PVMBG reported that an increase in both deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes at Awu were recorded on 22 March and again during 10-15 April. Tiltmeter data from two stations recorded inflation during 1 March-16 April. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1800 on 16 April and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater’s center. PVMBG noted that elevated seismicity had been occurring periodically since July 2023.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Stable during mid- to late August 2004
Awu's eruption on 6 June 2004 and its elevated seismicity in early August 2004 was previously reported (BGVN 29:10). This report covers the last half of August 2004, which had not been reported on previously. Since the 6 June eruption, observation of the summit failed to reveal any significant changes (table 3). The hazard status of Awu during this August report remained at Level 2, having been elevated to 4 (the highest on a scale of 1 to 4) at the time of the 6 June eruption and then lowered on 14 June.
Date | Deep Volcanic (A-type) | Shallow Volcanic (B-type) | Tectonic |
09 Aug-15 Aug 2004 | -- | -- | 75 |
16 Aug-22 Aug 2004 | 2 | 1 | 81 |
23 Aug-29 Aug 2004 | 2 | -- | 102 |
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
2024: January
| April
2022: May
2021: December
2019: July
2016: May
| June
| November
2015: November
| December
2005: May
2004: May
| June
2002: November
PVMBG reported that an increase in both deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes at Awu were recorded on 22 March and again during 10-15 April. Tiltmeter data from two stations recorded inflation during 1 March-16 April. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) at 1800 on 16 April and the public was warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater’s center. PVMBG noted that elevated seismicity had been occurring periodically since July 2023.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
In a press release for Awu, PVMBG reported that both the number and intensity of earthquake events increased during 29-31 January; the signals possibly indicated the movement of magma to shallower depths. Inflation had been recorded since June 2023 and was ongoing. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4), and the public was warned to stay at least 3 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG had raised the Alert Level for Awu to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 12 December 2021 because of a notable increase in the number of both shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes. Since then the number of shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes averaged 8 and 5 events per day, respectively. Gas emissions had not been visible, though weather conditions sometimes prevented views of the volcano. Another significant seismic increase was recorded on 9 May, with 88 shallow events and 147 deep events, and then again the following day with 90 shallow events and 203 deep events. At 1500 on 11 May a white emission was observed rising about 30 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level was raised to 3, and the public was warned to stay at least 3.5 km away from the summit crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that volcanic seismicity at Awu had increased beginning in October. Notably, the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes increased to 7-26 events per day from the previous maximum of 5 daily events. The number of deep volcanic earthquakes also increased. The Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from the summit crater. The report also noted that no emissions nor any other surficial activity had been visible during 1 September-10 December, though weather sometimes hindered views.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
The Darwin VAAC reported that on 4 August an ash plume from Awu was visible in satellite images rising to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting N.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Awu fluctuated but declined during 1-30 October; the maximum number of shallow and deep volcanic earthquakes were eight and three, respectively, which were in the normal range. Solfatara plumes rose as high as 25 m above the vent. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 31 October.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that the number of earthquakes at Awu had risen significantly on 11 May and remained elevated through 14 May; a downward trend in seismicity became evident on 21 May. Earthquake hypocenters were located at depths between 1 and 2 km. The Alert Level was lowered to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 14 June; residents and tourists were advised to stay 4 km away from the crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that seismicity at Awu fluctuated during April and the first part of May. On 11 May the number of earthquakes rose significantly; the number of local tectonic and deep volcanic earthquakes was the highest recorded in the last year, and the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes was the second highest recorded (the highest number was recorded on 24 November 2015, prompting an increase in the Alert Level). Earthquake hypocenters were located at depths between 0.5 and 4 km. On 12 May the Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a scale of 1-4); residents and tourists were advised to stay 4 km away from the crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that on 24 November the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes at Awu increased significantly from a baseline maximum of 4 per day to 258 events; only seven events were recorded the next day. Seismicity continued to decline during 2-15 December. Fog prevented visual observations of the crater. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-4); residents and tourists were advised to stay 3 km away from the crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
