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PVMBG reported that white plumes were observed rising 15 m above Lewotobi during periods of clear weather from 1 Septmber-6 October. Seismicity declined significantly during the previous three months and became stable. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 7 October.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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Occasional increases in seismicity and white plumes during August 2011-October 2015
Lewotobi is composed of the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman) stratovolcanoes, with summit craters less than 2 km apart on Flores Island (figure 2). The last explosive eruption occurred in May 2003, accompanied by a high level of seismicity (BGVN 28:10). The volcano was apparently quiet through the middle of 2011, except for a brief period of unrest in May 2008 (BGVN 34:01) and March 2009 (BGVN 34:04). The report reviews activity through 7 October 2015, mostly from Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reports unless otherwise noted.
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Figure 2. Satellite image from 4 September 2013 showing Lewotobi volcano and associated features on eastern Flores Island: the two stratovolcanoes Lakilaki and Perempuan, and SE flank cone Iliwokar. The crater on the smaller Lakilaki edifice to the NW is 400 m wide, while Perempuan's is 700 m wide. Courtesy of Google Earth; data labels provided by GVP. |
Seismicity increased during 26-31 August 2011, and plumes of "smoke" rose 15-50 m above the Perampuan crater rim. Based on the seismic data, the Alert Level for that crater was raised to 2 (Caution) (on a scale of 1-4) on 31 August. Increased seismicity and visual observations at Lakilaki after 17 September 2011 prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert Level to 2 for that cone as well on 22 September. Diffuse white plumes rose 15 m above the crater. At Alert Level 2 people are prohibited from going within a 1-km radius of the respective volcano.
Diffuse white plumes again rose 15-25 m above the summits of both craters during January-March 2012. Seismicity at both fluctuated, but had declined overall during September 2011-March 2012. The Alert Level at both was reduced from 2 to 1 (Normal) on 29 March 2012. Another period of increased seismicity on 28 September 2013 prompted PVMBG to again raise the Alert Level of Perempuan to 2.
Based on analysis of satellite images and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that on 6 October 2014 a narrow, low-level ash plume from Lewotobi rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted 185 km WNW. However, PVMBG did not report activity of any kind or raise the Alert Level. MODVOLC thermal alert pixels for that date showed a broad area on the E flank with 15 scattered anomalies extending to the shoreline, and three pixels the day before located just SE (figure 3). An alternate hypothesis is that fires spread NW due to prevailing winds, sending a low-level plume in that direction.
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Figure 3. MODVOLC maps showing thermal alert pixels at Lewotobi on 5 October (left) and 6 October (right) 2014. Courtesy of Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System. |
White plumes were reported by PVMBG to be rising 15-20 m above Lakilaki during periods of clear weather from 1 February to 17 March 2015. Seismicity increased significantly on 13 March, especially the number of volcanic earthquakes and shallow volcanic earthquakes; harmonic tremor, tornillo events, and tectonic events were also detected. On 17 March the Alert Level was raised to 2. On 7 October 2015, PVMBG lowered the Alert Level to 1, based on visual observations and decreased seismicity over the previous three months.
Clear weather revealed white plumes rising 15 m above Perempuan during 17 July-25 August and 1 September-6 October 2015. Though the Alert Level had been raised on an unreported day, seismicity declined significantly after 1 August, and on 27 August, the Alert Level was lowered to 1.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation), Jl. Diponegoro 57, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 40 122 (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
2015: March
| August
| October
2014: October
2012: March
2011: August
| September
2009: March
2008: May
2003: June
| July
| August
| October
2002: October
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PVMBG reported that white plumes were observed rising 15 m above Lewotobi during periods of clear weather from 1 Septmber-6 October. Seismicity declined significantly during the previous three months and became stable. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 7 October.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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PVMBG reported that white plumes were observed rising 15 m above Lewotobi during periods of clear weather from 17 July to 25 August. Seismicity decreased significantly during 1-25 August. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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PVMBG reported that white plumes were observed rising 15-20 m above Lewotobi during periods of clear weather from 1 February to17 March. Seismicity increased significantly on 13 March, especially volcanic earthquakes and shallow volcanic earthquakes; harmonic tremor, Tornillo events, and tectonic events were also detected. On 17 March the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). Residents and tourists were warned not to approach the craters within a 1-km radius.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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Based on analysis of satellite images and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 6 October a narrow, low-level ash plume from Lewotobi rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 185 km WNW.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
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CVGHM reported that seismicity at Lewotobi Lakilaki, one of two stratovolcanoes comprising Lewotobi, fluctuated but declined overall during 18 September 2011-25 March 2012. No significant changes were observed at the volcano. The Alert Level was lowered to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) on 29 March.
