significantly changed since July 2024. At 0600 on 2 February the Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 3 km away from the crater’s center.
Report for Dukono
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Dukono was ongoing during 29 January-4 February. Daily white-and-gray ash plumes rose 100-800 m above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. Occasional thumping noises were reported during 31 January-1 February. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 4 km away from the Malupang Warirang Crater.
Report for Ibu
The Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reported that the eruption at Ibu continued during 29 January-4 February. Multiple daily gray or white-and-gray ash plumes that were often dense rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, SW, and S. Webcam images posted with the reports often showed incandescence at the summit. On 29 January BNPB reported that evacuees will start returning to their homes due to the decrease in the exclusion zone announced the previous day. As many as 541 families, or 1,425 people, that were spread across nine evacuation centers will return home after officials check for safe conditions and that basic needs will be met. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a four-level scale) and the public was advised to stay 4 km away from the active crater and 5 km away from the N crater wall opening.
Report for Kanlaon
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported continuing eruptive activity at Kanlaon during 28 January-3 February. The seismic network recorded 5-16 daily volcanic earthquakes that, during 30 January-3 February, included 2-7 periods of volcanic tremor lasting two minutes to two hours and five minutes; volcanic tremor was not detected during 28-29 January. Average daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,691 to 4,975 tonnes per day. Gas-and-steam emissions and those occasionally containing ash rose as high as 400 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW. Weather clouds prevented views on 29 January.
The eruption continued to impact residents. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) report issued at 0800 on 2 February stated that 9,834 people (3,107 families) were spread across 23 evacuation centers and another 8,388 people (2,662 families) were staying elsewhere. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 0-5); the public was warned to stay 6 km away from the summit and pilots were warned not to fly close to the volcano.
Report for Suwanosejima
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that eruptive activity at Suwanosejima's Ontake Crater continued during 27 January-3 February. Incandescence was observed nightly in webcam images. An explosion was recorded at 0456 on 29 January though emission characteristics were unknown. Explosions at 0737 and 1740 on 2 February generated ash plumes that rose 400 m above the crater rim and drifted SE and 1 km above the crater rim and drifted S, respectively. Large blocks were ejected 400 m from the crater. Tremor accompanied the eruption events. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second level on a five-level scale) and the public was warned to stay at least 1.5 km away from the crater.
Report for Aira
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 January-3 February. Nightly crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Eruptive events recorded during 17 and 30-31 January produced ash plumes that rose 0.8-1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted E and SE. Ash plumes were continuous during 2043-2050 on 30 January. Explosions at 2013 on 30 January, at 1548 on 31 January, and at 1610 on 3 February generated ash plumes that rose 0.8-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. The explosion at 1548 on 31 January also ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.
Report for Ahyi
Unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued through 31 January. Satellite images showed a plume of discolored water in the vicinity of the seamount on 27 and 29 January, indicating possible submarine activity. No signals coming from the direction of Ahyi were identified in data from underwater pressure sensors near Wake Island (about 2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Report for Ebeko
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that eruptive activity at Ebeko was last observed on 31 December 2024, and since then only moderate levels of steam-and-gas activity had been observed. On 23 January the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Report for Karymsky
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported moderate levels of activity at Karymsky during 16-23 January. A weak thermal anomaly over the volcano was identified in satellite images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Report for Bezymianny
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that a large thermal anomaly over Bezymianny was identified in satellite images overnight during 30-31 January. Intense gas-and-steam emissions were also occurring. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Satellite images on 3 February again showed a large thermal anomaly. Dates are reported in UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Report for Sheveluch
The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) reported that lava extrusion may have continued at Sheveluch’s “300 years of RAS” dome on the SW flank of Old Sheveluch and at the Young Sheveluch dome during 16-23 January. Daily thermal anomalies over the domes were identified in satellite images. Gas-and-steam plumes with some ash drifted 60 km NE during 20-21 January and plumes of resuspended ash drifted 300 km SE during 21-23 January. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Report for Great Sitkin
The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) reported that slow lava effusion continued to feed a thick lava flow in Great Sitkin’s summit crater during 29 January-4 February. Cloudy satellite and webcam images prevented clear observations. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Report for Kilauea
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) reported that the eruption within Kilauea’s Kaluapele summit caldera continued during 29 January-4 February from vents along the SW margin of Halema’uma’u Crater. Small areas of incandescence from the cooling lava on the crater floor and at the vents were visible during 29-31 January and infrequent spatter occurred at the vents during 31 January-2 February. A phase of small sporadic fountaining that began the evening of 2 February intensified during the afternoon of 3 February. Fountains at the N vent became sustained by 2250 and within an hour they grew from 15 m to over 80 m high. Multiple lava flows emerged from the N vent at 2152 and had covered about 15-20 percent of the crater floor by 2250. Fountains rose as high as 100 m during the most intense phase. Lava fountaining began at the S vent at 2350. Fountaining from both the N and S vents was visible overnight during 3-4 February. At 0920 on 4 February fountains rose 40-50 m at the N vent and 25-35 m at the S vent. Lava covered the entire crater floor. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Report for Popocatepetl
The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that eruptive activity continued at Popocatépetl during 28 January-4 February. The seismic network recorded 41-170 long-period events per day that were accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions sometimes containing minor amounts of ash. The seismic network also recorded daily tremor, sometimes characterized as very-low amplitude, with periods lasting 14 minutes to as long as four hours and 24 minutes. During 30-31 January a period of emissions lasted 170 min based on seismic data. One volcano-tectonic per day was detected during 31 January-4 February. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes were visible in webcam and satellite images during 31 January-4 February rising 5.8-7 km (19,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. (as high as 1.6 km above the summit) and drifting N and NE. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two (the middle level on a three-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 12 km away from the crater.
Report for Poas
The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that small eruptions at Poás ejecting water and steam were recorded by seismic and infrasound sensors at 0038 and 0450 on 28 January and at 0643 on 29 January. The lake water was milky-gray in color and intense gas-and-steam emissions rose from the water’s surface due to fumarolic activity on the crater floor and convecting water. Gas monitoring instruments on the W crater rim detected significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. The report noted that during January webcams recorded several bubbles from Boca A (SW part of the lake) on the surface of the lake and upwelling of bubbles from Boca C (central part of lake). Volcanologists directly observed these bubbles at 1055 and 1206 on 29 January; sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 384 tons per day. Gas emissions were lower on 30 January and two vigorous convection cells in the lake over both Boca A and Boca C were visible during 30-31 January. During 2-4 February gas emissions fluctuated between low and high values and bubbles or convection cells were active over both vents.
Report for Purace
The Servicio Geologico Colombiano (SGC) reported that a M 1.7 earthquake indicating rock fracturing occurred at 1700 on 1 February and was located 2 km below the Puracé cone. On 2 February there was an increase in tremor and long-period events with signals located less than 2 km beneath the cone. Deformation data did not show any significant movement and gas emissions were unchanged. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Report for Ubinas
The Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that a lahar descended the Volcánmayo drainage on the SE flank of Ubinas at 1722 on 31 January. The public was warned to stay away from the drainage and to avoid driving on the Querapi-Ubinas-Huarina highway. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second level on a four-color scale) and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.
Report for Kolumbo
According to the Ministry for Climate Crisis and Civil Protection, Greece, press release on 29 January, seismicity increased near Santorini, along the central Kameni fault in the N part of the caldera. Seismicity intensified and shifted NE to an area between the islands of Thira and Amorgos along a NE-SW-trending fault; during 31 January-1 February the largest earthquake was a M 4.3. The submarine Kolumbo volcano is located along that fault line, about 7 km NE of Santorini, though at the time scientists attributed the seismicity to tectonic activity. The Geodynamic Institute of the National Observatory of Athens reported more than 31,000 recorded earthquakes in that area, in a zone extending 15 km long, during 1-4 February, including 630 located events at depths of 2-18 km; events consisted of 155 at M 3.5-3.9, 48 at M 4-4.4, 21 at M 4.5-4.9, and one at M 5. During 4-5 February seismicity extended along an area about 30 km long. The seismicity was similar to a seismic crisis during 2010-2012 that did not lead to a volcanic eruption, though the previous activity was more intense and with larger average earthquake magnitudes.
According to news articles schools on islands including Santorini, Thira, Anafi, Ios, Amorgos, Mykonos, Leros, Syros, and Patmos were closed on 2 February through at least 4 February. Gatherings in enclosed spaces within Municipality of Thira were cancelled. By 3 February more than 11,000 people had left Santorini by ferry or plane, and additional flights to the islands were being scheduled to assist moving people to Athens.