PVMBG reported that during 1-24 November the seismic network at Awu detected a significant increase in seismicity, especially in the number of shallow volcanic earthquakes (from a baseline maximum of 4 per day to 74 events on 24 November). The Alert Level was increased to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Fog prevented visual observations.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
At 1715 on 16 May a pilot reported a low-level plume above Awu. No ash was seen in satellite imagery about one hour or eight hours later.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
During 15-16 June, there was no significant volcanic or seismic activity at Awu. "White smoke" rose about 50-100 m above the summit. Awu remained at Alert Level 3 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
On 13 June, DVGHM reduced the Alert Level at Awu from 4 (the highest level) to 3 after volcanic activity decreased. On 9 June, two moderate explosions rose about 2 and 3 km above the volcano. Ash drifted SW and was deposited in the villages of Tabukan utara and part of Kendahe, and at the Taha airport. After an eruption on 10 June at 0529, volcanic activity dramatically decreased with only "white smoke" rising ~50 m. This low-level activity continued through at least 14 June and the Taha airport planned to reopen. According to a news report, most of the ~20,000 people who were evacuated from near the volcano around 8 June were permitted to return home. Only some villagers from the N slope of the volcano remained in shelters.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Agence France-Presse (AFP)
According to news reports, Awu began erupting small ash plumes on 5 June. On 7 June, following a 48-hour-long period of increasing activity, authorities raised the Volcano Warning Level from Alert to Ready at 1040 and finally to Beware, the highest level of alert, at 1600. By 8 June, continuous small earthquakes were occurring and small eruptions produced gas-and-ash plumes and threw small ballistics up to 2 km above the summit. Up to 20,000 people have been evacuated from the area around the volcano.
Sources: Reuters; The Jakarta Post; ABC News - Australian Broadcasting Corporation; Agence France-Presse (AFP); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
DVGHM reported a sudden increase in seismicity at Awu beginning on 16 May when 12 volcanic earthquakes were recorded. In addition, tremor was recorded during 1110-1540. Gas plumes rose ~75 m above the crater that were thicker than earlier in the month, but they did not change color or form clumps. On 18 May, six volcanic earthquakes were recorded and tremor continued. The same day DVGHM raised the Alert Level from 1 to 2. According to news reports, on 21 May hundreds of residents of the villages of Manente, Kolongan, Kendahe, and North Tabukan began to flee due to fears of an eruption.
Sources: The Jakarta Post; Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Agence France-Presse (AFP)
Seismicity increased at Awu on 15 November, but during 19-24 November decreased back to "normal levels." There were no surface changes around the volcano's summit. Awu remained at Alert Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
VSI increased the Alert Level at Awu on 15 November following an increase in seismicity. Normally four earthquakes occur per day at the volcano, but 32 volcanic earthquakes were recorded on 15 November during 0000-0900. No surface changes were observed around the volcano's summit.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Earthquakes cause inner crater avalanches
The following information, from the Bulletin of Volcanic Eruptions for 1968, is for an unknown starting date in August, supposedly ending in September. The earthquakes may have been tectonic and related to the large Northern Celebes Earthquake on 10 August 1968.
"Rumblings. Continuous quakes recorded, including 10 felt ones. Those quakes caused avalanches from the inner crater wall filling the lake. Besides, a landslide in the inner crater wall the size of a house blocked the path to the crater bottom."
Information Contacts: Djajadi Hadikusumo, Geological Survey of Indonesia..
Reported to be active
Card 0114 (09 October 1968) Reported to be active
"The names of volcanoes in activity are Karangetang and Awu. Both are in Sangir Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi." [This report was received during the course of a Banua Wuhu eruption, and may simply be a listing of other recently active volcanoes in the area.]
Information Contacts: Governor of North Sulawesi, Manado, Celebes, Indonesia.
Lake pH drops; vapor plume
During 4 March fieldwork, a thin white vapor plume continued to emerge from the crater. The volume of the crater lake seemed unchanged from the previous month at about 600,000 m3, but its pH had dropped to 3, from 5 in February. Lake-water temperature ranged from 31 to 36°C. Solfataras N of the crater had temperatures of 78-101°C, while those S of the crater were at 55-100°C. Deep volcanic earthquakes occurred at a rate of ~1/week.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo and W. Tjetjep, VSI.
Rapid drop in crater lake level; lithic ejecta surround small new crater
The crater lake was visited on 11 May, following a sudden drainage of ~80% of the lake (from ~3.5 x 106 m3 to 0.7 x 106 m3) on 1 February. Water temperature was 31.1°C and pH was 2-3, similar to 4 March values (17:02), cooler but more acid than the 36°C and pH 5 measured in February. Fumaroles along the inner N wall of the crater emitted steam that rose 25-40 m and had temperatures of 70-92°C. Active solfataras, with temperatures of 70.6-97.4°C, had left substantial sulfur along the S and E walls. In the SE section of the crater, a deep vent 20 m in diameter produced a thick 50-m-high steam cloud that smelled of sulfur and was accompanied by an audible boiling sound. The presence of lithic ejecta around the vent suggested that it had been formed by a phreatic explosion.
Tectonic and volcanic A-type earthquakes were recorded at the volcano every month during January 1991-January 1992; volcanic A-type events ranged from 2 to 18/month.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI; UPI
Elevated seismicity during last half of 2000
The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI) issued reports of activity at Awu during June-July 2000, November-December 2002, and more recently during January-early March 2003, all of which are summarized here.
During June 2000, VSI reported an increase in seismicity, especially deep volcanic earthquakes (table 1). Satellite-relayed monitoring (by ARGOS) showed an increase in seismic energy beginning on 18 May 2000; deformation data showed inflation of ~800 µrad since 23 May.
Date | Deep Volcanic (A-type) | Shallow Volcanic (B-type) | Tectonic |
13 Jun-19 Jun 2000 | 21 | -- | 161 |
25 Jul-30 Jul 2000 | 389 | -- | 135 |
17 Oct 2002 | 3 | -- | -- |
20 Oct 2002 | 1 | -- | -- |
05 Nov 2002 | 1 | -- | -- |
07 Nov 2002 | 1 | -- | -- |
09 Nov-12 Nov 2002 | ~2/day | -- | -- |
11 Nov 2002 | 2 | -- | 33 |
12 Nov 2002 | 2 | -- | 28 |
13 Nov 2002 | -- | -- | 22 |
14 Nov 2002 | -- | -- | 23 |
15 Nov 2002 | 56 | 25 | 18 |
16 Nov 2002 | 2 | 12 | 26 |
17 Nov 2002 | 1 | 1 | 36 |
19 Nov-24 Nov 2002 | 12 | 5 | 129 |
23 Dec-29 Dec 2002 | 1 | -- | 196 |
06 Jan-12 Jan 2003 | 4 | -- | 161 |
13 Jan-19 Jan 2003 | 2 | -- | 114 |
20 Jan-26 Jan 2003 | 3 | -- | 151 |
27 Jan-02 Feb 2003 | 4 | -- | 121 |
03 Feb-09 Feb 2003 | 5 | -- | 125 |
10 Feb-16 Feb 2003 | 1 | -- | 95 |
17 Feb-23 Feb 2003 | 2 | -- | 155 |
During 14-16 October 2002, tremor was recorded and was followed by a felt tectonic earthquake with an amplitude of I-II MMI on 10 October. Soon after the tremor activity decreased, volcanic earthquakes began to be recorded (table 1). VSI reported a significant increase in seismicity during mid-November 2002; volcanic earthquakes that normally occurred less than five times per day occurred 81 times on 15 November. Activity decreased to normal levels by late 2002. Visual observations of the summit did not reveal significant changes. Volcanic earthquakes continued during January-early March 2003 (table 1). Awu remained at Alert Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
Great Sangihe Island stratovolcano erupts dome in June; ~27,000 evacuated
A dome-extruding eruption occurred in the previouly lake-bearing summit crater of Mount (Gunung) Awu, a stratovolcano in Northern Indonesia off the N end of the island of Sulawesi (Celebes). Details of the eruption are still emerging, but an early dome had clearly extruded by 2 June 2004 (figure 1).