Observers of Lewotobi Perempuan, the second stratovolcano comprising Lewotobi, noted that during January-March diffuse white plumes rose 15 m above the crater and no significant changes had occurred. After 31 August 2011 through 25 March 2012 seismicity fluctuated but declined overall. On 29 March the Alert Level was lowered to 1.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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CVGHM raised the Alert Level for Lewotobi Lakilaki, one of two stratovolcanoes composing Lewotobi, to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 22 September due to increased seismicity since 17 September and visual observations. Although no significant changes in the volcano were observed, diffuse white plumes rose 15 m above the crater. Visitors and residents were prohibited from going within a 1-km radius of Lewotobi Lakilaki.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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CVGHM reported that during 26-31 August seismicity at Lewotobi increased. Plumes of "smoke" rose 15-50 m above the Lewotobi Perampuan crater rim; no other significant changes were visibly apparent. Based on the seismic data, the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 31 August. Visitors and residents were advised not to approach the volcano within 1 km of the Lewotobi Perampuan crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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On 23 March, CVGHM lowered the Alert Level for Lewotobi from 2 to 1 (on a scale of 1-4) based on visual observations and decreased seismicity during March. Rarely seen diffuse white plumes rose 25 m above the crater and drifted E. Visitors and residents were advised not to approach the crater.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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On 29 May, CVGHM raised the Alert Level for Lewotobi to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) due to an increase in seismicity during 12-29 May. White plumes typically rose about 25 m above the crater and drifted E; visual observations indicated no changes.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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A decrease in volcanic activity at Lewotobi during 13-19 October led DVGHM to decrease the Alert Level from 2 to 1 (on a scale of 1-4). Only gas was emitted to low levels and no volcanic earthquakes were recorded.
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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The Darwin VAAC reported that an eruption at Lewotobi on 1 September produced an ash plume to a height of ~2.5 km above the summit that drifted W. Volcanic material caused fires in forests within a 1 km radius of the crater and damaged crops on the volcano's flanks. VSI raised the Alert Level to 4, the highest level. According to news articles, hundreds of people from at least six villages fled their homes for the village of Konga to the E. By 2 September the Alert Level had been reduced to 3.
Sources: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Agence France-Presse (AFP)
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Low-level ash emissions continued at Lewotobi during 2-29 June. During 2-8 June ash plumes reached ~300 m above the summit, and ash fell in the villages of Bawalatang, Duang, and Boru. Lewotobi remained at Alert Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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On 30 May at 1650 an ash explosion at Lewotobi Lakilaki, a stratovolcano of Lewotobi, sent an ash column to a height of ~200 m above the summit. Ash fell at the observatory post about 5 km from the crater. As of 1 June, Lewotobi was at Alert Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Source: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM)
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On 12 October at 2330 there was an explosion at Lewotobi Lakilaki, a stratovolcano of Lewotobi, that was accompanied by a weak thundering sound. Ash fell as far as 5 km away and an ash column rose ~500 m above the volcano. According to VSI, eruptions at Lewotobi usually occur over an extended period of time, therefore they expect more explosions to take place in the next couple of weeks to months. On 16 October, Lewotobi was at Alert Level 4 (the highest level).
Sources: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
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Brief increase in seismicity
A sudden increase in seismicity, from 7 to 60 earthquakes/day, was recorded at the end of March. Activity peaked on 26 March, then gradually decreased. No changes in surface activity were observed.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.
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Ash emission follows increased seismicity
Ash was erupted to 800 m height, and deposited to 7 km NE and 4 km NW, on 11-13 May. Gas emission continued through the end of May, with 84 emission events recorded during the last week. Twelve shallow and seven deep volcanic earthquakes were also recorded during the last week in May.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.
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Strombolian activity; ash to 300 m height; several hundred explosion earthquakes weekly
Explosions at the summit crater on 28 May at 1615, 1840, and 1911 produced ash clouds to 300 m, accompanied by thunder-like sounds heard 4 km SW of the crater (at Pos Observatory). Since then, activity has been dominated by gas emissions and explosion earthquakes (figure 1). Explosions emitted ash (12-19 times/week) to 100-300 m high. On 8 and 13 June, lapilli and bombs ejected by Strombolian activity covered the area surrounding the crater. Glow and lava fountaining then steadily diminished through the end of June. Explosion earthquakes were recorded 200-405 times/week, compared to 0-4 deep and shallow volcanic earthquakes, and 5-7 tectonic earthquakes/week. No tremor episodes were recorded.
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Figure 1. Daily number of earthquakes and explosion events at Lewotobi Lakilaki, May 1991. Arrows represent explosions. Courtesy of VSI. |
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI.
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Strombolian activity
Press releases reported increased activity, with small eruptions occurring around 19 July. One eruption reportedly ejected incandescent material 100 m high, dropping hot ash (smelling of sulfur) onto nearby areas and causing residents to flee. At 1645 on 29 July, a 300-m-high ash cloud extending ~35 km W was reported by pilots on Qantas flight A61. By the week of 14-19 August the volcano was no longer exploding, and gas emissions, 50-100 m high, appeared to be decreasing.
Information Contacts: W. Modjo, VSI; ICAO; UPI.
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Continued gas emission
Degassing has continued since October, sometimes punctuated by ash ejection reaching 50-150 m above the crater. The number of degassing earthquakes dropped slightly from 246 during the first week of December to 233 in the second week. One B-type volcanic earthquake was recorded during the two-week period.
Information Contacts: VSI.
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March-May ash eruptions
The current phase of activity at Lewotobi Lakilaki began at 0547 on 21 March, when observers noted a vigorous steam plume rising 250 m above the summit. This was noteworthy because when the volcano is in a non-active phase its steam plume rises no higher than ~25 m. On 30 March a rumbling noise was heard and the volcano's status was raised to Level II, or "Alert." The following day observers twice noted ash plumes ~250 m high accompanied by a rumbling noise. On 1 April observers saw such plumes at three different times.
From 27 April to 3 May the ash eruption continued. The observed ash was whitish-gray, of weak to moderate pressure, and extending 300 m above the summit. Eruption events were sometimes accompanied by detonations. On 29 April, glowing material was ejected 50-75 m above the crater and it fell over an area with 50 m radius. Thin ash fell over the Boru area the following day at 1600. The seismic record totals for the week showed four volcanic type-B, nine tectonic, four eruption, and nine emission events.
Ash eruptions reached heights of 500 m during 4-10 May and were sometimes accompanied by strong detonations. On 7 and 9 May glowing materials were again ejected to 50-75 m heights, falling within a 50 m radius. On 7 May ash fell around the areas of Boru, Riang Boru, Hokeng, and Wolorona. Deposits were ~1 mm thick. Seismic events for the week decreased, with three eruptive and five emission events. From 11 through 17 May ash eruptions continued to reach heights of 500 m and were sometimes accompanied by strong detonations. During the week of 18-24 May emission heights decreased to 300 m and blast sounds became less frequent. Thin ash fell during 19 May on the Boru and Riagulu regions.
Information Contacts: Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
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1 July explosion ignites fires and up to 1 mm of ash falls on local villages
Lewotobi Laki-Laki erupted at 1000 on 1 July. A strong blast accompanied the eruption. Glowing material fell in a 500 m radius to the N and S, igniting forest fires that extended 2.5 km N of the crater and 500 m S, to the ridge dividing Lewotobi Laki-Laki from Lewotobi Perempuan. Ash emissions reached 1,000 m above the summit and were distributed to the W, SW, and S. The emissions then drifted to the NW, W, SW, and S in an 8-km radius. The settlements of Boru, Bawalatang, and Watukubu reported ash deposits in the range 0.5-1 mm thick.
"White, thin-to-thick ash emissions" have continued since the initial eruption, rising ~100 m above the summit. Authorities raised the volcano status to "Level III" (prepare to evacuate) on 2 July. The seismic record for the week 29 June to 5 July reported 266 type-A, 70 type-B, two tectonic, and 31 explosive events.
Information Contacts: R. Sukhyar and Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
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Explosion on 12 October 2002, the first reported activity since July 1999
On 12 October 2002 at 2330, an explosion at Lewotobi Lakilaki (a twin stratovolcano of Lewotobi Perempuan) was accompanied by a weak thundering sound that was heard at Hokeng village, 5 km from the summit. An ash column rose ~500 m above the volcano and drifted NW. Ash fell as far as 5 km away, accumulating to thicknesses of less than 0.5 mm. No seismic data were available. Following the eruption, the Alert Level was raised to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). According to VSI, eruptions at Lewotobi usually occur over an extended time, therefore more explosions were expected in the following weeks to months. VSI reported no increase in volcanism in the weeks following the 12 October eruption. Through at least 24 November, a thin white low-pressure ash plume was frequently visible rising 150-250 m above the summit. Lewotobi remained at Alert Level 2.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
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Minor explosion and ashfall on 30 May
An explosion on 12 October 2002 at Lewotobi Lakilaki, one of the twin stratovolcanoes that comprise Lewotobi, produced an ash column that rose ~500 m above the volcano (BGVN 27:11). Through at least 24 November, a "thin white low-pressure ash plume" rose 150-250 m above the summit.
No further reports were issued until May 2003, when the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia reported an explosion at 1650 on 30 May 2003. The resulting ash column reached 200 m above the summit and caused ashfall at the observatory, ~5 km from the crater. Visual and seismic data showed no significant increases during the week prior to the explosion (table 1). On 1 June, two explosion earthquakes and two tremor earthquakes were recorded. The hazard status was set at Alert Level 2 (on a scale of 1-4).
Table 1. Seismicity and height of the gas plume at Lewotobi during 20 May-15 June 2003. Courtesy VSI.
| Date | Volcanic EQ | Tectonic EQ | Ash Emissions | Tremor | Plume Height(s) |
| 20 May 2003 | 2 | 1 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 21 May 2003 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| 22 May 2003 | 4 | 1 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 23 May 2003 | 9 | 5 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 24 May 2003 | 6 | 3 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 25 May 2003 | 5 | 1 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 26 May 2003 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 27 May 2003 | 2 | 6 | -- | -- | 25 m |
| 28 May 2003 | 0 | 2 | -- | -- | -- |
| 29 May 2003 | 2 | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| 30 May 2003 | 6 | 3 | -- | -- | 200 m |
| 31 May 2003 | 6 | 0 | -- | -- | -- |
| 01 Jun 2003 | 3 | 1 | -- | -- | -- |
| 02-08 Jun 2003 | 13 | 12 | 29 | 20 | 300 m |
| 09-15 Jun 2003 | 24 | 9 | 40 | 33 | 75 m |
Activity during the week of 2-8 June 2003 was marked by explosions and ash emissions. Ash plumes reached a maximum height of 300 m above the summit. Seven explosions were recorded accompanied by a blasting sound on 3, 5, and 6 June. Ash fell at Bawalatang, Duang, and Boru villages. Shallow volcanic earthquakes were recorded, but were fewer in number compared to the previous week; there was no record of deep volcanic earthquakes, although tectonic earthquakes were recorded.
During the week of 9-15 June, activity was marked by ash emissions, with an ash plume reaching a maximum height of 75 m above the summit. Tremor events were also observed, with the tremor showing an amplitude of 0.5-7 mm. There were no deep volcanic earthquakes recorded, although the numbers of shallow volcanic earthquakes, tremor and ash emissions increased.
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
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Explosions and ashfall during June-July; seismicity stops in early September
Explosive ash eruptions from the summit crater of Lewotobi sent dark gray plumes 300-350 m high between 2 June and 13 July. Detonation sounds accompanied explosions on 3, 5, and 6 June. Ash fell in the villages of Bawalatang, Duang, and Boru in early June, and was reported at the volcano observatory post in early July. Ash explosions continued during 14-20 July with plumes rising 150 m above the summit. Poor weather conditions prevented observations in late July, although seismic records indicated continued activity; no reports were available for August. In early September an ash plume was reported to rise 25 m above the crater.
Seismicity during June and July was dominated by emissions events, but included tremor, explosion, and shallow volcanic earthquakes (table 2). Early September seismicity consisted of a high number of shallow volcanic events and some deep volcanic earthquakes, but all seismicity ceased after 3 September. Only four tectonic earthquakes were detected after this date, during 6-19 October. The 29 September-5 October report noted an ash plume rising to 25 m above the crater, but over the next two weeks the 25-m-high plume was described as gas emissions. The hazard status was downgraded to Alert Level 1 (on a scale of 1-4) the week of 13-19 October.
Table 2. Seismicity at Lewotobi, 2 June-19 October 2003. Note that no seismicity was recorded after 3 September 2003. Courtesy of VSI.
| Date | Deep Volcanic | Shallow Volcanic | Explosion | Emission | Tremor | Tectonic |
| 02 Jun-08 Jun 2003 | 0 | 13 | 7 | 29 | 20 | 12 |
| 09 Jun-15 Jun 2003 | 0 | 24 | -- | 40 | 33 | 9 |
| 30 Jun-06 Jul 2003 | 0 | 8 | 14 | 26 | 11 | 3 |
| 07 Jul-13 Jul 2003 | 0 | 16 | 10 | 52 | 4 | 1 |
| 14 Jul-20 Jul 2003 | 4 | 17 | 19 | 24 | 10 | 4 |
| 21 Jul-27 Jul 2003 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 25 | 5 | 4 |
| 28 Jul-03 Aug 2003 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 20 | 6 | 3 |
| 01 Sep-03 Sep 2003* | 27 | 257 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Information Contacts: Dali Ahmad, Hetty Triastuty, Nia Haerani, and Suswati, Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Jalan Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/).
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Increase in seismicity during May 2008; more details on 2003 eruption
On 29 May 2008, the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) raised the Alert Level for the Flores Island volcano Lewotobi to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) due to an increase in seismicity during 12-29 May. White plumes typically rose about 25 m above the crater and drifted E; visual observations indicated no changes.
Explosive ash eruptions and high levels of seismicity occurred during May-September 2003 (BGVN28:06 and 28:10). Seismicity declined dramatically after an eruption on 31 August, and all volcanic earthquakes ceased after 3 September. The absence of reports during October 2003 until mid-May 2008 suggests Lewotobi apparently entered a protracted period of quiescence until May 2008. MODVOLC thermal surveillance of Lewotobi subsequent to the activity of October 2003 has not revealed any significant thermal activity to February 2009.
Additional details of 2003 eruption.According to an Agence France-Presse (AFP) news report, an eruption on 31 August 2003 took place at 1935. The article noted that hundreds of people from at least six villages fled E from their homes to the village of Konga. AFP said that volcanic material caused fires in forests within a 1-km radius of the crater and damaged crops on the flanks. On 1 September CVGHM reported to the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) that an ash plume rose ~2.5 km above the crater and drifted W, but the plume was not detected in imagery.
Following that 2003 eruption, according to the daily Jakarta Post, at least 565 villagers living on the slopes of Lewotobi were affected by sulfur and ash emissions. The residents experienced respiratory problems and skin afflictions. A 2008 Jakarta Post article indicated that an estimated 10,000 people live on the slopes of Lewotobi, most of them farming the fertile volcanic soil in the area.
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Agence France-Presse (URL: http://www.afp.com/); Jakarta Post (URL: http://www.thejakartapost.com/).
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Drops in steaming and seismicity during March 2009
Unrest caused authorities to elevate the alert level here to 2 in May 2008 (BGVN 34:01). No ash emissions were reported, as has been the case since 2003 (BGVN28:06, 28:10, 34:01).
On 23 March 2009, the Center for Volcanology and the Mitigation of Geologic Disaster (CVGHM) lowered the alert level on Lewotobi from 2 to 1 (on a scale of 1-4). This shift was based on visual observations and decreased seismicity during March. Rarely seen diffuse white plumes rose 25 m above the crater and drifted E. Visitors and residents continued to be advised not to approach the crater.
Over the period 1-23 March 2009 a cluster of shallow volcanic earthquakes occurred. Their initial numbers, 5-25 daily, soon declined to 1-5 occurrences per day. The total number of deep volcanic earthquakes did not change, averaging 1-3 daily. No tremor had been recorded since 1 February 2009 and at least as late as mid-2009.
Information Contacts: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Jalan Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia (URL: http://vsi.esdm.go.id/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Agence France-Presse (URL: http://www.afp.com/); Jakarta Post (URL: http://www.thejakartapost.com/).
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Occasional increases in seismicity and white plumes during August 2011-October 2015
Lewotobi is composed of the Lewotobi Lakilaki (man) and Lewotobi Perempuan (woman) stratovolcanoes, with summit craters less than 2 km apart on Flores Island (figure 2). The last explosive eruption occurred in May 2003, accompanied by a high level of seismicity (BGVN 28:10). The volcano was apparently quiet through the middle of 2011, except for a brief period of unrest in May 2008 (BGVN 34:01) and March 2009 (BGVN 34:04). The report reviews activity through 7 October 2015, mostly from Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG) reports unless otherwise noted.
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Figure 2. Satellite image from 4 September 2013 showing Lewotobi volcano and associated features on eastern Flores Island: the two stratovolcanoes Lakilaki and Perempuan, and SE flank cone Iliwokar. The crater on the smaller Lakilaki edifice to the NW is 400 m wide, while Perempuan's is 700 m wide. Courtesy of Google Earth; data labels provided by GVP. |
Seismicity increased during 26-31 August 2011, and plumes of "smoke" rose 15-50 m above the Perampuan crater rim. Based on the seismic data, the Alert Level for that crater was raised to 2 (Caution) (on a scale of 1-4) on 31 August. Increased seismicity and visual observations at Lakilaki after 17 September 2011 prompted PVMBG to raise the Alert Level to 2 for that cone as well on 22 September. Diffuse white plumes rose 15 m above the crater. At Alert Level 2 people are prohibited from going within a 1-km radius of the respective volcano.
Diffuse white plumes again rose 15-25 m above the summits of both craters during January-March 2012. Seismicity at both fluctuated, but had declined overall during September 2011-March 2012. The Alert Level at both was reduced from 2 to 1 (Normal) on 29 March 2012. Another period of increased seismicity on 28 September 2013 prompted PVMBG to again raise the Alert Level of Perempuan to 2.
Based on analysis of satellite images and wind data, the Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) reported that on 6 October 2014 a narrow, low-level ash plume from Lewotobi rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted 185 km WNW. However, PVMBG did not report activity of any kind or raise the Alert Level. MODVOLC thermal alert pixels for that date showed a broad area on the E flank with 15 scattered anomalies extending to the shoreline, and three pixels the day before located just SE (figure 3). An alternate hypothesis is that fires spread NW due to prevailing winds, sending a low-level plume in that direction.
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Figure 3. MODVOLC maps showing thermal alert pixels at Lewotobi on 5 October (left) and 6 October (right) 2014. Courtesy of Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System. |
White plumes were reported by PVMBG to be rising 15-20 m above Lakilaki during periods of clear weather from 1 February to 17 March 2015. Seismicity increased significantly on 13 March, especially the number of volcanic earthquakes and shallow volcanic earthquakes; harmonic tremor, tornillo events, and tectonic events were also detected. On 17 March the Alert Level was raised to 2. On 7 October 2015, PVMBG lowered the Alert Level to 1, based on visual observations and decreased seismicity over the previous three months.
Clear weather revealed white plumes rising 15 m above Perempuan during 17 July-25 August and 1 September-6 October 2015. Though the Alert Level had been raised on an unreported day, seismicity declined significantly after 1 August, and on 27 August, the Alert Level was lowered to 1.
Information Contacts: Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (PVMBG, also known as CVGHM, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation), Jl. Diponegoro 57, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, 40 122 (URL: http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), Bureau of Meteorology, Northern Territory Regional Office, PO Box 40050, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia (URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/info/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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| Lobetobi | Lewetobi | Lowetobi | Lebetobi | Nobo, Mount | ||||
Cones |
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| Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
| Iliwokar | Cone | 693 m | 8° 34' 13" S | 122° 48' 31" E |
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Lewetobi Perempuan
Lewetobi Perampuan |
Stratovolcano | 1692 m | 8° 33' 16" S | 122° 46' 55" E |
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Lewotobi Lakilaki
Nobo, Mount |
Stratovolcano | 1559 m | 8° 32' 21" S | 122° 46' 3" E |
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There is data available for 22 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
[ 2014 Oct 6 - 2014 Oct 6 ] Uncertain Eruption
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 Oct 6 - 2014 Oct 6 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
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List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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2003 May 30 - 2003 Sep 1 (in or after) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 May 30 - 2003 Sep 1 (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 6 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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2002 Oct 12 - 2002 Oct 12 (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 1
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 Oct 12 - 2002 Oct 12 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1999 Mar 31 - 1999 Jul 1 (?) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 Mar 31 - 1999 Jul 1 (?) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1991 May 11 - 1992 Dec 31 (in or after) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 1
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 May 11 - 1992 Dec 31 (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1990 Jan 28 - 1990 Jun 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 1
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotabi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 Jan 28 - 1990 Jun 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotabi Lakilaki
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1971 Jan 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 Jan 16 ± 15 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1970 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 Jul 2 ± 182 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1968 Nov 28 - 1969 Feb 2 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 Nov 28 - 1969 Feb 2 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1939 Dec 17 - 1940 Apr 21 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939 Dec 17 - 1940 Apr 21 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1935 Dec - 1935 Dec 25 (in or after) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewetobi Perempuan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1935 Dec - 1935 Dec 25 (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Lewetobi Perempuan
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1932 May 23 - 1933 Dec 26 ± 5 days Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 May 23 - 1933 Dec 26 ± 5 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 9 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1921 Jan 1 - 1921 Dec 20 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Perempuan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1921 Jan 1 - 1921 Dec 20 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Perempuan
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1914 Jun 29 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1914 Jun 29 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1909 Jan 8 - 1910 May 26 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 Jan 8 - 1910 May 26 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1907 Sep 28 - 1907 Oct 30 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1907 Sep 28 - 1907 Oct 30 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1889 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1889 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1869 Jul 7 - 1869 Jul 27 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1869 Jul 7 - 1869 Jul 27 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1868 Dec 15 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1868 Dec 15 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
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List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1868 Jul 13 (in or before) Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1868 Jul 13 (in or before) - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1865 May 4 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1865 May 4 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1861 May 4 - 1861 May 18 Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 2
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1861 May 4 - 1861 May 18 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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[ 1859 Jul ] Uncertain Eruption
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1859 Jul - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||
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List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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1675 ± 25 years Confirmed Eruption Max VEI: 3
| Episode 1 | Eruption Episode | Lewotobi Lakilaki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1675 ± 25 years - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Lewotobi Lakilaki
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There is no Deformation History data available for Lewotobi.
There is no Emissions History data available for Lewotobi.
The summit of the sharp-peaked 1584-m Lewotobi Lakilaki is seen from its twin volcano located only 2 km to the SE, Lewotobi Perempuan. Lewotobi Lakilaki is the most active volcano on Flores Island, with frequent explosive eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries. A 1932-33 eruption was accompanied by lava dome formation and pyroclastic flows.
The Lewotobi "Husband and Wife" twin volcano is composed of the Lewotobi Lakilaki (seen in this view) and Lewotobi Perempuan stratovolcanoes, whose summits are less than 2 km apart on a NW-SE line. The summits of both volcanoes contain lava domes. Lewotobi Perempuan has had historical eruptions only in 1921 and 1935, whereas Lewotobi Lakilaki is one of the most active volcanoes on Flores Island, with frequent eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries.
A sulfur-encrusted, steaming lava dome in the summit crater of Lewotobi Perempuan volcano (seen here in 1971) was formed during an eruption from January 1 to December 1921. The only other historical eruption of Lewotobi Perampuan was in 1935, although its twin volcano to the SE, Lewotobi Lakilaki, is one of the most active volcanoes on Flores Island, with frequent eruptions in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The summit crater of Lewotobi Perempuan, the NW-most of the Lewotobi twin volcanoes, contains a steaming lava dome that formed during an eruption in 1921. Solfataric activity has been observed at the summit of Lewotobi Perempuan since the first report in 1821, although its only other eruption was in 1935.
Lewotobi Lakilaki (left) and Lewotobi Perempuan (right) rise above a village on their western flanks. Both the conical Lakilaki and the broad Perempuan volcanoes have erupted during historical time.
The peaks of Gunung Lewotobi have differing profiles, seen here from the SW. The summit of sharp-peaked Lewotobi Lakilaki (left) lies only 2 km NW of the broader summit of Lewotobi Perempuan. Both volcanoes have erupted during historical time.
The NE flanks of Gunung Lewotobi rise above the village of Nobo. Lewotobi Perempuan (left) is located SW of Lewotobi Lakilaki (right). Both of these volcanoes have erupted during historical time, although Lakilaki has erupted much more frequently.
The first historical eruption of Lewotobi Perempuan took place in 1921, when explosive eruptions and lava dome growth were reported in January, May, and December. A gas-and-steam plume rises above the dome in this 1920's view from the NE. The 35-m-high lava dome was emplaced on the floor of crater B, the innermost of two craters at the summit.
The lava dome emplaced in 1921 on the floor of the summit crater of Lewotobi Perempuan is seen from the NW crater rim in 1925. The 35-m-high dome was formed during the first of two historical eruptions. In contrast, Lewotobi Lakilaki, has erupted frequently since the 19th century.
A plume rises above a lava dome emplaced in the summit crater of Lewotobi Perempuan volcano in 1921. The 90-130 m wide, 35-m-high lava dome is seen here from the NW crater rim.
Lewotobi Lakilaki (left) and Lewotobi Perempuan (right) rise above forests on their western flanks. They were constructed along a NW-SE-trending line. Both volcanoes have erupted during historical time but Lakilaki has been more active.The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included. The maps database originated over 30 years ago, but was only recently updated and connected to our main database. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email.
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Title: Australia, Indonesia Publisher: DMA & Defence Department, AIS, Melbourne,Australia Country: Indon, Australia Year: 1980 Series: ONC Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:1,000,000 |
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Title: Geology of Australia Publisher: BMR, Geology & Geophysics, Dept Natural Resources Country: Australia Year: 1976 Map Type: Geology Scale: 1:2,500,000 |
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Title: Australia, Indonesia Publisher: DMA & Defence Department, AIS, Melbourne,Australia Country: Indon, Australia Year: 1971 Series: ONC Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:1,000,000 |
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Title: Ende Publisher: Director of Military Survey, UK Country: Indonesia Year: 1970 Series: 1501 Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:250,000 |
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Title: Koepang Publisher: US Army Map Service Country: Indonesia Year: 1944 Series: AMS Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:1,000,000 |
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Title: Boetoeng Publisher: US Army Map Service Country: Indonesia Year: 1944 Series: AMS Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:1,000,000 |
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Title: Ende Publisher: US Army Corps of Engineers Country: Indonesia Year: 1943 Series: T551 Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:250,000 |
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Title: Maoemere Publisher: US Army Corps of Engineers Country: Indonesia Year: 1943 Series: T551 Map Type: Topographic Scale: 1:250,000 |
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There are no samples for Lewotobi in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
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WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
| Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
| MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
| MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
|
Sentinel Hub Playground
Sentinel Hub EO Browser |
The Sentinel Hub Playground provides a quick look at any Sentinel-2 image in any combination of the bands and enhanced with image effects; Landsat 8, DEM and MODIS are also available. Sentinel Hub is an engine for processing of petabytes of satellite data. It is opening the doors for machine learning and helping hundreds of application developers worldwide. It makes Sentinel, Landsat, and other Earth observation imagery easily accessible for browsing, visualization and analysis. Sentinel Hub is operated by Sinergise |
| IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Lewotobi. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
| UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Lewotobi. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
| DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
| Large Eruptions of Lewotobi | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
| EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |
