Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday and averaging 16 reported volcanoes, this is not a comprehensive list of all eruptions this week, but rather a summary of activity that meet criteria discussed in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section below.

Volcanic activity reported here is preliminary and subject to change. Carefully reviewed, detailed narratives over longer time periods are published as reports of the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network available through volcano profile pages.

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for the week of 7 February-13 February 2024
Name	Location	Eruption Start Date	Report Status
Ahyi	Mariana Islands (USA)	—	New
Lewotobi	Flores Island	2023 Dec 23	New
Mayon	Luzon (Philippines)	2023 Apr 27 ± 2 days	New
Poas	Costa Rica	2023 Dec 1	New
Aira	Kyushu (Japan)	2017 Mar 25	Continuing
Cotopaxi	Ecuador	—	Continuing
Dukono	Halmahera	1933 Aug 13	Continuing
Ebeko	Paramushir Island (Russia)	2022 Jun 11	Continuing
Fuego	South-Central Guatemala	2002 Jan 4	Continuing
Gareloi	Aleutian Islands (USA)	—	Continuing
Great Sitkin	Andreanof Islands (USA)	2021 May 25	Continuing
Ibu	Halmahera	2008 Apr 5	Continuing
Lewotolok	Lembata Island	2020 Nov 27	Continuing
Marapi	Central Sumatra	2023 Dec 3	Continuing
Merapi	Central Java	2020 Dec 31	Continuing
Nevado del Ruiz	Colombia	2014 Nov 18	Continuing
Reventador	Ecuador	2008 Jul 27	Continuing
Sabancaya	Peru	2016 Nov 6	Continuing
Sangay	Ecuador	2019 Mar 26	Continuing
Santa Maria	Southwestern Guatemala	1922 Jun 22	Continuing
Semeru	Eastern Java	2017 Jun 6	Continuing
Sheveluch	Central Kamchatka (Russia)	1999 Aug 15	Continuing
Shishaldin	Fox Islands (USA)	—	Continuing
Stromboli	Aeolian Islands (Italy)	1934 Feb 2	Continuing
Suwanosejima	Ryukyu Islands (Japan)	2004 Oct 23	Continuing

All times are local unless otherwise stated.

Ahyi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Ahyi
Mariana Islands (USA)

Signs of unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued. Plumes of discolored seawater in the vicinity of the seamount were occasionally observed in satellite images during 2-9 February. No additional signs of unrest were identified in data collected by regional seismic stations or remote underwater pressure sensors located near Wake Island (2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).

Source: US Geological Survey

Lewotobi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Lewotobi
Flores Island

PVMBG reported that Lewotobi Laki-laki continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 30-700 m above the summit during 7 February, and 20–50 m above the summit during 8-11, and 13 February. A seismograph recorded eruptive events at 0807 on 7 February, 1858 on 9 February, 1806 on 10 February, and 1249 on 12 February. Dense, white to gray ash plumes rose 500-700 m above the summit and drifted N and NE during the eruptive events on 7 and 9 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 4 km radius around Laki-laki crater, 5 km to the NNE, and 6 km on the NE flanks.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Mayon | 7 February-13 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Mayon
Luzon (Philippines)

PHIVOLCS reported that unrest continued at Mayon during 7-13 February. Crater incandescence was visible daily. The seismic network recorded a few volcanic earthquakes and rockfall signals during the week. Moderate emissions were observed almost daily that rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. On 10 February sulfur dioxide gas emissions were measured at 1,875 tonnes per day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 0-5 scale). Residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.

Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

Poas | 7 February-13 February 2024 | New Activity / Unrest Cite this Report

Poas
Costa Rica

OVSICORI-UNA reported that small, frequent phreatic eruptions at Poás continued during 6-13 February. Data from the monitoring network indicated that 50-600 phreatic explosive events per day were occurring, but only a few events ejected material more than 100 m. At 0107 on 6 February an eruptive event generated a column that rose at least 300 m above the crater. At 1221 on 8 February an event generated a column of steam-and-ash that rose 200 m above the crater, and a gas-and-steam column that rose over 1 km.

Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)

Aira | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Aira
Kyushu (Japan)

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7–13 February with nighttime crater incandescence. An eruptive event at 0917 on 8 February produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Cotopaxi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Cotopaxi
Ecuador

IG-EPN reported that a seismic station located on the W flank recorded high-frequency seismic signals associated with the descent of small to moderate-sized lahars at 1442 and 1430 on 8 and 10 February, respectively. The public was advised to stay away from areas near the Agualongo drainage and to not approach any channels, streams, or rivers within the vicinity of Parque Nacional Cotopaxi (Cotopaxi National Park). The Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at White (the lowest level on a four-color scale).

Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Dukono | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Dukono
Halmahera

PVMBG reported that Dukono continued to erupt during 7-13 February. Gray-and-white emissions rose 650-1900 m above the summit during 7-10 February; emissions were not observed during 11-13 February due to fog. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2 km exclusion zone.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Ebeko | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ebeko
Paramushir Island (Russia)

KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity continued at Ebeko during 1-8 February. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, approximately 7 km E), explosions ejected ash as high as 4.5 km a.s.l during 5-6, and 8 February; ash plumes drifted SE and E. Satellite data acquired by KVERT showed the ash plume produced on 6 February extended as far as 11 km SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Fuego | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Fuego
South-Central Guatemala

INSIVUMEH reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 7-13 February. Explosions were recorded daily, between 3-10 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.0 km above the crater rim and drifted as far as 20 km in multiple directions. Explosions caused frequent block avalanches that descended various drainages including the Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W), Taniluyá (SW), Honda (E), and Las Lajas (SE) and reached vegetated areas. The explosions also ejected incandescent material as high as 400 m above the summit and weak rumbling sounds and shockwaves were reported daily. On 7 February fine ashfall was reported in Panimaché I (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), Finca La Asunción (12 km SW), La Rochela (8 km SSW), and other nearby communities.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Gareloi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Gareloi
Aleutian Islands (USA)

AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level for Gareloi to Advisory (the second level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Yellow (the second color on a four-color scale) at 1310 on 12 February due to increased seismic activity. Seismic unrest began at 0915 on 12 February; the local seismic network recorded ongoing tremor during 12-13 February. Persistent degassing activity from a fumarole field located on the S crater continued. No additional surficial activity was observed in partly cloudy satellite and webcam images.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Great Sitkin | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Great Sitkin
Andreanof Islands (USA)

AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin summit crater during 7-13 February. Few small volcanic earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network on most days, and low-frequency earthquakes (LFs) were recorded during 10-11 February. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam views during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Ibu | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Ibu
Halmahera

PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White and gray emissions rose 200-1500 m above the summit daily. Eruptive events were detected by a seismograph on 8 and 10 February. Dense, gray ash emissions rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted E, SW, and W. Eruption column heights were not observed during 12 February. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), with the public advised to stay outside of the 2 km radius hazard zone and 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Lewotolok | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Lewotolok
Lembata Island

PVMBG reported that Lewotolok continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 5-100 m above the summit during 7 February, and 50-100 m above the summit during 10 and 13 February. A seismograph recorded explosive eruptive events at 1754 on 8 February, and 1657 on 9 February; white to gray ash plumes rose approximately 300-500 m above the summit and drifted E and SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Marapi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Marapi
Central Sumatra

PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 7-13 February. White and gray gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. On 10 February at 1651, PVMBG reported that an ash plume rose 700 m above the summit and drifted SW. According to the Darwin VAAC ash plumes rose over 700 m above the crater on most days and drifted N, E, SSW, and SW, though weather conditions sometimes prevented identification in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater.

Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Merapi | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Merapi
Central Java

BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 2-8 February. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 184 lava avalanches that descended the S and SW flanks: one traveled S as far as 1.5 km down the upper part of the Boyong drainage and 183 traveled SW as far as 1.7 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage. One pyroclastic flow descended the Bebeng drainage, traveling as far as 1.6 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome identified in webcam images were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.

Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)

Nevado del Ruiz | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Nevado del Ruiz
Colombia

Servicio Geológico Colombiano’s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that unstable eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 30 January–6 February. Seismic events indicating rock fracturing remained similar to the previous week in both number of events and seismic energy released. These events were mainly located in areas up to 5 km to the NE, SE, S, and SW of Arenas Crater, and at depths of 1-7 km. The largest event, a M 1.1, occurred at 0648 on 2 February and was located about 2 km SSE of the crater and at a depth of 4 km. Seismicity associated with gas-and-ash emissions remained at similar numbers as the previous week but were more intense, and several ash emissions were observed through cameras. On 5 February an ash plume rose to a maximum height of 1.8 km above the summit. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied but continued at a low level overall. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Level III (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater.

Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)

Reventador | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Reventador
Ecuador

IG-EPN reported that moderate eruptive activity continued at Reventador during 7-13 February. The seismic station recorded 27-45 daily explosive events, long-period earthquakes, episodes of harmonic tremor, and episodes of tremor associated with active degassing events. Several ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted N, SW, WSW, WNW, and NW; weather clouds often prevented visual monitoring of crater activity. The webcam monitoring system occasionally recorded episodes of crater incandescence during the night and early morning hours. Incandescent material was ejected up to 200 m above the crater during the night of 8 February, and avalanches of incandescent material descended multiple flanks as far as 600 m from the summit during 7-9 February. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Sabancaya | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sabancaya
Peru

Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that moderate levels of eruptive activity continued at Sabancaya during 5-11 February. The monitoring network recorded a daily average of 33 explosions that often ejected gas-and-ash emissions as high as 2 km above the summit crater; ash plumes drifted less than 10 km downwind. The seismic network recorded seismic signals associated with the movement of magma and gases; counts ranged between 17 and 69 events per day. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in daily processed satellite data. Deformation monitoring data indicated slight inflation of the area near the Hualca Hualca sector (4 km N) continued. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was reminded to stay at least 12 km away from the summit crater in all directions.

Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Sangay | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sangay
Ecuador

IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 7-13 February. Reported seismicity consisted of 132-458 daily counts of explosive events. Weather clouds prevented views of summit crater activity during 7-9 February. During the morning of 8 February, small pyroclastic flows descended a ravine on the SW flank. Ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and sometimes satellite images acquired by the GOES-16 satellite during 10-11 and 12-13 February; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater and drifted SW, WSW, and W. Degassing activity was observed in GOES-16 satellite images during 11-12 February; gas plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater and drifted SW and W. Continuous emissions consisting of gas and low amounts of ash were observed in webcam images at 1645 on 12 February; the emissions rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater and drifted WSW. The webcam monitoring system occasionally recorded episodes of crater incandescence during the night and early morning hours. Avalanches of incandescent material descended the SW flank as far as 1.5 km from the summit during the nights and early mornings of 7-8, 9-10, and 12-13 February. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).

Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Santa Maria | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Santa Maria
Southwestern Guatemala

INSIVUMEH reported that eruptive activity continued at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito lava dome complex during 7-13 February with lava extrusion at the Caliente dome. Weak, moderate, and sometimes abundant degassing was observed daily and rose as high as 200 m above the crater. Incandescence from the dome and upper lava flow was visible during most nights and early mornings. Daily explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the dome and drifted S, SW, W, and NW. The explosions produced block avalanches around the dome and along the SE, S, SW, and W flanks. Explosions generated short-range pyroclastic flows that descended the E and SE flanks on 9 February and the S, SW, and W flanks on 12 February. On 8 February ashfall was observed in the direct vicinity of the volcano.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Semeru | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Semeru
Eastern Java

PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 100-200 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions during 8-9 February. Several ash emissions were reported throughout the week and rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.

Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Sheveluch | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Sheveluch
Central Kamchatka (Russia)

KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 1-8 February characterized by powerful degassing activity observed from the Karan dome, and thermal anomalies identified in satellite images during 1-3 and 6-7 February. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Shishaldin | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Shishaldin
Fox Islands (USA)

AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level for Shishaldin to Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the third color on a four-color scale) at 1246 on 11 February due to a slight increase in volcanic activity. Minor ash emissions were observed in a webcam image timestamped at 0925 on 11 February. The low-level ash cloud extended from the summit crater and draped over the N flank. AVO posited that since seismic signals typically associated with surficial mass flows were recorded at the same time as the ash emission event, a collapse event of previously deposited material on the upper area of the cone could have occurred. After the minor ash episode occurred, weather clouds obscured views of the summit and there was no evidence of ash in satellite images.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Stromboli | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Stromboli
Aeolian Islands (Italy)

INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 2-11 February. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N (one at N1 and one at N2), within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from one vent at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) in the crater terrace. At Area N, low intensity explosive activity was observed from sectors N1 and N2 with the eruption of coarse material (bombs and lapilli) as high as 80 m above the vents. The average frequency of explosions from this area was 3-4 events per hour. At Area C-S, low to high intensity explosive activity was observed from sector S2 with the eruption of coarse and fine material (bombs, lapilli, and ash) as high as 150 m above the vent. The average explosions rate was 5-10 events per hour. On 9 February an explosive sequence was observed at sector S2 of Area C-S. Starting at 2055, the initial and highest energy explosion ejected coarse material onto the slopes of the crater terrace; ash emissions rose higher than 350 m above the vent and drifted E. Two lesser explosions followed, ejecting material approximately 150 m above the vent. The three events were then followed by some low-intensity explosions that ejected ash less than 80 m above the vent. The total duration of the sequence was about 4 minutes. The Dipartimento della Protezione Civile maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-level scale).

Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)

Suwanosejima | 7 February-13 February 2024 | Continuing ActivityCite this Report

Suwanosejima
Ryukyu Islands (Japan)

JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima’s Ontake Crater continued during 5-12 February. Crater incandescence was observed in thermal webcam images. A total of two eruptions were reported; large volcanic blocks were ejected as far as 500 m away from the vent. The eruptions recorded at 1147 on 6 February and 1314 on 12 February produced ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim before drifting SE and S, respectively. Seismicity consisted of a few volcanic earthquakes detected in the W area of the island, and episodes of tremor that occurred at the same time as the eruptive events. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from Ontake crater in all directions.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Weekly Reports Archive

Since the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report began in November 2000, there have been 20,047 individual reports over 1,217 weeks (average of 16 per week) on 332 different volcanoes.

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Criteria & Disclaimers

Criteria

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report does not necessarily include all volcanic activity that occurred on Earth during the week. More than a dozen volcanoes globally have displayed more-or-less continuous eruptive activity for decades or longer, and such routine activity is typically not reported here. Moreover, Earth's sea-floor volcanism is seldom reported even though in theory it represents the single most prolific source of erupted material. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report summarizes volcanic activity that meets one or more of the following criteria:

- A volcano observatory raises or lowers the alert level at the volcano.
- A volcanic ash advisory has been released by a volcanic ash advisory center (VAAC) stating that an ash cloud has been produced from the volcano.
- A verifiable news report of new activity or a change in activity at the volcano has been issued.
- Observers have reported a significant change in volcanic activity. Such activity can include, but is not restricted to, pyroclastic flows, lahars, lava flows, dome collapse, or increased unrest.

Volcanoes are included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report if the activity occurs after at least 3 months of quiescence. Once a volcano is included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section, updates will remain in that section unless the activity continues for more than 1 month without escalating, after which time updates will be listed in the "Continuing Activity" section. Volcanoes are also included in the "New Activity/Unrest" section if the volcano is undergoing a period of relatively high unrest, or increasing unrest. This is commonly equal to Alert Level Orange on a scale of Green, Yellow, Orange, Red, where Red is the highest alert. Or alert level 3 on a scale of 1-4 or 1-5.

It is important to note that volcanic activity meeting one or more of these criteria may occur during the week, but may not be included in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report because we did not receive a report.

Disclaimers

1. The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is intended to provide timely information about global volcanism on a weekly basis. Consequently, the report is generated rapidly by summarizing volcanic reports from various sources, with little time for fact checking. The accuracy of the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is dependent upon the quality of the volcanic activity reports we receive. Reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network are cover longer time periods and are more carefully reviewed, although all of the volcanoes discussed in the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report are not necessarily reported in the Bulletin. Because of our emphasis on rapid reporting on the web we have avoided diacritical marks. Reports are updated on the Weekly Volcanic Activity Report web page as they are received, therefore information may be included regarding events that occurred before the current report period.

2. Rapidly developing events lead to coverage that is often fragmentary. Volcanoes, their eruptions, and their plumes and associated atmospheric effects are complex phenomena that may require months to years of data analysis in order to create a comprehensive summary and interpretation of events.

3. Preliminary accounts sometimes contain exaggerations and "false alarms," and accordingly, this report may include some events ultimately found to be erroneous or misleading.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

a.s.l. - above sea level

AVO - Alaska Volcano Observatory

AVHRR - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

CENAPRED - Centro Nacionale de Prevencion de Desastres (México)

CONRED - Coordinadora Nacional para la Reducción de Desastres

COSPEC - Correlation Spectrometer

CVGHM (formerly VSI) - Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

CVO - Cascades Volcano Observatory (USGS)

GMS - Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GVO - Goma Volcano Observatory

GVP - Global Volcanism Program (Smithsonian Institution)

HVO - Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS)

ICE - Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (Costa Rica)

IG - Instituto Geofísico (Ecuador)

IGNS - Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (New Zealand) - now GNS Science

INETER - Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (Nicaragua)

INGEMMET - Instituto Geológical Minero y Metalúrgico (Peru)

INGEOMINAS - Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (Colombia)

INGV-CT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Catania (Italy)

INSIVUMEH - Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (Guatemala)

IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France)

JMA - Japanese Meteorological Agency

KEMSD - Kamchatkan Experimental and Methodical Seismilogical Department

KVERT - Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team

M - magnitude

METEOSAT - Meteorological Satellite

MEVO - Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory

MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory

MWO - Meteorological Watch Office

NEIC - National Earthquake Information Center

NIED - National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (Japan)

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

OVDAS - Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur (Chile)

OFDA - Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance

ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia - Ministerio del Interior (Chile)

OVPDLF - Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (France)

OVSICORI-UNA - Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Philippines)

RSAM - Real-time Seismic Amplitude Measurement

RVO - Rabaul Volcano Observatory

SERNAGEOMIN - Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (Chile)

SIGMET - Significant Meteorological Information

SNET - Servicio Nacional de Estudios Territoriales (El Salvador)

SVERT - Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (Russia)

USAID - US Agency for International Development

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

VAAC - Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD - Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport And Dispersion

VDAP - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (USGS)

VHP - Volcano Hazards Program (USGS)

VRC - Volcano Research Center (Japan)

Report for Ahyi
Signs of unrest at Ahyi Seamount continued. Plumes of discolored seawater in the vicinity of the seamount were occasionally observed in satellite images during 2-9 February. No additional signs of unrest were identified in data collected by regional seismic stations or remote underwater pressure sensors located near Wake Island (2,270 km E of Ahyi). The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory (the second lowest level on a four-level scale).
Source: US Geological Survey

Report for Lewotobi
PVMBG reported that Lewotobi Laki-laki continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 30-700 m above the summit during 7 February, and 20–50 m above the summit during 8-11, and 13 February. A seismograph recorded eruptive events at 0807 on 7 February, 1858 on 9 February, 1806 on 10 February, and 1249 on 12 February. Dense, white to gray ash plumes rose 500-700 m above the summit and drifted N and NE during the eruptive events on 7 and 9 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the second highest level on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay outside of the exclusion zone, defined as a 4 km radius around Laki-laki crater, 5 km to the NNE, and 6 km on the NE flanks.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Mayon
PHIVOLCS reported that unrest continued at Mayon during 7-13 February. Crater incandescence was visible daily. The seismic network recorded a few volcanic earthquakes and rockfall signals during the week. Moderate emissions were observed almost daily that rose as high as 500 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. On 10 February sulfur dioxide gas emissions were measured at 1,875 tonnes per day. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 0-5 scale). Residents were reminded to stay away from the 6-km-radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) and pilots were advised to avoid flying close to the summit.
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

Report for Poas
OVSICORI-UNA reported that small, frequent phreatic eruptions at Poás continued during 6-13 February. Data from the monitoring network indicated that 50-600 phreatic explosive events per day were occurring, but only a few events ejected material more than 100 m. At 0107 on 6 February an eruptive event generated a column that rose at least 300 m above the crater. At 1221 on 8 February an event generated a column of steam-and-ash that rose 200 m above the crater, and a gas-and-steam column that rose over 1 km.
Source: Observatorio Vulcanologico y Sismologico de Costa Rica-Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA)

Report for Aira
JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7–13 February with nighttime crater incandescence. An eruptive event at 0917 on 8 February produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Report for Cotopaxi
IG-EPN reported that a seismic station located on the W flank recorded high-frequency seismic signals associated with the descent of small to moderate-sized lahars at 1442 and 1430 on 8 and 10 February, respectively. The public was advised to stay away from areas near the Agualongo drainage and to not approach any channels, streams, or rivers within the vicinity of Parque Nacional Cotopaxi (Cotopaxi National Park). The Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at White (the lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Report for Dukono
PVMBG reported that Dukono continued to erupt during 7-13 February. Gray-and-white emissions rose 650-1900 m above the summit during 7-10 February; emissions were not observed during 11-13 February due to fog. The Alert Level remained at Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to remain outside of the 2 km exclusion zone.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Ebeko
KVERT reported that moderate explosive activity continued at Ebeko during 1-8 February. According to volcanologists in Severo-Kurilsk (Paramushir Island, approximately 7 km E), explosions ejected ash as high as 4.5 km a.s.l during 5-6, and 8 February; ash plumes drifted SE and E. Satellite data acquired by KVERT showed the ash plume produced on 6 February extended as far as 11 km SE. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale). Dates are UTC; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Report for Fuego
INSIVUMEH reported that eruptive activity continued at Fuego during 7-13 February. Explosions were recorded daily, between 3-10 per hour. The explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 1.0 km above the crater rim and drifted as far as 20 km in multiple directions. Explosions caused frequent block avalanches that descended various drainages including the Ceniza (SSW), Seca (W), Taniluyá (SW), Honda (E), and Las Lajas (SE) and reached vegetated areas. The explosions also ejected incandescent material as high as 400 m above the summit and weak rumbling sounds and shockwaves were reported daily. On 7 February fine ashfall was reported in Panimaché I (8 km SW), Morelia (9 km SW), Finca La Asunción (12 km SW), La Rochela (8 km SSW), and other nearby communities.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Report for Gareloi
AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level for Gareloi to Advisory (the second level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Yellow (the second color on a four-color scale) at 1310 on 12 February due to increased seismic activity. Seismic unrest began at 0915 on 12 February; the local seismic network recorded ongoing tremor during 12-13 February. Persistent degassing activity from a fumarole field located on the S crater continued. No additional surficial activity was observed in partly cloudy satellite and webcam images.
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Report for Great Sitkin
AVO reported that slow lava effusion continued at Great Sitkin summit crater during 7-13 February. Few small volcanic earthquakes were recorded by the seismic network on most days, and low-frequency earthquakes (LFs) were recorded during 10-11 February. Weather clouds obscured satellite and webcam views during most of the week. The Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third color on a four-color scale).
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Report for Ibu
PVMBG reported that Ibu continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White and gray emissions rose 200-1500 m above the summit daily. Eruptive events were detected by a seismograph on 8 and 10 February. Dense, gray ash emissions rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted E, SW, and W. Eruption column heights were not observed during 12 February. The Alert Level remained at 2 (the second highest level on a four-level scale), with the public advised to stay outside of the 2 km radius hazard zone and 3.5 km away from the N area of the active crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Lewotolok
PVMBG reported that Lewotolok continued to erupt during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 5-100 m above the summit during 7 February, and 50-100 m above the summit during 10 and 13 February. A seismograph recorded explosive eruptive events at 1754 on 8 February, and 1657 on 9 February; white to gray ash plumes rose approximately 300-500 m above the summit and drifted E and SE. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay at least 2 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Marapi
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity at Marapi (on Sumatra) was ongoing during 7-13 February. White and gray gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 700 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. On 10 February at 1651, PVMBG reported that an ash plume rose 700 m above the summit and drifted SW. According to the Darwin VAAC ash plumes rose over 700 m above the crater on most days and drifted N, E, SSW, and SW, though weather conditions sometimes prevented identification in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 4.5 km away from the active crater.
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM), Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

Report for Merapi
BPPTKG reported that the eruption at Merapi (on Java) continued during 2-8 February. Seismicity remained at high levels. The SW lava dome produced 184 lava avalanches that descended the S and SW flanks: one traveled S as far as 1.5 km down the upper part of the Boyong drainage and 183 traveled SW as far as 1.7 km down the upper part of the Bebeng drainage. One pyroclastic flow descended the Bebeng drainage, traveling as far as 1.6 km. Morphological changes to the SW lava dome identified in webcam images were due to continuing effusion and collapses of material. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay 3-7 km away from the summit, based on location.
Source: Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG)

Report for Nevado del Ruiz
Servicio Geológico Colombiano’s (SGC) Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales reported that unstable eruptive activity at Nevado del Ruiz continued during 30 January–6 February. Seismic events indicating rock fracturing remained similar to the previous week in both number of events and seismic energy released. These events were mainly located in areas up to 5 km to the NE, SE, S, and SW of Arenas Crater, and at depths of 1-7 km. The largest event, a M 1.1, occurred at 0648 on 2 February and was located about 2 km SSE of the crater and at a depth of 4 km. Seismicity associated with gas-and-ash emissions remained at similar numbers as the previous week but were more intense, and several ash emissions were observed through cameras. On 5 February an ash plume rose to a maximum height of 1.8 km above the summit. Sulfur dioxide emissions varied but continued at a low level overall. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Level III (the second level on a four-level scale), and the public was warned to stay out of the restricted areas around Arenas Crater.
Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC)

Report for Reventador
IG-EPN reported that moderate eruptive activity continued at Reventador during 7-13 February. The seismic station recorded 27-45 daily explosive events, long-period earthquakes, episodes of harmonic tremor, and episodes of tremor associated with active degassing events. Several ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted N, SW, WSW, WNW, and NW; weather clouds often prevented visual monitoring of crater activity. The webcam monitoring system occasionally recorded episodes of crater incandescence during the night and early morning hours. Incandescent material was ejected up to 200 m above the crater during the night of 8 February, and avalanches of incandescent material descended multiple flanks as far as 600 m from the summit during 7-9 February. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Orange (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Report for Sabancaya
Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) reported that moderate levels of eruptive activity continued at Sabancaya during 5-11 February. The monitoring network recorded a daily average of 33 explosions that often ejected gas-and-ash emissions as high as 2 km above the summit crater; ash plumes drifted less than 10 km downwind. The seismic network recorded seismic signals associated with the movement of magma and gases; counts ranged between 17 and 69 events per day. Thermal anomalies over the lava dome in the summit crater were identified in daily processed satellite data. Deformation monitoring data indicated slight inflation of the area near the Hualca Hualca sector (4 km N) continued. The Alert Level remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale) and the public was reminded to stay at least 12 km away from the summit crater in all directions.
Source: Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP)

Report for Sangay
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 7-13 February. Reported seismicity consisted of 132-458 daily counts of explosive events. Weather clouds prevented views of summit crater activity during 7-9 February. During the morning of 8 February, small pyroclastic flows descended a ravine on the SW flank. Ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and sometimes satellite images acquired by the GOES-16 satellite during 10-11 and 12-13 February; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater and drifted SW, WSW, and W. Degassing activity was observed in GOES-16 satellite images during 11-12 February; gas plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater and drifted SW and W. Continuous emissions consisting of gas and low amounts of ash were observed in webcam images at 1645 on 12 February; the emissions rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater and drifted WSW. The webcam monitoring system occasionally recorded episodes of crater incandescence during the night and early morning hours. Avalanches of incandescent material descended the SW flank as far as 1.5 km from the summit during the nights and early mornings of 7-8, 9-10, and 12-13 February. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)

Report for Santa Maria
INSIVUMEH reported that eruptive activity continued at Santa Maria’s Santiaguito lava dome complex during 7-13 February with lava extrusion at the Caliente dome. Weak, moderate, and sometimes abundant degassing was observed daily and rose as high as 200 m above the crater. Incandescence from the dome and upper lava flow was visible during most nights and early mornings. Daily explosions generated gas-and-ash plumes that rose as high as 900 m above the dome and drifted S, SW, W, and NW. The explosions produced block avalanches around the dome and along the SE, S, SW, and W flanks. Explosions generated short-range pyroclastic flows that descended the E and SE flanks on 9 February and the S, SW, and W flanks on 12 February. On 8 February ashfall was observed in the direct vicinity of the volcano.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH)

Report for Semeru
PVMBG reported that eruptive activity continued at Semeru during 7-13 February. White emissions rose 100-200 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions during 8-9 February. Several ash emissions were reported throughout the week and rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted multiple directions. The Alert Level remained at 3 (the third highest level on a scale of 1-4). The public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the summit in all directions, 13 km from the summit to the SE, 500 m from the banks of the Kobokan drainage as far as 17 km from the summit, and to avoid other drainages including the Bang, Kembar, and Sat, due to lahar, avalanche, and pyroclastic flow hazards.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)

Report for Sheveluch
KVERT reported that the eruption at Sheveluch continued during 1-8 February characterized by powerful degassing activity observed from the Karan dome, and thermal anomalies identified in satellite images during 1-3 and 6-7 February. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange (the third level on a four-color scale). Dates are based on UTC times; specific events are in local time where noted.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)

Report for Shishaldin
AVO raised the Volcano Alert Level for Shishaldin to Watch (the third level on a four-level scale) and the Aviation Color Code to Orange (the third color on a four-color scale) at 1246 on 11 February due to a slight increase in volcanic activity. Minor ash emissions were observed in a webcam image timestamped at 0925 on 11 February. The low-level ash cloud extended from the summit crater and draped over the N flank. AVO posited that since seismic signals typically associated with surficial mass flows were recorded at the same time as the ash emission event, a collapse event of previously deposited material on the upper area of the cone could have occurred. After the minor ash episode occurred, weather clouds obscured views of the summit and there was no evidence of ash in satellite images.
Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)

Report for Stromboli
INGV reported that eruptive activity continued at Stromboli during 2-11 February. Webcam images showed Strombolian activity at two vents in Area N (one at N1 and one at N2), within the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, and from one vent at S2 in Area C-S (South-Central Crater) in the crater terrace. At Area N, low intensity explosive activity was observed from sectors N1 and N2 with the eruption of coarse material (bombs and lapilli) as high as 80 m above the vents. The average frequency of explosions from this area was 3-4 events per hour. At Area C-S, low to high intensity explosive activity was observed from sector S2 with the eruption of coarse and fine material (bombs, lapilli, and ash) as high as 150 m above the vent. The average explosions rate was 5-10 events per hour. On 9 February an explosive sequence was observed at sector S2 of Area C-S. Starting at 2055, the initial and highest energy explosion ejected coarse material onto the slopes of the crater terrace; ash emissions rose higher than 350 m above the vent and drifted E. Two lesser explosions followed, ejecting material approximately 150 m above the vent. The three events were then followed by some low-intensity explosions that ejected ash less than 80 m above the vent. The total duration of the sequence was about 4 minutes. The Dipartimento della Protezione Civile maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-level scale).
Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV)

Report for Suwanosejima
JMA reported that the eruption at Suwanosejima’s Ontake Crater continued during 5-12 February. Crater incandescence was observed in thermal webcam images. A total of two eruptions were reported; large volcanic blocks were ejected as far as 500 m away from the vent. The eruptions recorded at 1147 on 6 February and 1314 on 12 February produced ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim before drifting SE and S, respectively. Seismicity consisted of a few volcanic earthquakes detected in the W area of the island, and episodes of tremor that occurred at the same time as the eruptive events. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay at least 1 km away from Ontake crater in all directions.
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)