Figure 1. A close up of Awu's new dome as it appeared amid loose tephra and through a steam-laden atmosphere on 2 June 2004, soon after emplacement began. Courtesy Penduduk. |
Prior to the eruption the crater contained a green lake. Before 1992, water volume was 35,000 x 103 m 3, but it decreased continuously, and in 2003, only 50 x 103 m 3 remained. Research carried out in 1993-1995 attributed the water loss to active faulting beneath the crater. Water inside the crater was of great concern because of its potential to produce lahars that could threaten settlements around Awu. Prior to the eruption, thick vegetation covered the crater's inner and outer rims.
Awu's previous eruption took place 12 August 1966. It took 39 lives, injured more than 1,000, and forced ~11,000 evacuations.
Signs of Awu threatening to erupt became clear mid-May 2004. They included a 15 May (felt, I MMI) tectonic earthquake, followed by two volcanic earthquakes. On 16 May, there were 12 volcanic earthquakes recorded, events interpeted as a signs of fluid moving up, and supported by the appearence of tremor with peak-to-peak amplitude of 8 mm. A gas plume rose 75 m above the crater's rim. On 17 May there were 4 volcanic earthquakes; peak-to-peak tremor amplitudes had dropped to 5 mm. This pattern continued through 18 May, with the number of volcanic earthquakes typically standing at ~6 and tremor amplitudes at 5 mm. The S minus P (S - P) times dropped from 2.0-1.75 sec to 0.5 sec, suggesting a shallower earthquake source, a possible indication of stress moving towards the surface.
In addition to the above observations, VSI scientists regarded the shortest historical repose time at Awu volcano as 25 years, an interval that had passed since the last eruption, and this became an additional reason for raising the alert level on 18 May.
Figure 1, a photo from the VSI website shows a close-up of a dome on 2 June 2004 with intense steam escaping, indicating that at least portions of a dome had emerged by that time. In figure 1, the dome and surrounding tephra predominanly appear as gray, darker-colored spines and angular blocks and fragments, but occasional clasts of large white fragments, presumably pumice, lie sprinkled across the surface.
Seismicity increased on 4-5 June during 2330-0130 when more than 30 shallow volcanic (Type A) earthquakes occurred. In contrast, typical May seismicity only included one earthquake per day. On 5 June during 1000-1300, instruments recorded 85 earthquakes. On 6 June during 0200-0430, they recorded 50; and during 0900-1010, they recorded 2-3 earthquakes per minute. Tremor followed, with maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 24 mm. The hazards status quickly increased to its highest level ('IV,' WITA).
At 1230 on 6 June, explosion earthquakes of small size occurred, followed by a rain of thin ash, which fell to the N. Visible white ash reached 500-750 m above the summit. An explosion sent ash 1 km above the crater rim, and the ash fell around the summit. Tremor prevailed until 2000, with maximum amplitude of 5 mm. At this point, 20,000 residents had already been evacuated.
Seismicity increased on 7 June; during the period 0000 to 0800 hours seismometers recorded 165 deep volcanic earthquakes, 18 shallow volcanic earthquakes, and continuous volcanic tremor-amplitude maxima exceeded 46 mm.
At 1117 on 7 June, an eruption began at 1800 hours, with ash plumes rising 1 km above the summit. After the eruption on 7 June, seismic signals similar to tremor occured (at 1807), with continuous, peak-to-peak amplitudes of about 12-45 mm (maximum).
During 7-8 June from 2000 to 0600, visual observers noted that 500- to 700-m-high ash clouds still hung over the summit. For the interval 0600-0600 8-9 June, VSI reported, "All day long there were many explosions." In additon, five major explosions were noted, at 1510, 1630, and 1730 on 8 June, and at 0606 and 0910 on 9 June. Presumably due to each of those larger outbursts, dark gray ash plumes rose up 1-2 km above the summit.
Ash thickness at Tahuna was about 0.5-1.5 mm. Beginning on 8 June 2004 at 0800, Tahuna airport was closed. VSI noted that the ash rain could have reached Tabukan Utara and part of Kendahe, caused by the wind to the SW.
At 0529 on 10 June, Awu began a sustained eruption, described as the climax, lasting 34 minutes (figure 2). That event sent a column of gray to black ash to 3 km above the summit. The outburst was accompanied by low rumbling sounds and tephra.
Figure 2. Ash plume at Mount Awu at 0529 on 10 June 2004. Courtesy of Wittiri, VSI, Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation. |
By 11 June, explosions and seismicity decreased drastically, with tremor amplitudes of only 2-3 mm. Until 13 June VSI recorded no deep volcanic earthquakes. At 0600 on 13 June authorities reduced the hazard status and some W- and ESE-flank residents returned home.
Figure 3 documents fresh deposits, the presumably new dome, and denuded vegetation. Ash generally fell to the ESE. During the first eruption, ash fell on Tahuna city and its vicinity with a thickness of 0.5-1 mm. Surrounding villages received ash deposits as follows: Lenganeng, 2 mm; Naha, 2 mm; Bahang, 1.5 mm; Kalakuhe, 1.5 mm; and Mala, 1.5 mm.
Inspection of the crater at an undisclosed time revealed a lava dome 300 x 250 m in plan view and 40 m in height. It is uncertain whether these values represent an early dome (figure 1) or larger, later dome (figure 3).
On 14 June, observers saw a thin white plume rising 50-100 m above the crater. Beginning 17 June, the hazard status dropped to level II (Waspada). Following 18 June, seismicity declined, and instruments no longer recorded tremor. The latest Awu report, which discussed the interval 28 June-4 July, noted level II hazard status, plumes 50-200 m tall, and the observation of incandescent material, suggesting continued dome growth.
UN Reports. According to an 8 June report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the evacuation process triggered by Awu's eruption started on the evening of 6 June and continued through at least 8 June. The total number of people expected to be evacuated was ~27,000 (12,065 from Tahuna, 5,690 from Kendahe, and 9,248 from Tabukan Utara). As of 8 June, 17,326 people had been evacuated. These displaced people were accommodated in government buildings, schools, and houses of prayer. The Directorate of Vulcanology strongly advised the temporary halting of flights from Manado (at the N end of Sulawesi Island) to Sangihe Island.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), United Nations, New York, NY 10017 USA.
Volcanic seismicity ends in early August; weak plumes
Awu extruded a new dome in its crater by 2 June 2004 (BGVN 29:05). Several photos received from the Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM) taken from the crater's upper S side illustrate the crater prior to and just after the 2004 dome emplacement (figures 4-6). Elevated seismicity continued into the week ending on 8 August 2004 (table 2). During 12-25 July, observers saw white thin-medium plumes gently rising to 50 m above the summit. A report covering 9-15 August, noted that the Awu observation post documented a weak plume 200 m tall. They also reported nine type-B earthquakes. A brief message from DVGHM on 7 December noted that Awu was then quiet.
Figure 4. A N-looking photo of the Awu's crater taken in September 1995. Note the large ephemeral pond on the crater floor. Courtesy of DVGHM; photo by Kristianto. |
Date | Deep Volcanic (A-type) | Tectonic |
22 Jun-28 Jun 2004 | 5 | 84 |
29 Jun-05 Jul 2004 | 6 | 74 |
07 Jul-12 Jul 2004 | 3 | 93 |
13 Jul-18 Jul 2004 | 2 | 74 |
19 Jul-25 Jul 2004 | 25 | 110 |
26 Jul-01 Aug 2004 | -- | -- |
02 Aug-08 Aug 2004 | 7 | 92 |
09 Aug-15 Aug 2004 | 0 | 75 |
Aviation reports. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre at Darwin, Australia, issued 15 reports (Volcanic Ash Advisories) regarding Awu during June 2004. These were the first and only Awu reports available in their archive of reports going back to 1998. The first message (on 8 June) was "Major eruption possible, but no eruption yet." Similar terminology accompanied Advisories until 12 June. The 9 June report noted "continuous small eruptions" and "four larger explosions in past two days." A plume also seen on satellite imagery was estimated by pilots to be at ~ 4.5-6 km. Later it became difficult to see the plume with satellite imagery. On 10 June two Advisories noted thin plumes directed NE extending ~ 37 km. The plumes were seen on imagery at 2325 and 0220 UTC (in aerospace shorthand, the imagery came from DVGHM, DMSP, GOES, and NOAA 17 satellites). The final Advisory, on 14 June, noted "Eruption details: Nil obs[erved] ash." That notice also commented that the alert status had dropped and no significant activity had been recorded, but a white plume rose ~ 100 m above the summit in the last 24 hours.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), United Nations, New York, NY 10017, USA; Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/).
Stable during mid- to late August 2004
Awu's eruption on 6 June 2004 and its elevated seismicity in early August 2004 was previously reported (BGVN 29:10). This report covers the last half of August 2004, which had not been reported on previously. Since the 6 June eruption, observation of the summit failed to reveal any significant changes (table 3). The hazard status of Awu during this August report remained at Level 2, having been elevated to 4 (the highest on a scale of 1 to 4) at the time of the 6 June eruption and then lowered on 14 June.
Date | Deep Volcanic (A-type) | Shallow Volcanic (B-type) | Tectonic |
09 Aug-15 Aug 2004 | -- | -- | 75 |
16 Aug-22 Aug 2004 | 2 | 1 | 81 |
23 Aug-29 Aug 2004 | 2 | -- | 102 |
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (DVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
Awoe |
|
|
There is data available for 16 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2004 Jun 2 (in or before) - 2004 Aug 16 (?) ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 Jun 2 (in or before) - 2004 Aug 16 (?) ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 10 Events for Episode 1
|
1992 Apr 7 ± 9 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | SE part of summit crater | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 Apr 7 ± 9 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at SE part of summit crater
|
[ 1968 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1968 Sep 16 ± 15 days ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1968 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1968 Sep 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1966 Aug 12 - 1966 Oct 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1966 Aug 12 - 1966 Oct 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 9 Events for Episode 1
|
1930 Dec - 1931 Dec Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1930 Dec - 1931 Dec | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
|
1922 Jun 20 - 1922 Sep Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1922 Jun 20 - 1922 Sep | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1921 Feb - 1921 Oct 1 ± 90 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1921 Feb - 1921 Oct 1 ± 90 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1913 Mar 14 - 1913 Mar 14 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1913 Mar 14 - 1913 Mar 14 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
|
1893 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1893 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1892 Jun 7 - 1892 Jun 12 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1892 Jun 7 - 1892 Jun 12 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 10 Events for Episode 1
|
1885 Aug 18 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1885 Aug 18 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1883 Aug 25 - 1883 Aug 26 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1883 Aug 25 - 1883 Aug 26 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1875 Aug - 1875 Aug Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1875 Aug - 1875 Aug | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1856 Mar 2 - 1856 Mar 17 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1856 Mar 2 - 1856 Mar 17 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 10 Events for Episode 1
|
1812 Aug 6 - 1812 Aug 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1812 Aug 6 - 1812 Aug 8 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1
|
1711 Dec 10 - 1711 Dec 16 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1711 Dec 10 - 1711 Dec 16 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 9 Events for Episode 1
|
[ 1699 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1699 - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown |
1646 ± 5 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1646 ± 5 years - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
[ 1640 Dec - 1641 Jan 4 ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1640 Dec - 1641 Jan 4 | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
There is no Deformation History data available for Awu.
There is no Emissions History data available for Awu.
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.
There are no samples for Awu in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Awu. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Awu. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Awu | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |