Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 12-19 November. The seismic network recorded 12-41 daily explosions; during 13-14 November there were 376 explosions detected. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted E, SW, and W during 12-15 November. Weather clouds often obscured views of the volcano. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
Explosions, gas-and-ash emissions, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows during March-August 2023
Sangay, located in Ecuador, has documented eruptions that date back to 1628 SE characterized by pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars. The current eruption period began in March 2019 and has recently consisted of daily explosions, incandescent block avalanches, lava flows, and ash plumes (BGVN 48:03). This report describes similar activity of daily explosions, gas-and-ash emissions, light ashfall, crater incandescence, and incandescent material on the flanks, using information from Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and various satellite data.
During March through August 2023, IG-EPN reported daily explosions, gas-and-steam and ash plumes that rose as high as 9 km above the crater, and frequent crater incandescence, often accompanied by incandescent avalanches of material and lava flows that descended the flanks of the volcano. The highest ash plume rose 9 km above the crater on 21 April and drifted W. Explosions occurred nearly every day, ranging from 5 to nearly 2,200 per day, the most of which occurred on 20 June 2023 (figure 150). The average number of daily explosions during the reporting period was 425, and the highest monthly average number of daily explosions was 755, which occurred during June 2023.
Month | Average number of explosions per day | Max plume height above the crater rim (km) |
Mar 2023 | 90 | 2 |
Apr 2023 | 79 | 9 |
May 2023 | 470 | 2 |
Jun 2023 | 755 | 1.8 |
Jul 2023 | 516 | 2 |
Aug 2023 | 452 | 2.8 |
During March, activity consisted of 7-166 daily explosions and gas-and-ash emissions that rose as high as 2 km above the crater during 22 and 24 March and drifted N and NW. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-1,500 m above the crater and drifted in multiple directions. Nighttime crater incandescence was occasionally observed, accompanied by some incandescent material on the SE flank. On 1 March a lava flow was visible on the SE flank, accompanied by incandescent block avalanches. According to MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month, emissions ranged between 44 and 2,049 tons per day (t/d). On 3 March a lava flow was observed on the SE flank 600 m below the crater rim. A lava flow was also visible on the SE flank on 13 and 22 March, accompanied by crater incandescence. A lahar was reported on 14 March. During 18-20 and 31 March incandescent block avalanches descended the S and SE flanks (figure 151).
Figure 151. Webcam image showing a lava flow, an incandescent block avalanche, and crater incandescence from Sangay at 2123 on 18 March 2023. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Activity during April was characterized by 5-316 daily explosions, frequent nighttime crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 1-9 km above the crater and drifted in multiple directions. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-7,900 m above the crater. According to MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month, emissions ranged between 22and 1,725 t/d. During 5-6 April a lava flow descended the SE flank, reaching 1.8 km below the crater rim. During 12-18 crater incandescence was visible in the upper part of the flanks and incandescent material descended the SE flank as far as 1.5 km below the crater rim. On 17 April light ashfall was reported in Macas and on 18 April light ashfall occurred in Morona, Sucúa, Sinaí, and Logroño (figure 152). There were some reports of roaring sounds in Chonta Punta. Two large explosions were detected during 20-21 April that generated initial eruption columns that rose 8 km above the crater. During the night and early morning of 20-21 April GOES-16 satellite images showed a wide ash cloud that reached 9 km above the crater and drifted W, according to IG-EPN. Ashfall was reported in Chimborazo, Bolivar, Guayas, and Los Ríos. More ashfall was reported in Guamote and ash remobilization in Babahoyo on 22 April. A pyroclastic flow occurred at 0814 on 24 April that descended the SE flank. Ash emissions that same day rose 6 km above the crater and drifted NE and NW. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 7.9 km above the crater and drifted W and E. There were some technical problems with the seismic instrumentation, so seismic counts could not be included on 24-25 and 28-30 April. On 25 April the Washington VAAC reported four ash emissions; the first rose 1.2 km above the crater and drifted NE, the second rose 6 km above the crater and drifted SW, the third rose 3.3 km above the crater and drifted NW, and the fourth rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E. A GOES-16 satellite image taken at 1640 showed a gas-and-ash plume rising 6 km above the crater and drifted SW. Ashfall was reported in Ishbug Utucun. Ash emissions rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E, W, SW, and SW on 26 April and SNGRE reported light ashfall in Chimborazo and Guamote.
Figure 152. Photo of an ash plume rising as high as 4 km above Sangay’s crater at 0730 on 18 April 2023 and drifted ESE. Photo has been color corrected. Photo by Jorge Duchi, courtesy of IG-EPN. |
There were 304-600 daily explosions detected during May, in addition to occasional crater incandescence and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 300-2,000 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month ranged between 9.7and 1,912 t/d. Technical problems with the seismic instruments occurred during 1-22 May, so seismic and explosion counts could not be collected. Cloudy weather often obscured clear views of the summit, but intermittent crater incandescence was visible. Light ashfall was reported in Palmira and during the night in Chauzán, both in Chimborazo on 5 May. An incandescent lava flow was observed on the SE flank 500 m below the crater rim on 15 and 17 May. By 18 May the lava flow reached 1 km below the crater rim. Constant ash emissions on 20 May rose less than 2 km above the crater and ashfall was reported in Chimborazo and light ashfall was reported in Guamote and Alausí on 21 May. During 22-23 May a lava flow descended the SE flank 1 km below the crater rim, then 1.8 km below the crater rim, respectively. A pyroclastic flow occurred on 24 May and descended the SE flank at 0920. During the morning of 29 May several pyroclastic flows descended the SE flank, one of which occurred at 0610 (figure 153). Light ashfall was reported in Cebadas. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible and lava flows were reported on the S and SE flanks. On the morning of 30 May another pyroclastic flow was reported moving down the SE flank. Light ashfall was observed in Cebadas on 31 May. Additionally, nighttime crater incandescence and a lava flow on the SE flank were visible.
Figure 153. Webcam image of a pyroclastic flow descending the SE flank of Sangay at 0615 on 29 May 2023. Image has been color corrected. Courtesy of IG-EPN. |
IG-EPN reported 158-2,190 daily explosions during June, frequent crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 400-1,800 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. Sulfur dioxide emissions of 30 to 797 t/d were recorded throughout the month and reported by MOUNTS. Incandescent avalanches were reported 1 km below the crater rim on 5 June, accompanied by crater incandescence. During 9-12 June an incandescent avalanche descended the SE flank and was accompanied by crater incandescence. A GOES-16 satellite image taken on 15 June showed an ash cloud that rose 1.8 km above the crater and drifted W; light ashfall was reported in Palmira. A pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m below the crater rim on the SE on 19 June. On 20 June gas-and-ash emissions rose 561 m above the crater and drifted SW and light ashfall was reported in Llagos.
During July, 148-1,200 daily explosions were recorded, frequent crater incandescence, and intermittent gas-and-ash emissions that rose 400-2,000 m above the crater and drifted in multiple directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. MOUNTS data for sulfur dioxide emissions showed that measurements ranged 22-515 t/d. During 3-6 and 12-13 July incandescent material descended the SE flank 1-1.8 km below the crater rim. On 6 July explosions ejected incandescent material above the crater rim. During 9-10 July incandescent material was ejected up to 1 km above the crater rim.
Activity persisted during August, with 33-943 daily explosions, occasional crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 300-2,800 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted during the month, according to MOUNTS was 27-641 t/d. During 4 and 6-13 August crater incandescence was accompanied by incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km below the crater rim; some material also was visible on the S flank on 11 August. Gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-2,200 m above the crater and drifted W and NW and ashfall was reported in Cebadas on 17 August. That same day, incandescent material was visible 1 km below the crater rim. On 19 August a GOES-16 satellite image showed a gas-and-ash emission rise 1.2 km above the crater and drifted NW; during the morning SGR reported light ashfall in Palmira and ROVE reported light ashfall in Cebadas. During 22-30 August crater incandescence was accompanied by incandescent material 1-1.8 km below the crater rim on the S and SE flanks. At 1500 on 25 August light ashfall was observed in Cebadas.
Satellite data. Thermal activity was consistently strong throughout the reporting period due to crater incandescence, block avalanches, and lava flows that primarily affected the S and SE flanks. This activity was detected by the MIROVA hotspots detection system (figure 154) and the MODVOLC Thermal Alerts system, which recorded a total of 137 hotspots. Infrared satellite imagery showed crater incandescence, incandescent block avalanches, and lava flows descending the SE flank (figure 155). Frequent sulfur dioxide plumes were captured by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite, many of which exceeded 2 Dobson Units (DUs) and drifted in different directions (figure 156).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Servicio Nacional de Gestion de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), Samborondón, Ecuador (URL: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard MD 20771, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Copernicus Browser, Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, European Space Agency (URL: https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/browser/); MOUNTS Project (Monitoring Unrest From Space), an operational monitoring system for volcanoes using Sentinel satellite data from ESA's Copernicus, Open Access Hub, hosted at UNAM and CT TU-Berlin (URL: http://www.mounts-project.com/home).
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Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 12-19 November. The seismic network recorded 12-41 daily explosions; during 13-14 November there were 376 explosions detected. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose 400-1,200 m above the summit and drifted E, SW, and W during 12-15 November. Weather clouds often obscured views of the volcano. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 18-22 October. The seismic network recorded 45-460 daily explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rose 300-2,000 m above the summit and drifted NW, NE, E, SE, and ENE. Several episodes of crater incandescence were observed, and incandescent material descended the flanks as far as 2 km. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 8-15 October. The seismic network recorded 102-249 daily explosions during 8-12 October; there were no counts during the rest of the week due to data transmission problems. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rose as high as 1.6 km above the summit and drifted mainly W, WSW, and SW and occasionally to the NE. Weather conditions often obscured views, though several episodes of crater incandescence were observed during dark hours and incandescent material descended the SE drainage as far as 2 km. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 17-24 September and the seismic network recorded 244-473 daily explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rose 0.6-1.2 km above the summit and drifted mainly W, WSW, and SW. Weather conditions often obscured views. Several daily episodes of crater incandescence were observed during dark hours and incandescent material descended the SE drainage as far as 1.8 km. Incandescent material was ejected 500 m above the summit during 22-23 September. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 3-10 September and the seismic network recorded 112-275 daily explosions. Gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days and rose 400-600 m above the summit and drifted mainly W, WSW, and SW. Weather conditions sometimes obscured views; emissions were not visible on 5 September. Incandescent material was ejected 500 m above the summit and descended the SE drainage as far as 500 m during 3-4 September. Incandescence at the summit was visible during 5-7 September, and overnight during 7-8 and 9-10 September incandescent material descended the SE drainage as far as 1.5 km on several occasions. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 13-20 August and the seismic network recorded 189-273 daily explosions. Daily gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images and rose 500-2,000 m above the summit and drifted mainly WNW, W, WSW, and SW. Weather conditions sometimes obscured views. Incandescent material at the summit crater was periodically visible at dark hours during most of week. During 17-19 August there were several episodes of incandescent material being ejected 1 km above the summit and descending the SE drainage as far as 500 m. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 23-30 July. The seismic network recorded 1,175-1,840 daily explosions. Daily gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images and rose 500-2,500 m above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Incandescent material at the summit crater was periodically visible during dark hours, and several episodes of incandescent material were visible descending the SE drainage as far as 2 km during 23-28 July; weather conditions often obscured views. On 24 July a pyroclastic flow traveled 2 km down the SE drainage. Minor ashfall was reported in towns in the Chimborazo province including Alausí (60 km SW) and Guarguallá (25 km WNW) during 24-25 July, Alausí during 27-29 July, and Chunchi (73 km SW) on 30 July. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 11-18 June. Gas-and-ash plumes were visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rising as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted WNW, W, WSW, and SW. During the morning of 12 June ashfall was reported in Cebadas (35 km WNW) and Reten Ichubamba (35 km WNW), Cantón Guamote (35 km WNW), province of Chimborazo, and in the cantons of Naranjito (121 km W), Guayaquil (175 km W), Samborondón (170 km W), and Daule (185 km W), in the province of Guayas. Incandescent material at the crater was visible during the dark hours of 11-13 June, and several episodes of incandescent material traveling as far as 2.5 km down the SE flank were visible during 11-14 June. Weather conditions sometimes hindered views especially on 15 and 17 June. On 16 June seismic signals indicated lahars and increased water flow in the Upano River. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 28 May-4 June. Daily gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW; ash emissions were not confirmed on 4 June. Weather conditions often hindered views during the week. Minor ashfall was reported in Cebadas del Cantón Guamote (35 km WNW), Provincia Chimborazo on 1 June. Incandescent material at the crater was visible during the dark hours of 28-29 May and 31 May-3 June, and several episodes of incandescent material traveling as far as 1 km down the SE flank were visible during 1-3 June. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 14-21 May. The seismic network recorded 99-1,212 daily explosions during the week. Gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images on most days rose as high as 1 km above the summit and drifted NW and SW; weather conditions often hindered views during the week. Incandescent material at the crater was visible during dark hours on most nights and incandescent avalanches descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km during 15-16 May. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 23-30 April. The seismic network recorded 388-1,167 daily explosions during the week. Daily gas-and-ash plumes visible in webcam and/or satellite images generally rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW; weather conditions often hindered views during the week. Incandescent material was visible daily during dark hours descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km. Several episodes of explosions were visible in webcam images during 25-28 April and pyroclastic density currents descended the SE flank during 27-29 April. Ash plumes possibly rose as high as 7 km above the summit and drifted W and SW during 28-29 April. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 2-9 April. The seismic network recorded 1,106 explosions during 2-3 April and 20-411 daily explosions during the rest of the week. Gas-and-ash plumes rose 300-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SW on most days; weather conditions often hindered views during the week. Incandescent material descended the SE flank as far as 600 m during 2-3 April. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 12-19 March. The seismic network recorded 61-319 daily explosions during 12-18 March, though there were 3,838 explosions during 18-19 March with most of the events attributed to a period of heightened activity. Inclement or cloudy weather prevented views on most days, though incandescent material was visible descending the SE flank as far as 2 km during dark hours on most days. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible. A series of explosions began at 1540 on 18 March and lasted several hours. The explosions produced ash-and-gas plumes that rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted W and SW. Ashfall was reported in several towns including Palmira (46 km W), Alausí (60 km SW), and Achupallas (56 km SW) in the province of Chimborazo. Incandescent material was ejected above the crater and descended the upper SE flanks. Pyroclastic flows traveled as far as 1.8 km down the SE flank. During the afternoon and into the night roaring noises and vibrations were reported in areas surrounding the volcano. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 20-27 February. The seismic network recorded 185-465 daily explosions. Gas plumes with low ash content rose 500-1,000 m above the summit and drifted SE during 20-21 February. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible and incandescent material descended the SE flank as far as 1 km during 20-23 February. Weather conditions prevented views during the rest of the week. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported that high levels of eruptive activity continued at Sangay during 7-13 February. Reported seismicity consisted of 132-458 daily counts of explosive events. Weather clouds prevented views of summit crater activity during 7-9 February. During the morning of 8 February, small pyroclastic flows descended a ravine on the SW flank. Ash-and-gas plumes were observed in webcam images and sometimes satellite images acquired by the GOES-16 satellite during 10-11 and 12-13 February; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater and drifted SW, WSW, and W. Degassing activity was observed in GOES-16 satellite images during 11-12 February; gas plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater and drifted SW and W. Continuous emissions consisting of gas and low amounts of ash were observed in webcam images at 1645 on 12 February; the emissions rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater and drifted WSW. The webcam monitoring system occasionally recorded episodes of crater incandescence during the night and early morning hours. Avalanches of incandescent material descended the SW flank as far as 1.5 km from the summit during the nights and early mornings of 7-8, 9-10, and 12-13 February. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 9-16 January, with seismic stations recording 232-626 daily explosions. Ash-and-gas plumes were visible in both webcam and satellite images during 9-14 January, rising as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifting W, WSW, and SW. On 12 January an explosion deposited incandescent material on all flanks as far as 1 km from the summit crater. At 1810 that same day a pyroclastic density current descended the SE drainage and an ash plume rose 1 km above the summit and drifted SW. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible at night, and during 11-12 and 13-14 January incandescent material was observed descending the SE drainage as far as 1 km. Cloudy weather prevented views during 15-16 January, though crater incandescence was observed overnight. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 1-9 January, with seismic stations recording 173-583 daily explosions. Ash-and-gas plumes were visible, in both webcam and satellite images, rising as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifting SW during 1-5 January. Webcam images showed incandescence at the summit vent and incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Beginning at 1536 on 6 January a series of explosions and ash emissions were visible in webcam images with ash-and-gas plumes rising 3 km above the summit and drifting NW. The activity continued into the late afternoon and intensified; ash plumes rose as high as 8 km above the summit and drifted W, NW, and N. Ashfall was reported in several towns downwind, including San Antonio, Pancún, Cebadas (35 km WNW), Gualiñag, Guargallá Chico, Guamote (40 km WNW), Pungalá (25 km NW), and Chunchi (73 km SW) in the province of Chimborazo, Chillanes (80 km W) in the province of Bolívar, Montalvo (106 km WNW), Babahoyo (135 km WNW), Ventanas, Pueblo Viejo (141 km NW), Vinces (165 km WNW), and Baba (152 km WNW) in the province of El Oro, and Palestina (185 km WNW) in the province of Guayas. Several pyroclastic flows descended the SE drainage during 6-7 January. Ash-and-gas plumes rose 400-800 m above the summit during 7-8 January. During the morning of 8 January, a pyroclastic flow descended the SE drainage and minor ashfall was reported in the Guamote-Chimborazo canton. Cloudy weather prevented views during 8-9 January, though crater incandescence was observed overnight. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 12-19 December, with seismic stations recording 109-613 daily explosions. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were visible in webcam and satellite images, rising as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifting SW, W, and NW; ash plumes rose as high as 3 km during 18-19 December. Webcam images showed incandescence at the summit vent and incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Weather clouds often prevented observations of the summit area. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 21-28 November, with seismic stations recording 232-463 daily explosions. Ash-and-gas plumes visible in webcam and satellite images during 21, 23, and 27-28 November rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted N, NE, SE, and SW. Webcam images showed incandescent material at the summit vent and descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater during 21-22 November. Weather clouds prevented observations during the rest of the week. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE); Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 31 October-7 November, with seismic stations recording 436-1,122 daily explosions. Several ash-and-gas plumes per day during 1-4 and 6 November rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, N, NW, and SW. Webcam images showed incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater each day during overnight and early morning hours. Incandescence at the crater was often visible; incandescent material was ejected as high as 1 km above the crater rim during 4-5 November. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 10-17 October, with seismic stations recording 292-802 daily explosions. Several daily ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. During overnight and morning hours webcam images showed incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater several times daily during overnight and early morning hours. Incandescence at the crater was often visible; incandescent material was ejected 500 m above the crater rim during 10-11 October. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 19-26 September, with seismic stations recording 311-641 daily explosions. Several daily ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 2.6 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW, though during 25-26 September the plumes also drifted NNW. Webcam images showed incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km from the crater several times daily during overnight and early morning hours. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 29 August-5 September, with seismic stations recording 355-723 daily explosions. Nightly webcam images showed incandescent material at the crater, explosions ejecting material above the crater, and incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km. Several ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly SW and W each day except for 1 September, when weather clouds prevented views. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG-EPN reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 15-22 August, and seismic stations recorded 285-783 daily explosions. Crater incandescence was often visible in overnight webcam images, and during 16-18 August material on the S flank was incandescent up to 1 km from the crater. Several daily ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly SW, W, and NW during 15-21 August. Ashfall was occasionally reported during 15-19 August in areas downwind, including Cebadas (35 km WNW), Guarguallá (25 km WNW), Retén (34 km WNW), and Palmira (46 km W), all located in the province of Chimborazo. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR)
IG reported a high level of eruptive activity at Sangay during 27 June-4 July. Seismic stations recorded 311-923 daily explosions. Crater incandescence was visible in late-night webcam images on 28 June and 2-4 July. Gas, steam, and ash plumes were observed in webcam images or described in aviation notices issued by the Washington VAAC based on satellite images, though weather clouds sometimes prevented views. Emissions rose 0.7-2.1 km above the crater rim and drifted SW, W, and NW during 28-30 June and 2-4 July. Explosions ejected incandescent material that traveled down the SW flank as far as 1.8 km below the crater overnight during 3-4 July. Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second highest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos (SGR); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 13-20 June and the seismic network recorded 327-2,190 daily explosions. Gas, steam, and ash plumes were occasionally observed in IG webcam images or described in Washington VAAC volcanic activity notifications, though weather clouds sometimes prevented observations. Ash-and-gas plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the summit and drifted W during 13-15 June. Gas-and-steam plumes rose less than 1 km during 16-17 June. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.2 km and drifted W on 18 June. Incandescence at the summit was visible in webcam images. Overnight during 18-19 June the lava flow on the SE flank was incandescent and pyroclastic material descended the SE flank as far as 500 m several times. During 19-20 June several ash-and-gas emissions rose as high as 550 m above the summit and drifted SW. Incandescence at the summit was visible multiple times. Minor ashfall was reported in Llagos parish, Chunchi (73 km SW) on 20 June. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported that the eruption at Sangay continued at a high level during 30 May-6 June, though weather clouds often prevented visual observations. The seismic network recorded 504-528 explosions per day during 30 May-2 June and 158-384 per day during the rest of the week. Periods of occasional-to-frequent ash plumes were reported almost daily. Incandescence at the crater was visible during 31 May and 3-4 June; incandescent material traveled 1 km down the SE flank. Ashfall was reported on 1 June in Cebadas Parish, Chimborazo Province (33 km WNW). On 4 June an ash plume rose to 1.1 km above the crater and drifted W and SW. During 4-5 June incandescent material traveled 1 km down the SE flank. Several steam-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.1 km above the summit and drifted W. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 23-30 May, though weather clouds sometimes prevented visual observations. There were 304-600 daily explosions recorded by the seismic network; no data was reported on 28 May. Ash plumes were seen in webcam images and reported by the Washington VAAC almost daily. On 23 May incandescent material extending 1.8 km down the SE flank was visible in webcam images. On 24 May pyroclastic flows descending 200 m were visible in between somewhat-dense weather clouds. An ash plume rose 300 m and drifted W. On 25 May ash plumes rose as high as 2 km and drifted NE and SE. Ash emissions were visible in webcam images at 1734 and were continuous for a period of time. Crater incandescence was visible overnight during 25-27 May and ash plumes that rose 500-800 m drifted SW and NW during 26-27 May. Incandescence from the lava flow on the SE flank was noted overnight during 28-29 May. The VAAC reported that at 0610 on 29 May ash plumes were visible in satellite images drifting W at 30,000 ft a.s.l., or 3.9 km above the summit, and drifting N at 40,000 ft a.s.l., or 6.9 km above the summit. Several pyroclastic flows descending the SE flank were visible in webcam images at 0615. At 1730 ashfall was reported in Cebadas Parish (Chimborazo province). Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 17-23 May, though weather clouds sometimes prevented visual observations. Incandescent material at the crater and along the lava flow extending 1 km down the SE flank was visible nightly. On 17 May steam-and-ash emissions rose 500 m above the summit and drifted SW. On 18 May an ash plume rose 1.7 km and drifted N and SW. At 2000 on 20 May ash plumes rose 2 km above the summit and drifted to the SW. Continuous ash emissions persisted during 21-22 May, drifting W and SW. Ashfall during 20-22 May was reported in Chauzan, Guamote, Tixán, Palmira, Cebadas, and Alausí cantons in the Province of Chimborazo. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 9-16 May, though weather clouds prevented visual observations during most of the week. Ash plumes rose 500 m and drifted SW on 9 May. A webcam image from 1833 on 14 May showed lava flowing 500 m down the SE flank. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 25 April-2 May. Gas, steam, and ash plumes were occasionally observed in IG webcam images or described in Washington VAAC volcanic activity notifications, though weather clouds prevented observations on most days. On 25 April an ash-and-gas plume rose as high as 6 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. That same day notifications issued by the Washington VAAC indicated that ash plumes rose to 4.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. (1.4 km above the crater rim) and drifted E, SE, SW, and W. IG noted that minor amounts of ash fell in the Province of Chimborazo in the Matriz and Juan de Velasco parishes, and in the Guamote canton. The VAAC reported that ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions during 26-27 and 29 April. IG noted that a minor ash plume was visible in satellite images drifting W on 28 April. On 1 May an ash plume rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted W. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 29 March-4 April, which included daily explosions, periods of tremor, and gas, steam, ash emissions. The daily count of explosions ranged from 7-72, though the daily seismic data transmission was sometimes interrupted. Almost daily gas, steam, and ash plumes were either observed in IG webcam images or described in Washington VAAC volcanic activity notifications; weather clouds often prevented observations of the summit. The plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the volcano and drifted W. TROPOMI data from the Sentinel-5P satellite showed that sulfur dioxide plumes contained 183-2,049 tons/day. Multiple thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on most days. Incandescence from the crater and an avalanche of material on the SE flank were visible during the night of 30 March; only crater incandescence was visible during the night of 31 March. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 14-21 February, which included daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, periods of tremor, and gas, steam, and ash emissions. The daily count of explosions ranged from 30-56, though the daily seismic data transmission was sometimes interrupted. Almost daily gas, steam, and ash plumes were either observed in IG webcam images or described in Washington VAAC volcanic activity notifications; weather clouds often prevented observations of the summit. The plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the volcano and drifted mainly E, SE, and W. Multiple thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on most days. Incandescence from the crater, a 500-m-long lava flow on the SE flank, and rolling blocks were visible during the nights of 14-15 and 18-19 February. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 17-24 January, which included daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and gas, steam, and ash emissions. The daily count of explosions ranged from 53-122, though seismic data transmission was sometimes interrupted. Almost daily gas, steam, and ash plumes were either observed in IG webcam images or described in Washington VAAC volcanic activity notifications; weather clouds often prevented observations of the summit. The plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the volcano and drifted in multiple directions. Multiple thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images on most days. Crater incandescence from the crater and from material on the SE flank was visible at night during 21-22 January. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) maintained the Alert Level at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 20-27 December, which included daily explosions, volcanic tremor, and gas, steam, and ash emissions. The daily count of explosions ranged from 708-1,250, though seismic data transmission was sometimes interrupted. Almost daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in IG webcam images and satellite images according to the Washington VAAC; weather clouds sometimes prevented observations of the summit. Gas, steam, and ash plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the volcano and drifted mainly NW, W, SW, and S. Multiple daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. Crater incandescence was visible some nights and early mornings. Incandescent material was observed rolling down the SE flank during 26-27 December.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 22-29 November, which included daily explosions, volcanic tremor, and gas-and-steam emissions. The daily count of explosions ranged from 920-1,320, though seismic data transmission was sometimes interrupted. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in either or both IG webcam images and satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes rose as high as 2.1 km above the volcano and drifted in various directions. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured daily and ranged from 491.2 tons per day to 3,693.5 tons per day. During 22-29 November crater incandescence was visible at night and early mornings. Pyroclastic flows descended the flanks during 24-29 November. Lava flows, incandescent blocks, and incandescent material descended the SE flank during 25-29 November.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 9-15 November, which included daily explosions, volcanic tremor, and gas-and-steam emissions. Incandescence at the summit was periodically visible at night. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in either or both IG webcam images and satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes generally rose as high as 1.8 m above the volcano and drifted SW, W, S, N, and NW. Moderate ashfall was reported in Zuñac on 9 November. During 10-14 November an incandescent avalanche was observed descending the SE flank during the night.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 1-8 November. Almost daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images, though weather clouds often prevented views. Incandescence at the summit was periodically visible at night. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in either or both IG webcam photos and satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes generally rose as high as 2.1 km above the volcano and drifted NW, W, and SW. Ash emissions were first observed at 0520 on 4 November and then the amplitude of tremor signals increased at 0650. A pyroclastic flow descended the Volcán River drainage on the SE flank at 0700. The emissions intensified at 0840 and a plume rose 8.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, W, and SW. Minor-to-moderate amounts of ash fell in several cities including Riobamba (50 km NW), Guamote (42 km WNW), Colta (55 km NW), Alausí (60 km SW), Pallatanga (70 km W), Chambo (40 km NW), and Chunchi (73 km SW) during 4-5 November.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 18-25 October. Daily seismic counts ranges were 230-734 explosions, 39-86 tremor events indicating emissions, and 1-2 lahar events; 10-23 long-period events were recorded during 22-23 October. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in IG webcam images and/or visible in satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes generally rose as high as 2.1 km above the volcano and drifted NW, W, and SW. Almost daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images, though weather clouds sometimes prevented views. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 363-1,716 tons per day during 18-25 October. Incandescence at the summit and from a new lava flow on the SE flank was visible during 18-19 October; incandescence from lava-flow activity continued to be periodically visible the rest of the week. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias lowered the Alert Level to Yellow (on a four-color scale) during 20-21 October.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 20-27 September. Daily seismic counts ranges were 702-1,152 explosions, 12-105 long-period events, and 9-95 tremor events indicating emissions. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in IG webcam images and visible in satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes generally rose as high as 2 km above the volcano but during 25-27 September they rose as high as 3 km. The plumes drifted mostly W and NW, but some drifted SW, N, and NE. Daily thermal anomalies were identified in satellite images. Ashfall was reported in the Chauzán sector, Chimborazo province, during 22-23 September.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that a notable increase in seismicity at Sangay began at around 1000 on 12 August and was followed by the effusion of a lava flow that descended more than 1 km on the SE flank. Strombolian activity was visible at the summit. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.5 km above the summit and drifted 500 km W and SW, past the coastline, and caused daily ashfall in the provinces of Chimborazo and Guayas during 12-16 August. The Guayaquil International Airport canceled several commercial flights on 13 August due to the presence of ash in the atmosphere. Seismicity decreased to previous levels by 16 August.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 19-26 July. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in IG webcam images and visible in satellite images according to the Washington VAAC. Plumes rose as high as 2 km above the volcano and drifted WNW, W, and S. Incandescent material was seen descending the SE flank during 21-22 July.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 14-22 June. Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in webcam images, and seen in satellite images by the Washington VAAC. Plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the volcano and drifted W and SW; ashfall was reported in Retén Ichubamba (35 km WNW) and Chauzán San Alfonso (40 km W) during 14-16 June. Almost every day multiple thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. Weather clouds sometimes obscured views of the volcano.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 10-17 May. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though almost daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the volcano and drifted W. Almost daily, multiple daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. The seismic network detected signals indicating lahars or possible lahars during 13-17 May.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that the eruption at Sangay continued at a high level, with lava flows effusing from the Ñuñurcu, Central, and Norte vents. Explosions originated from a western vent that reactivated in late 2021, and from Central vent. The Norte vent, on the N flank, had opened on 2 December 2021. Activity levels were slightly higher during 4-6 April, characterized by a higher rate of lava effusion and a satellite-detected thermal anomaly at the Norte vent on 4 April, along with a diffuse but continuously-emitted volcanic cloud that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted up to 650 km W during 5-6 April. Low-frequency tremor was also recorded during 5-6 April. Even though the eruption plume drifted notably farther than average distances recorded during 2019-2022, only minor ashfall was reported in Chauzán San Alfonso (40 km W, in Guamote canton, Chimborazo province). During 12-18 April weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose less than 2 km above the volcano and drifted W and NW. Minor ashfall was reported in Chauzán San Alfonso. The seismic network detected signals indicating descending lahars during 12-13 and 15 April.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that the eruption at Sangay continued during 30 March through 5 April. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations, though daily gas-and-ash plumes that rose to 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, WSW, and NW were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views. As many as 96 daily explosions were detected along with frequent long-period events and emission tremors. Daily thermal anomalies were also visible in satellite data. Incandescent material was visible on the flanks in webcam imagery on clear weather days.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 15-22 March. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose as high as 1 km above the volcano and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. Multiple daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. Emissions of incandescent material were occasionally visible in webcam images. The seismic network detected signals indicating descending lahars on 17, 19, and 21 March.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 22 February-1 March. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose as high as 2 km above the volcano and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. Multiple daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 2-7 February, and seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though almost daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the volcano and drifted in multiple directions. Multiple daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. Several ash emissions were observed in satellite images on 8February; at 0430 an ash plume rose more than 7 km above the summit, the highest a plume had risen since the current eruption started in 2019. Ashfall was reported in areas to the NW, in the provinces of Chimborazo and Bolivar.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG staff observed Sangay during an overflight on 27 December 2021, focusing on the summit area along with the SE and NE flanks. Two vents were active in the summit area, a central vent and a western vent in a scoria cone. The central vent produced Strombolian explosions and had temperatures as high as 645 degrees Celsius. Lava from this vent fed a flow on the SE flank that was 540 m long; the maximum temperature of the flow was 580 degrees. The W vent ejected blocks and gas emissions, and had temperatures as high as 410 degrees. The third vent, on the NE flank, produced gas emissions and temperatures above 515 degrees. A lava flow from this vent had descended 370 m and was as hot as 450 degrees. The team took gas measurements around the summit with a MultiGAS instrument, collected ash samples, and acquired data and conducted maintenance at the SAGA monitoring station, 6 km SW of the summit.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 21-28 December. Seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain sometimes prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though almost daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the volcano and drifted SE, S, SW, and W. Multiple (33-73 per day) daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were visible in satellite data. On 25 December volcano observers near Macas reported hearing noises coming from Sangay, possibly due to favorable weather conditions, though the intensity of explosions had slightly increased. Crater incandescence and an active lava flow on the SE flank were visible at night during 27-28 November.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that during 1-2 December activity at Sangay was characterized by increased seismicity, explosions and ash emissions, and a new lava flow on the N flank. The SAGA seismic station, SW of the volcano, recorded a swarm of long-period events beginning at 1600 on 1 December that indicated fluid movements. The amplitude and frequency of the events intensified, and by 2356 the rate had increased from 32 to 60 events per hour. At 0403 on 2 December the SAGA station recorded a major explosion. Based on Washington VAAC advisories two eruption plumes rose 7-10 km above the summit and drifted W, and a third rose almost 1.8 km and drifted NW, though IG noted that the lack of reported ashfall in the nearest towns 25 km away indicated low ash content. Thermal satellite data showed that a new lava flow had emerged on the upper N flank by 2 December.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that thermal anomalies, persistent at Sangay since July, suggested continuous emission of lava flows and hot pyroclastic material from summit crater vents. The SE drainage, which had been scoured and widened by persistent pyroclastic flows during August 2019 to March 2020, had only widened from about 600 m to about 650 m during March-October. An increased number of explosions and an inflationary trend were recorded during the previous few weeks. Strombolian activity began to dominate the eruptive style in July, though on 17 November the number of explosions increased to two per minute and remained at that level at least through 23 November. Most of the explosions were small and were recorded both by the seismic and acoustic networks. Though slight inflation began to be detected in June 2021 the trend was more pronounced in recent weeks. InSAR satellite data showed an inflationary trend of up to 5 cm per year all around the volcano except the E flank between 5 January 2020 and 13 November 2021. The sulfur dioxide emission rate had remained stable and low since June, with values less than 1,000 tons per day.
Daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified by the Washington VAAC or in IG webcam views during 23-29 November. The plumes rose 970-2,100 m above the volcano and drifted NW, W, SW, and S. Daily thermal anomalies over the volcano were often visible in satellite data. Strombolian activity at summit vents and SE-descending lava flows were visible during 23-24 November. A new vent was possibly identified on the upper W flank. Two lahars were detected by the seismic network on 25 November.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 27 October-2 November. Seismicity was characterized by 120-175 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, lahar events, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano, though almost daily ash-and-gas plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views; plumes rose 570-2,000 m above the volcano and drifted N, NW, W, and SW. Thermal anomalies over the volcano were often visible in satellite data. Incandescent material was observed descending the SE flank on 31 October.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 28 September-5 October. Weather clouds and rain sometimes prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano. Ash plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC or in webcam views during 30 September-1 October and 3 and 5 October; plumes rose 500-1,200 m above the volcano and drifted W and SW. Thermal anomalies over the volcano were often visible in satellite data. An active lava flow on the flanks was visible during a break in the weather cloud cover the evening of 4 October.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported gas-and-ash emissions from Sangay rising 500-1,500 m above the summit that drifted W and SW during 19-20 and 24 August. During 20-23 August gas-and-steam plume rose 1-2 km above the summit and drifted W, SW, and NW. Weather clouds and rain sometimes prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano. Ash plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC, rising 570-1,500 m above the volcano and drifting W and SW during 19-21 and 23-24 August. During the evening on 19 August explosions accompanied by incandescent blocks were reported around 1852 rolling down the SE drainage. Signals indicating lahars were recorded by the seismic network during 18-19 and 22-23 August.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 13-20 July. Weather clouds and rain sometimes prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano. Daily ash plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC, rising between 900 m to as high as 5.4 km above the volcano and drifting W, SW, SE, and NE. Ashfall was reported in Barca and Guamote (40 km WNW) on 14 July and in Guamote on 19 July. Signals indicating lahars were recorded by the seismic network during 15-16 and 18-20 July.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 15-22 June. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano; almost daily lahars were detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes were identified in satellite images by the Washington VAAC ash plumes almost daily, rising as high as 1.2 km above the volcano and drifting W and SW. Thermal anomalies continued to be often visible in satellite data.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 12-18 May. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual and webcam observations of the volcano; daily lahars were detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose 900-1,200 m and drifted W during 14-15 May. Several dense ash emissions were identified in satellite images on 16 May. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes rose as high as 12.2 km (40,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N; part of the ash plume drifted WSW at 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l. Minor ashfall was reported in the local community of Ishupamba (Province of Chimborazo), near the volcano. Ash plumes rose 1.2-1.5 km above the volcano and drifted WSW and SW during 17-18 May.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 5-11 May. Seismicity was characterized by 3-28 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, lahar events, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, especially during 8-9 May. Based on the Washington VAAC and occasional webcam images, ash plumes were visible during 4-8 and 10 May rising as high as 2 km above the summit and drifting mainly NW, W, and SW. Eruptions during midmorning and again around noon on 7 May produced ash plumes that rose 2.3 km and drifted WSW; higher plumes rose 5.4 km and drifted NW. Notable ashfall was reported in multiple places in the afternoon; in Guamote (40 km WNW), in Riobamba, and Alusí. A lava flow descended the SE flank. Minor amounts of ash fell in parts of the Guayas province in the morning of 8 May. The seismic network recorded lahar signals during 7-10 May.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 13-20 April. Seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, lahar events, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual observations of the volcano, though based on the Washington VAAC and webcam images, ash plumes were visible during 13-14 and 17-20 April rising 600-2,400 m above the summit and drifting mainly N, NW, and W. The seismic network occasionally recorded lahar signals, especially during 14-16 April. Ashfall was reported in Chimborazo (W) and Guamote (40 km WNW) on 17 April, and crater incandescence was visible through the night of 19-20 April.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 24-30 March. Seismicity was characterized by 1-8 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual observations of the volcano, though based on the Washington VAAC reports, daily ash plumes were noted rising as high as 2.1 km above the summit and drifting in different directions. Images shared by the Red de Observadores Volcánicos (ROVE) (Network of Volcanic Observers) showed gas-and-steam emissions reaching 900-1,000 m above the crater drifting N on 26-27 March. A seismic station recorded occasional debris flows during 24-30 March. No ashfall was reported by residents.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 17-23 March. Seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds and rain often prevented visual observations of the volcano, though based on the Washington VAAC, webcam images, and observer reports, ash plumes were noted most days rising as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifting mainly N, W, and SW. A seismic station recorded occasional debris flows during 17-19 March. No ashfall was reported by residents.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 10-16 March. Seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but satellite and webcam images recorded daily ash plumes.
Ash plumes were notable during 10-11 March and impacted communities downwind with ashfall. Pyroclastic flows, visible in webcam images, descended the flanks at 0950 on 10 March. The Washington VAAC stated that ash plumes rose 6.7-8.5 km (22,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W at lower altitudes and NW at higher altitudes. A period of explosions recorded during 0315-0545 on 11 March produced ash plumes that rose as high as 13.7 km (45,000 ft) a.s.l., or 8.5 km above the summit, and drifted NW, W, and SW. Ash plumes drifted N, NW, and W, causing significant ashfall in Guamote (42 km WNW), notable ashfall in Chambo (43 km NW), Riobamba (50 km NW), Penipe (55 km NW), and Guano (55 km NW), and minor ashfall in Colta (55 km NW), Alausí (60 km SW), and Macas. According to a social media video post the ash plumes caused widespread darkness in Riobamba for several hours. Other residents posted photos of crops covered in ash. The eruption released 31 kilotons of sulfur dioxide, the highest value recorded during the current eruptive period that began in May 2019.
Heavy rainfall overnight during 11-12 March caused hot lahars in the Volcán River drainage that reached the confluence of the Upano River. Overflows in the Upano River resulting in additional lahars and debris flows. Weather clouds hindered visual observations. During 13-15 March gas-and-ash plumes rose as high has 2 km above the summit and drifted NE. Seismic signals indicating lahars were recorded on 14 March. The VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to 6-9 km (20,000-30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and WNW on 16 March.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC); Marlon Puertas
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 3-9 March. Seismicity was characterized by daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but satellite and webcam images recorded daily ash plumes.
Ash plumes were notable during 5-6 March and impacted communities downwind with ashfall. According to the Washington VAAC ash plumes rose 5.8-12.2 km (19,000-40,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 170-370 km SW, W, and NW; ash at altitudes of 5.8-8.2 km (19,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. drifted 185 km E. During 5-6 March ashfall was reported in Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (132 km W), but fell more significantly in Alausí (61 km WSW), Chunchi (73 km SW), Cumandá (90 km WSW), Guamote (42 km WNW), Pallatanga (70 km W), Milagro (140 km W), San Jacinto de Yaguachi (150 km W), Samborondon (170 km W), Daule (180 km W), and Durán (168 km W). SNGRE reported that the ashfall affected a total of 108,457 people (23,750 families) as well as numerous crops and animals; they distributed volcano-related aid kits to impacted populations.
Ashfall continued to impact multiple communities during 6-7 March. Ash fell in Guayaquil (175 km W), General Antonio Elizalde (97 km WSW), Simón Bolívar, Milagro (140 km W), San Jacinto de Yaguachi (150 km W), El Triunfo (125 km WSW), Daule, Samboróndon (170 km W), Coronel Marceliño Maridueña (120 km WSW), Durán, Naranjito, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Playas (240 km WSW), Guamote (40 km WNW), Alausí (60 km SW), Pallatanga (70 km W), Chunchí (72 km SW), and Colta (55 km NW).
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 24 February-2 March. Seismicity was characterized by 3-254 daily explosions, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC recorded almost daily ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. A seismic station possibly recorded a lahar on 25 February.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 16-26 January. Seismicity was characterized by 30-166 daily explosions, occasional harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose as high as 2.1 km above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Ashfall was reported in the provinces of Chimborazo and Guayas on 23 January.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 16-22 December. Seismicity was characterized by 20-127 daily explosions, occasional harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the summit and drifted mainly NW, W, and SW. Seismic signals signifying lahars were recorded during 16-18 December.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 17-24 November. Seismicity was characterized by explosions, harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose 900-2,100 m above the summit and drifted mainly W and SW.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 14-20 October. Seismicity was characterized by explosions, harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose 570-2,100 m above the summit and drifted NW and W. One small secondary lahar was reported on 16 October.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG issued a report with additional information about the large explosive event at Sangay on 20 September. The event began at 0440 and ended at 0610 and produced an ash plume that rose 15 km (49,200 ft) a.s.l., or about 9.7 km above the summit. The lower part of the plume was the most ash-rich and drifted W, causing significant ashfall in areas W (especially in the Cebadas parish, Guamote district). The gas-rich higher part of the plume drifted E. Parts of the plume also drifted S. Researchers visited several sites to measure ashfall and collect samples, allowing them to estimate the volume of the deposits at 1.5-3.4 million cubic meters, signifying a VEI 2 event.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 15-22 September. Seismicity was characterized by high levels of explosions, harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds sometimes prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Pyroclastic flows descended the SE flank almost daily.
An explosion at 0420 on 20 September was the largest such event in the recent months. Within 10 minutes several satellite images showed a large ash cloud rising 6-10 km above the summit; high-altitude parts of the cloud drifted E while lower parts drifted W. Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) reported that 32 districts within the provinces of Chimborazo, Bolívar, Guayas, and Los Ríos were affected by ashfall. Authorities in the districts of Bucay and Cumandá restricted driving, the opening of businesses, and outdoor activities due to ashfall. The José Joaquín de Olmedo Airport in Guayaquil suspended its operations for seven hours to clean the runways. Ashfall was most significant in Chimborazo, particularly in the districts of Guamote, Alausí, Chunchi, Pallatanga, and Cumandá, with photos showing poor visibility and ashfall covering streets, cars, and houses. Ashfall significantly impacted agriculture fields.
Authorities inspected the confluence of the Volcán River (SE flank) and Upano River, and observed significant deposits of tephra, some of which had dammed the river and created an immense lagoon. Normally the Upano was about 25 m wide in that area but because of the deposits it was more than 250 m across and had almost no water in it. After the explosion, IG noted that activity returned to levels similar to previous months with ash plumes rising 1-2 km above the volcano during 20-22 September.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE); La República; El Comercio
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 2-8 September. Seismicity was characterized by high levels of explosions, harmonic tremor, long-period earthquakes, and signals indicating emissions. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano, but the Washington VAAC and IG webcams recorded daily ash plumes that rose 600-1,500 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and S. Lahars were periodically generated by heavy rains. On 2 September pyroclastic flows descended the SE flank.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 5-11 August. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano; according to Washington VAAC notices and IG webcams ash plumes rose 870-2,000 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and S almost daily. Heavy rain generated secondary lahars in the Volcán and Upano drainages during 5-7 August.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
On 2 July IG presented additional results from the Sangay overflight that was conducted on 24 June with the purpose of performing maintenance on a gas and seismic station, taking visual and infrared photos of the surficial activity, and measuring volcanic gases. Three thermal anomalies were identified: the first was in the summit crater and associated with explosions, the second was near the SE rim of the summit crater and possibly highlighted a small lava flow, and the third corresponded to the accumulation of hot deposits of pyroclastic flows at the lower part of the SE drainage. Ash from summit explosions and pyroclastic flows that descended the SE flank dispersed mainly S and W. Notable morphological changes to the summit areas were evident when comparing photographs from 17 May 2019 to 24 June 2020. The maximum width of the SE flank drainage was an estimated 397 m. Due to a large amount of airborne ash in the N, E, and S parts of the volcano, the SAGA station on the SW flank could not be reached and repaired. Winds caused ashfall in populated areas. Gas emission data could also not be obtained due to the amount of airborne ash.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that during an overflight of Sangay on 24 June scientists observed a small explosion followed by a dense ash plume that rose 500 m above the summit and drifted W. Additionally a pyroclastic flow descended the SE flank. The overflight was conducted in partnership with Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) and the Army with the purpose of conducting maintenance on a gas and seismic station, taking visual and infrared photos of the surficial activity, and measuring volcanic gases.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
On 16 June the Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE) declared a Yellow Alert for the province of Chimborazo due to a recent increase in ashfall from Sangay. IG reported a continuing high level of activity during 16-22 June, though weather clouds often prevented visual observations. According to the IG and Washington VAAC notices ash plumes rose 570-870 m above the summit and drifted W and SW. Incandescent blocks descending the SE flank were seen through breaks in cloud cover overnight during 17-18 June.
SNGRE reported that lahars in the Upano River in the morning of 21 June followed heavy rains two days earlier. In Macas (40 km SE) the lahars caused the closure of the E45 Macas-Puyo road, destroying a 27-m section and damaging a 30-m section, and the evacuation of 21 people.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE)
IG reported that for the past year, activity at Sangay is centered at two summit vents: the Central Crater which produced ash-and-gas emissions and the Ñuñurcu dome (located 190 m SSE of Central Crater) which effused lava. Lava, pyroclastic flows, and collapsed material were channeled down the Volcán River drainage on the SE flank. Activity at Sangay intensified during 8-9 June with lava-flow collapses, pyroclastic flows on the SE flank that reached the Upano River, and significant ash emissions that drifted W. No variation in seismic data was noted prior to a period of increased activity. A comparison of webcam images from 2 September 2019 and 10 June 2020 showed that the drainage had widened, deepened, and lengthened.
In recent weeks ash plumes had risen as high as 2.9 km above the crater rim and had been carried farther by strong winds. Ashfall was reported in the provinces of Chimborazo, Bolívar, Guayas, Santa Elena, Los Ríos, and Morona Santiago. Activity slightly increased during 11-12 June, characterized by ash-and-gas plumes rising higher (1.5-2.8 km above the crater rim) and drifting farther (over 600 km W and SW), and an increased number of thermal anomalies on the SE flank from intensified lava effusion. A pulse of increased seismic activity was also detected. Ashfall was additionally reported in the provinces of Tungurahua and Cotopaxi.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that in the evening of 8 June, through the next morning, an eruptive event at Sangay was characterized as the collapse of one or more lava-flow fronts. Pyroclastic flows descended the Volcán River on the SE flank, and based on thermal anomalies some reached the Upano River. The Washington VAAC stated that ash plumes drifted SW. Several regional communities downwind reported ashfall including Santa Elena (170 km W), Guayas (175 km W), Los Ríos, Chimborazo, and the Morona-Santiago province. The most significant ashfall occurred in Alausí (60 km WSW). The local seismic station stopped transmitting signals on 7 June, though stations located tens of kilometers N recorded signals from the event beginning around 2000 on 8 June and lasting several hours.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 6-12 May. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano; according to Washington VAAC notices ash plumes rose 870-1,470 m above the summit and drifted W and SW during 6 and 10-12 May. Incandescent blocks were seen descending the SE flank during breaks in cloud cover on 6, 8, and 11 May. Signals indicating lahars were recorded by the seismic network on 7 and 9 May.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 1-7 April. Weather clouds often prevented visual observations of the volcano; according to Washington VAAC notices ash plumes rose 570 m above the summit and drifted NW, W, and SW during 2-4 April. Signals indicating lahars were recorded by the seismic network on 2 and 5 April. Incandescent blocks were seen descending the S flank during a break in cloud cover on 4 April.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 3-10 March. Ash plumes rose 870-1,130 m above the summit and drifted NW and W based on Washington VAAC notices. Incandescent blocks rolled down the SW flank during 3-4 March. A seismic station recorded a lahar on 8 March.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that a permanent monitoring station located near the base of Sangay was repaired during 26 January-1 February and had begun to again transmit data in real time. The technician reported constant ash emissions during the expedition. A high level of activity persisted at Sangay during 12-18 February, though weather clouds often prevented visual confirmation. Ash, steam, and gas plumes rose 570-870 m above the summit and drifted W and SW according to Washington VAAC advisories. A webcam recorded lava blocks descending the SE flank on 17 February.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported a high level of activity at Sangay during 27 January-4 February, though weather clouds often prevented visual confirmation. Ash, steam, and gas plumes rose 880-1,200 m above the summit and drifted W and SW during 27-29 January. Minor ashfall was reported in Púngala and in several Chimborazo province communities during 27-28 February. A pyroclastic flow descended the SE flank on 28 January, reaching the Volcán River and causing secondary lahars in the river. Incandescent blocks rolled down the SE flank on 29 January. Minor ashfall was reported in the province of Chimborazo (W), particularly in the towns of Cebadas (35 km WNW) and Palmira (46 km W). On 30 January residents in the town of Alao (20 km NW) reported that vegetation was covered with fine white ash. An ash emission rose 570 m above the summit and drifted W on 31 January. Ashfall was reported in Macas (42 km SE) the next day. Gas-and-steam plumes rose up to 200 m and drifted W on 2 February. Incandescent blocks rolled down the SE flank on 3 February.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO, satellite and webcam images, and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 1-11 January ash plumes from Sangay rose to 5.2-6.7 km (17,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Crater incandescence was identified in satellite images during 9-10 January.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO, satellite images, and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 10-17 December ash plumes from Sangay rose to 5.8-7.3 km (19,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A thermal anomaly was visible on 17 December.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported that the eruption at Sangay that began on 7 May was continuing as of 4 December without a notable increase or decrease in activity levels. Activity was concentrated at two eruptive centers: the Central Crater and the Ñuñurcu dome (located 190 m SSE of Central Crater). Sporadic explosions at Central Crater produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly NE during the previous month. Minor ashfall was recorded in the towns of Alao (20 km NW), Cebadas (35 km WNW), and Guaguallá (Chimborazo province), in Macas (42 km SSE, Morona-Santiago province), and in the Azuay province. Almost continuous lava effusion from the Ñuñurcu dome fed lava flows that traveled down the SE flank.
Collapses along the margins of the lava flows generated small pyroclastic flows and small rockfalls that reached the upper channel of the Río Volcán. These deposits created dams which were remobilized by rainfall into lahars, which in turn partially dammed parts of the river at the confluence of the Río Upano. Parque Nacional Sangay and IG-EPN staff measured deposits at the confluence that were more than 2 m thick on 27 November; similar deposits were observed along a 16-km stretch upsteam. Sulfur dioxide emissions up to 640 tons/day were detected by satellite in recent weeks, and a strong sulfur odor was noted around 1 km above the crater rim during a 3 December overflight.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that a new eruption at Sangay began on 7 May and was continuing as of 3 July. Activity was concentrated at two eruptive centers: the Central Crater and the Ñuñurcu dome (located 190 m SSE of Central Crater). Sporadic explosions at Central Crater produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted W and SW. The Ñuñurcu dome fed at least three lava flows that traveled down the SE flank. Collapses of the lava-flow fronts generated small pyroclastic flows and numerous block flows that traveled as far as 3,888 m elevation. Staff of the Parque Nacional Sangay observed atypical sedimentation consisting of volcanic material at the confluence of the Upano River and its tributary, the Volcán River, 23 km SE of the summit. Areas of steaming in the Volcán River were possibly from hot blocks originating from the volcano. Residents of Macas (42 km SSE) reported increased turbidity in the Upano from pyroclastic material.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that a new eruption at Sangay began on 7 May and was continuing as of 21 May. Activity was concentrated at two eruptive centers; the Central Crater and the Ñuñurcu dome (located 190 m SSE of Central Crater). Explosive activity at Central Crater produced ash plumes that rose an average of 1 km above the crater rim and drifted W and NW. Ejected blocks rolled as far as 2.5 km down the SE flank. The Ñuñurcu dome produced a lava flow that had a maximum width of 175 m and traveled about 470 m down the SE flank. Collapses of the lava-flow front generated small pyroclastic flows and numerous block flows; one of the pyroclastic flows traveled 340 m.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that two M2 seismic events, recorded at 0028 and 0116 on 10 May and located 3.5-9 km below Sangay’s S and W flanks, possibly corresponded to explosive activity. Four thermally elevated pixels were identified in satellite data at 0124. A small emission was visible drifting W.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported renewed activity at Sangay on 26 March based on satellite data and a Washington VAAC notice of ash. According to the VAAC a small ash plume rose less than 1 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Seismicity had decreased to an average of three events per day after the last eruption ended on 7 December 2018, and then to 1 event per day during the past month. There was no seismic record of the 26 March event due to technical difficulties.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that the eruption at Sangay that began on 8 August ended on 7 December after about four months of activity. The eruption was characterized by the extrusion of lava flows, and ash emissions that rose between 0.5-1.4 km (and occasionally higher than 2 km) and mainly drifted W and NW. Minor amounts of ash fell in Guayaquil on 18 September. Lava flows traveled 1-2 km down the ESE flank, and both block avalanches and possible small pyroclastic flows from the flow fronts traveled additionally as far as 7 km.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that since 8 August activity at Sangay was characterized by the extrusion of lava flows on the ESE flank and ash emissions that rose between 500 and 1,500 m and mainly drifted W and NW. Lava flows were 1-2 km long, though block avalanches from the flow fronts traveled additionally as far as 5 km. The seismic network recorded more than 50 signals per day indicating explosions. The activity continued at least through 21 November; the report noted that this phase has lasted longer than any other since 2015.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
Based on satellite images and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 19-20 September ash emissions from Sangay rose to 5.8-6.1 km (19,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l., drifted WNW and W, and became diffuse after 37 km.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that on 11, 13, 15, and 17 September ash emissions from Sangay rose to 5.8-6.4 km (19,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and W. A thermal anomaly was visible each day, and also on 16 September.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 5-8 and 10 September ash emissions from Sangay rose to 4.3-6.7 km (14,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted at least 170 km W. A thermal anomaly was visible on 5 September.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind model data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 28 August-3 September ash emissions from Sangay rose to 5.8-6.7 km (19,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 45 km in multiple directions. A thermal anomaly was sometimes visible.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
In a special report IG stated that a new phase of activity at Sangay began on 8 August, with surficial activity characterized by low-energy ash emissions rising as high as 2.3 km above the crater rim and a possible new lava flow on the SE flank. The Washington VAAC reported that prior to 1500 on 8 August an ash emission rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l., or 500 m above the crater rim, and drifted SW. On 11 August a possible ash plume rose to 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l., or 2.3 km above the crater rim, and drifted WNW. Thermal anomalies were identified in satellite data on 14 August. That same day a webcam image showed incandescence on the upper part of the SE flank, suggesting a lava flow from the Ñuñurco dome. The report stated that no activity at Sangay had been observed since the last eruption ended in November 2017.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 8 June a possible discrete ash emission from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 28 km WSW before dissipating.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 25 February emissions from Sangay with minor ash content rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 170 km NE.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that during 12-13 October ash emissions from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
In a special report from 4 October IG stated that the current eruption at Sangay which began on 20 July continued, and that the activity had not changed significantly during the previous two months. Activity was characterized by explosions at the central vent and lava from the Ñuñurco lava dome flowing down the E and ESE flanks. On each day during the previous week there were about 65 explosions, 25 long-period events, and a few harmonic tremor signals. Ash plumes rose 1 km above the crater rim and caused ashfall in areas to the W and NW (Culebrillas and Licto (35 km NW)).
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 6 September an emission from Sangay rose 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite and model data, and information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sangay rose to altitudes of 6.1-8.5 km (20,000-28,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NW on 2 September.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite data, the Washington VAAC reported that a plume from Sangay with possible ash content rose 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted over 30 km SW. A thermal anomaly was identified on 23 August.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from IG, the Guayaquil MWO, and satellite data the Washington VAAC reported continuing ash emissions at Sangay. On 16 August an ash plume drifted W. On 17 August an ash plume rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, and was followed by several more ash puffs. During 19-20 August ash plumes rose to 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and W. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images on 20 August.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 12 August an emission from Sangay rose to altitudes of 6.1-6.4 km (20,000-21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and NW. Ash in the emission was not detected in satellite data. On 13 August satellite data showed a well-defined thermal anomaly over the volcano, and an ash plume drifting 55 km SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
In a special report from 3 August, IG reported that a new eruptive phase at Sangay began on 20 July, after 8 months without major surface activity. The recent activity was characterized by low-energy ash plumes rising no more than 3 km above the crater rim, incandescent rocks rolling as far as 1 km down the ESE flank, and a possible lava flow on the same flank. Minor amounts of ash fell in uninhabited areas to the W.
Based on Washington VAAC reports, IG noted two ash plumes on 20 July and one on 2 August that rose 2.3-3 km above the crater and drifted W and NW. Numerous thermal anomalies detected during 2-3 August were aligned on the ESE flank. Based on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, satellite data, and information from the Guayaquil Meteorological Watch Office (MWO), the Washington VAAC reported that on 6 August an ash plume drifted W.
Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 1 August an emission from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.3 km (17,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 20 July an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 16-17 November ash plumes from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 290 km SE.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind data, the Washington VAAC reported that on 16 July a possible ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 22 km SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and wind data, the Washington VAAC reported that during 25-27 and 30-31 May ash plumes from Sangay rose to altitudes of 5.8-6.7 km (19,000-22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SW, and W. A hotspot was detected during 26-27 May.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on notices from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 20 May an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported that at the beginning of March Sangay began a new phase of activity which continued through at least 12 May without significant changes. The number of tremor events and long-period earthquakes were slightly higher in March as compared to the number recorded in April and May, and the number of explosions was slightly higher in April and May. Surficial activity was characterized by frequent ash emissions generated by explosive activity. Thermal anomalies on the flanks were also detected, mostly within 5 km of the summit crater, which possibly corresponded to short-range pyroclastic flows and lava flows. No abnormal sulfur dioxide emission were detected.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
Based on satellite images, notices from the Guayaquil MWO, and information from IG, the Washington VAAC reported that during 4-7 and 9-10 May ash plumes from Sangay rose to altitudes of 6.1-8.2 km (20,000-27,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 55 km NW, W, WSW, and SW. An intermittent thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during 4-5 and 10 May.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and notices from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that during 27 April-3 May ash plumes from Sangay rose to altitudes of 5.8-7 km (19,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted as far as 120 km WNW, W, and S. A thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images during 29-30 April and on 2 May.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 15 April an intermittent thermal anomaly was identified in satellite images over Sangay. No ash was detected in images, though seismic data indicated activity. On 19 April the Guayaquil MWO indicated that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 6 April an ash plume from Sangay drifted over 35 km NW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on satellite images and notices from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 1 April an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l., and a continuing thermal anomaly was detected. On 4 April satellite images detected an ash plume that drifted about 18 km N at an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on notices from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that on 25 March an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. On 27 March a pilot observed an ash plume rising to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting W. The next day an ash plume rose to an altitude of 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WSW. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations of the volcano on all three days.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
IG reported that tremor at Sangay ceased on 10 March and the number of long-period earthquakes began to decline the next day. The number of explosions per day increased (from a maximum of four during 3-11 March) to 10 on 12 March, peaked at almost 110 on 15 March, and then declined to 50 on 17 March. Cloud cover prevented views of the volcano though the seismic data suggested that gas-and-ash emissions were produced; ashfall was not reported in towns downwind. At 0400 on 17 March continuous tremor with interspersed bursts of more intense tremor began to be detected. The activity intensified at 1300, and then began to gradually decline. IG noted that climbers should avoid the volcano during periods of increased activity.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
IG reported that the seismic network at Sangay started to record sporadic seismic events on 5 March, although seismicity became more notable during 8-9 March; signs of small explosions and volcano-tectonic events were detected on 7 March, and long-period signals emerged on 9 March. An explosion signal was followed by harmonic tremor on 9 March. That same day satellite images detected a thermal anomaly and an emission that drifted S.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN)
Based on a SIGMET notice of a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 26 February an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. Satellite images only detected an intermittent thermal anomaly. According to the VAAC, on 27 February IG reported a lava flow and a possible diffuse ash plume that rose to an altitude below 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. within 15 km of the summit. On 2 March a local pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. On 3 March an ash plume rose to an estimated altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 13 km W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 4 February an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. Satellite images showed a possible ash plume drifting less than 20 km SW. A thermal anomaly was visible in satellite images the next day, as well as a diffuse plume with possible ash drifting W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 25 January an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. Weather clouds prevented satellite image confirmation of the plume, although a thermal anomaly was detected which continued through the next day.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 18 January an ash plume from Sangay drifted SW at an altitude of 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l. Weather clouds prevented satellite image views of the plume, although a thermal anomaly was detected. A faint thermal anomaly was detected the next day.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot report, the Washington VAAC reported that on 23 May an ash plume from Sangay drifted W at an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. Weather clouds prevented satellite image views of the plume.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery and a SIGMET aviation notice, the Washington VAAC reported that on 26 April two brief ash emissions from Sangay drifted SW and dissipated within 20 km. A thermal anomaly was visible in infrared satellite images.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 11 April an ash plume from Sangay drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, on 22 February a pilot observed an ash plume from Sangay that rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW. Due to cloud cover in the area, neither satellite image analysis nor the Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) could confirm an ash emission. Ash plumes were not detected in cloudy satellite image views during 23-24 February, but a thermal anomaly was detected on 24 February.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot report, analyses of satellite images, and information from the Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that a possible eruption from Sangay before 1210 on 25 January may have produced ash plumes. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations of emissions during 25-26 January, although a weak thermal anomaly was detected.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a pilot reported that on 29 July an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. A plume that may have been mostly gas was detected in satellite images pushing through the metrological cloud deck and drifting W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a pilot reported that a possible eruption from Sangay occurred prior to 1438 on 20 July. Ash was not observed in satellite imagery and a SIGMET issued for the event was later cancelled.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a thermal anomaly on Sangay was detected in satellite imagery during 4-6 July.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a pilot observed an ash plume from Sangay on 6 June that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. Meteorological clouds prevented satellite image views. A pilot observed ash drifting E on 10 June.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a pilot observed an ash plume from Sangay on 4 June that rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a SIGMET report, the Washington VAAC reported a possible eruption and ash plume from Sangay on 28 May. A later notice stated that a pilot reported an ash plume at an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, a pilot observed an ash plume from Sangay on 22 March that rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from pilots and the Guayaquil MWO, an ash plume from Sangay was reported drifting S and SE on 23 January. Ash was not detected in partly-cloudy satellite imagery. On 24 January a hotspot was visible on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil MWO and a pilot report, a possible ash plume from Sangay was reported on 8 January. Ash was not detected in partly-cloudy satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 20 November an ash plume from a possible eruption at Sangay was observed by a pilot and drifted at an altitude of 5.9 km (19,500 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not detected in partly-cloudy satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 25 October a gas plume from Sangay, which possibly contained ash, drifted 75 km E. Ash was not identified in subsequent images.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO and a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 11 October an ash plume from Sangay from a possible eruption rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash was not observed in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 23 February a pilot observed ash from Sangay. No ash was confirmed in a small cloud identified in satellite imagery drifting SSE.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 27 January small ash clouds from Sangay drifted N and quickly dissipated.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 20 January an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not detected in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 12 January an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and possibly drifted more than 45 km SW. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported ash from Sangay on 5 December; weather clouds prevented satellite observations. IG noted elevated seismicity.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 29 October a thermal anomaly from Sangay was seen in satellite imagery. A narrow steam-and-gas plume possibly containing some ash was also detected.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 14 October a pilot noted an ash plume from Sangay; however, an analysis of satellite imagery revealed only gas plumes drifting NW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 6 October small ash clouds from Sangay were observed by a pilot. The ash clouds were seen in satellite imagery drifting WNW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 21 September an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. and was observed by a pilot. Ash was not seen in satellite imagery, although weather clouds were in the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 10 September a small plume and a thermal anomaly from Sangay were seen in satellite imagery. Based on information from Tegucigalpa MWO, pilot observations, and analyses of satellite imagery, the VAAC reported that on 13 September small plumes of gas with possible ash drifted SW. A thermal anomaly had also been detected for the previous few hours.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 5 September an ash plume from Sangay that rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. was observed by a pilot. Ash was not seen in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 30 August an ash plume was observed near Sangay by a pilot. Ash was not seen in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 19 August small ash-and-gas plumes from Sangay drifted about 25 km W and dissipated. Intermittent thermal anomalies were also detected. On 20 August a pilot reported an emission that was not seen in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations and analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 21 July an ash cloud from Sangay drifted W. During 22-23 July, diffuse plumes drifted 65-115 km W. Occasional thermal anomalies were detected by satellite imagery on 21 and 23 July.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 6 May an ash plume from Sangay was seen by a pilot. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, but a diffuse steam-and-gas plume was seen before weather clouds moved into the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 21 April an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, although weather clouds were present in the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that on 22 February an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that on 2 February an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 8.2 km (27,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, although weather clouds were present in the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that on 14 January an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, although weather clouds were present in the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that during 2-4 January thermal anomalies from Sangay were seen in satellite imagery. On 2 January, a pilot saw an ash plume drifting NW at an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. An ash plume was also reported by a pilot the next day.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that on 18 and 21 December ash plumes from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, although weather clouds were present in the area. Thermal anomalies were occasionally detected in the satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 1 December an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. Ash was not identified in satellite imagery, although low weather clouds were present in the area. Later that day, an eruption was reported, but ash was again unidentifiable in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 16 November small plumes from Sangay, possibly with ash, drifted WNW. A thermal anomaly was also detected.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 15 October a small plume from Sangay drifted 15 km SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that on 4 October a pilot saw an ash plume from Sangay drifting W at altitudes of 5.2-7.6 km (17,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. Meteorological clouds prevented satellite views of the area. No additional reports of the ash plume were received by the VAAC.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 23 July a possible ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. The plume was not identified in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 26 June an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. The suspected ash was seen on satellite imagery drifting less than 30 km W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 15 June possible small ash plumes from Sangay drifted WNW. A thermal anomaly was detected.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations and analysis of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that on 10 March an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. A thermal anomaly was detected in satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that on 9 February a plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.9 km (26,000 ft) a.s.l. No ash was identified on satellite imagery, but meteoric clouds were also present in the area.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot observation, the Washington VAAC reported that on 5 January an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Ash was not identified on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that a small gas-and-steam plume with some ash rose from Sangay on 16 December.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on analysis of satellite imagery, information from the Guayaquil MWO, and pilot reports, the Washington VAAC reported that a minor ash plume rose from Sangay on 24 September and drifted WNW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on observations of satellite imagery and pilot reports, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. on 26 December and drifted SW. A thermal anomaly was seen on satellite imagery during 26-27 December.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on observations of satellite imagery and pilot reports, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. on 12 October and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sangay were observed by pilots during 8-9 September. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay drifted SSE on 19 August. Observations using satellite imagery were inhibited due to cloud cover.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W on 2 August. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 6.7-8.2 km (22,000 to 27,000 ft) a.s.l. on 28 July. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery but a weak hotspot could be seen.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W on 23 July. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery. On 24 July, a diffuse ash plume at an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. was visible on satellite imagery drifting SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude between 5.2-7.9 km (17,000-26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W on 3 July.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.3 km (24,000 ft) a.s.l. on 24 May.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to altitudes of 5.2-7.6 km (17,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. on 4 May. On 5 May, a possible narrow ash plume was visible on satellite imagery drifting W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from IG, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay was present on 22 March. The altitude and drift direction of the plume were not reported.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay on 17 March rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l. A hotspot was visible on satellite imagery. A pilot reported an ash plume on 20 March to an unreported altitude.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from IG, pilot reports, and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that eruptions from Sangay during 12-13 March produced ash plumes that rose to 7 km (23,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. A hotspot was seen on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 28 February produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. On 2 March, a diffuse plume and a weak hotspot were seen on satellite imagery. On 5 March, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to between 5.2-6.1 km (17,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
The Washington VAAC reported eruptions from Sangay based on information from Guayaquil MWO, IG, pilot reports, and satellite imagery. Ash plumes reached altitudes of 10.7 km (35,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 February and 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l. on 25 February. Plumes drifted S and SW, respectively.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil MWO, IG, pilot reports, and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that eruptions from Sangay during 6-10 and 13 February produced ash plumes that drifted SW, NW, N, and W. Plumes reached altitudes of 9 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. on 6 February and 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. on 9 February. A hotspot was seen on satellite imagery at the summit during 7-9 and 13 February.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from the Guayaquil MWO and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 6 February produced ash plumes that rose to a maximum altitude of 9.1 km (30,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 28 January produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.4 km (21,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot reports, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay produced an ash plume on 20 January. The altitude and direction of the plume were not reported.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil Meteorological Watch Office (MWO), pilot reports, and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 14 January produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil Meteorological Watch Office (MWO) and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 1 January produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 5.2 km (17,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot report, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sangay rose to an altitude of 7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 December.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on pilot reports and satellite imagery, the Washington VAAC reported that an eruption from Sangay on 2 December produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 8.5 km (28,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, an eruption from Sangay on 22 November produced an ash plume observed on satellite imagery that drifted WNW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilot report, the Washington VAAC reported that on 21 October, emission plumes from Sangay reached altitudes of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from Guayaquil MWO and a pilot report, the Washington VAAC reported on 11 October that emission plumes from Sangay reached altitudes of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on information from IG, the Washington VAAC reported that ash was seen over Sangay on 26 October at 0758. No ash was visible on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
An ash plume emitted from Sangay was visible on satellite imagery on 16 October around 0645. The plume moved SSW very slowly, corresponding to a possible height of ~6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. By 0900 the plume was too thin to be visible on satellite imagery and thunderstorms developed in the area, further obscuring the ash cloud.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, on 28 December around 0715 satellite imagery showed a plume from Sangay that was most likely composed of steam with little ash. The plume was E of the volcano's summit at a height of ~6.4 km a.s.l. A hotspot was prominent on satellite imagery, but ash was more difficult to distinguish.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Based on a pilots report, the Washington VAAC reported that ash from an eruption at Sangay produced a plume to a height of ~6 km a.s.l. on 1 May at 1750. Ash was not visible on satellite imagery.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Satellite imagery on 27 January showed a narrow ash plume emitted from Sangay that was at a height of ~6 km a.s.l. and drifting SW.
Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
According to the Washington VAAC, satellite imagery showed a plume emitted from Sangay on 14 January around 0500 extendeding ~45 km E. The plume most likely contained ash. During this time a hotspot was also visible on satellite imagery.
Sources: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); New Zealand Herald
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Continuing eruptive activity with frequent explosions
Card 1774 (11 January 1974) Continuing eruptive activity with frequent explosions
"Continual quiet eruption. Much explosive activity. Smoke plume leaves crater every 20-30 minutes. No data about flows or ejecta."
Information Contacts: Minard Hall, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito.
Continued activity; block lava flows and ash emissions
Card 2214 (08 July 1975) Continued activity; block lava flows and ash emissions
The following represents a brief description of the continuing volcanic activity of the almost unknown and inaccesible volcano El Sangay. A scientific group visited the volcano during the week of 24 May to 1 June 1975.
New blocky lava flows, that began before February 1975, continue advancing down the west side of this composite cone. The flows apparently originate in the summit crater (5,160 m) as suggested by the brilliant red glows seen in the crater at night and by occasional small explosions and blasts of dark gray smoke that are quickly dispersed by the high winds. The flows descend to about 3,800 m where they have fanned out and probably cover ~2 km2 in total area. The flow rock appears to be a basaltic andesite with olivine phenocrysts; milky white quartz xenocrysts are notably abundant to the total exclusion of all other types of inclusions.
The summit crater appears to be formed by at least two vents, one of which is emitting white clouds of vapor and sulfurous fumes almost continuously and another which emits infrequent blasts of dark gray clouds. The crater rim was continually being sandblasted by fine volcanic sand and ash, coming from the vents below, but no larger ejecta were observed. The strength of the fumes and the lack of visibility precluded a reconnaissance of the summit vents.
The west side (leeward side) of the volcano is covered by an approximate 70-m-thick sequence of thinly-bedded ashes, which probably corresponds to the renovation of activity in the 1940's after a 15 year dormancy. Since the 1940's the activity has been more Strombolian, marked by very muld but continuous ash eruptions and occasional lava flows. Evidence of past lahar activity is everywhere. The recent activity of El Sangay presents no danger to man.
Information Contacts: Minard Hall, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito.
Explosions, lava flows, and ashfall; two deaths following 10 August explosion
A recent expedition, 28 July-9 August, to the stratovolcano Sangay reports the following activity.
Mild explosive activity occurred at intervals of 6-12 hours with the expulsion of white, vapor-rich, sulfurous plumes that rose approximately 100 m. Very acidic rains were falling W of the cone. The NW side of the cone was covered by still-hot lava flows (basaltic andesite) from the last few years. A new lava flow was leaving the S crater and has descended W several hundred meters. A light coating of ash covered the snow on the SW side of the cone. No other activity was observed on the other sides of the volcano. It appeared that this activity has continued steadily from last year. A small parasitic cone of approximately 50 m height was recently discovered on the lower E flank. It is not presently active.
On 10 August an independent British team, which apparently included no geologist, reached the 3,700 m basecamp level on the volcano. Two days later six members ascended to within 300 m of the summit. At 1230 an explosion produced a black mushroom cloud that reached an estimated 300 m above the volcano and dropped ejecta (to 35 cm) on the group. Later, search parties found three injured, one dead, and another had not been found 5 days after the accident. Helicopter rescue attempts were abandoned on 18 August after two days of heavy snowfall.
Information Contacts: M. Hall, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito; J. Aucott, British Embassy, Quito.
Eruption continues with ash emission every 10 minutes
. . . During overflights on 4 and 6 August, Maurice Krafft observed frequent ash emission from 1 of 4 WSW-ENE-trending vents in the summit area. The westernmost vent was filled by a blocky lava dome 15-20 m in diameter, partially covered by ash. ENE of the dome, explosions at least every 10 minutes from a 15-m-diameter crater produced thick black cauliflower-shaped ash columns 100-300 m high. Winds blew ash from these explosions to the SW, toward the dome. Each explosion also triggered small ash avalanches from deposits on the upper W and SW flanks. The largest of the four vents, ENE of the active crater, was 80-100 m across and contained two fumaroles that were emitting vapor. The fourth vent, 20-30 m in diameter and slightly N of the trend of the other 3 vents, was not active during the overflights.
Minard Hall reported that activity was generally similar when he visited the volcano in 1976. Although lava was oozing from the westernmost vent at that time, it had not yet built a dome.
Information Contacts: M. Krafft, Cernay, France; M. Hall, Escuela Politécnica, Quito.
Explosions, lava flow
Geologists from GEVA visited the volcano in June and August. Throughout June, only summit fumarolic activity was noted, but in early August, explosions every 5 minutes ejected small ash clouds. A warning was issued to aircraft flying in the vicinity of Sangay on 4 August at 2249. On 11 August, a new lava flow extended from the summit ~ 200 m below the crater rim. Blocks from the crumbling flow front rolled down the W and SW flanks to 4,400 m altitude. Larger avalanches from the flow front were observed on 12 August between 1400 and 1500. At 0005 on 13 August, explosions from a S-flank vent covered the volcano's S slope with red-hot lava blocks up to 1 m in diameter. Explosions ejecting blocks and ash continued until 0900. By 1600, the flow had moved to ~ 400 m below the crater rim and numerous blocks fell from the two lobes of the flow front.
Information Contacts: J. Durieux, GEVA, Lyon, France; G. Heiken, LANL, Los Alamos.
Phreatic explosions, blue gas plumes, crater glow, and dome rockfalls
From 24 November to 12 December 1995, the first detailed study of Sangay volcano (figures 1 and 2) was carried out by an Instituto Geofísico/ORSTOM team (Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito), with helicopter support from the Ecuadorian Army and the assistance of five local guides from Alao. During this time, activity was characterized by continuous fumarolic steaming, frequent phreatic explosions, occasional crater glow, and dome rockfalls. Previous reports from August 1976, August 1983, and June-August 1988 (SEAN 01:10, 08:07, and 13:08) identified four summit vents aligned WSW-ENE, which are here numbered from 1 to 4 going from W to E.
In 1976, Vent 1 consisted of a fracture from which lava was slowly issuing, but by August 1983 it had built a lava dome. This small dome was apparently more active in August 1988, and sent a lava flow 400 m down the W flank, where it split into two lobes. In late 1995 this dome was possibly still growing, and was the source of some fumarolic activity and many rockfalls, making the W and SW slopes of the cone dangerous to cross. Apparently there have been no new lava flows from this vent since August 1988. Vent 2, a small 15-m-diameter crater immediately ENE of Vent 1 has frequently been the site of explosive activity (1976 and 1983), but apparently was less active in 1988 and was quiet during the 1995 visit. The ENE crater (Vent 4) remained inactive but with occasional fumarolic activity.
Vent 3, at 80-100 m across, is the largest and deepest crater. In 1976 and 1983 only fumarolic activity was observed from this crater, but lava was reported in 1988. During the 1995 visit it was the site of frequent phreatic explosions, some separated by hours, others coming as often as every 26 minutes. Several explosions were followed by a rhythmic, pulsating roar that lasted for up to 50 oscillations. White vapor plumes, ejected with the audible explosions, rose several hundred meters above the summit. Light blue gas plumes and occasional red glow at night immediately above this crater implied the presence of lava. Frequent rockfalls from the upper S flank of the cone suggested that some lava may be escaping, breaking off, and rolling down the S slopes.
During the visit a portable MEQ-800 Sprengnether seismograph with a vertical, 1-Hz L4C geophone was operated at the La Playa base camp, 4.3 km SW of the main crater at 3,600 m elevation. A preliminary study of the smoked-paper seismograms showed three types of seismic signals, frequently associated with observed explosions in the crater (figures 3 and 4): tremor, long-period, and hybrid events. Tremor events had a monochromatic signature with a period of 1 second and lasted < 60 seconds. The long-period events had emergent arrivals and a constant period of ~0.7 seconds; they were often associated with observed explosions. Hybrid events began with a long-period event (0.7 seconds) and were followed by a signal similar to that of the tremor (1 second). Some hybrid events were associated with audible and observed explosions followed by a roar like pulsating, rhythmic exhalations. No local high-frequency events were detected.
Figure 3. Types of volcanic earthquakes at Sangay recorded by the seismic station 4.3 km SW in December 1995. Courtesy of ORSTOM. |
Recent lavas and pyroclastic-flow, debris-flow, and lahar deposits are ubiquitous around the cone and testify to Sangay's nearly continuous activity. The site of the La Playa camp (figure 5) is on an andesitic pyroclastic-flow deposit containing bombs up to 4 m in diameter which was emplaced between 1956 and 1965. An accident with two fatalities happened in August 1976 (SEAN 01:10). A previously unreported accident occurred in December 1993 when the main crater exploded just as two mountaineers looked over its rim. Both were blinded by the heat and fragment impacts and remained lost in the jungle on the cone's lower slopes until rescued three days later.
In addition to the present cone (Sangay III), two previous edifices were identified and sampled, both of which had been destroyed by collapse. The remnant calderas are found on the E side of the present cone and are breached E toward the Amazon plain. Their probable avalanche deposits lie at the E foot of the cone. A preliminary geologic map of Sangay (figure 5) shows the three successive edifices and the two associated calderas. Edifice I is mainly built of lava, whereas edifices II and III contain both lava and pyroclastic deposits. The products of edifices I and II appear to be more varied in composition (greater differentiation) than those of Sangay III, where mafic andesites seem to predominate.
This isolated stratovolcano E of the Andean crest is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes having been in frequent eruption for the past several centuries. The steep-sided glacier-covered volcano towers above the tropical jungle on the E side; on the other sides heavy rains have caused plains of ash to be sculpted into steep-walled canyons up to 600 m deep. The first historical eruption was reported in 1628, and more or less continuous eruptions took place from 1728 until 1916, and again from 1934 to the present.
Information Contacts: M. Monzier and C. Robin, ORSTOM, A.P. 17-11-6596, Quito, Ecuador; M. Hall, P. Mothes, and P. Samaniego, Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, A.P. 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador.
Some conspicuous plumes during 2004-2005; climber's photos from January 2006
Our previous report was in 1996 (BGVN 21:03); this report covers the time interval January 2004 to January 2006. According to a 2004 annual summary on the Instituto Geofísico (IG) website, Sangay was one of the most active volcanoes in Ecuador, and has been in eruption for ~ 80 years. Its isolated location (figure 6) has meant it has been thought of as a relatively small hazard risk. For this reason, monitoring has been less than for other Ecuadorian volcanoes. Thermal, visual, and satellite monitoring during 2002-2004 confirmed the central crater as the source of frequent explosions and continuing steam-and-gas emissions.
During 2004 observers did not see lava flows or pyroclastic flows. An abnormally large eruption cloud was detected on 14 January 2004; it contained dominantly steam and gases, with minor ash content. Although only clearly detected and reported then, such events are thought to occur with considerable frequency.
Ramon and others (2006) summarized Sangay's activity as continuously erupting since 1934. Thermal images taken during the last three years showed that only one of the three summit craters was active and documented a lack of new, visible lava flows.
On 14 January 2004 a plume from Sangay was observed around 0500. The plume extended about 45 km E and most likely contained ash. During this time a hotspot was also visible on the satellite imagery. On 27 January 2004 a narrow ash plume emitted by Sangay rose to 6 km altitude and drifted SW.
On 1 May 2004, based on a pilot's report, the Washington VAAC noted that ash from an eruption at Sangay produced a plume to a height of ~ 6 km altitude at 1750. Ash was not visible on satellite imagery.
On 28 December 2004 around 0715 a plume from Sangay, most likely composed of steam with little ash, was detected. The plume was E of the volcano's summit at a height of ~ 6.4 km altitude. A hotspot was prominent on satellite imagery, but ash was more difficult to distinguish.
On 16 October 2005 around 0645 Sangay emitted an ash plume. The plume moved SSW very slowly, corresponding to a possible height of ~ 6.7 km altitude. By 0900 the plume was too thin to be visible on satellite imagery and thunderstorms developed in the area, further obscuring the ash cloud. Based on information from the IG, on 26 October 2005 the Washington VAAC noted that ash was seen over Sangay at 0758. No ash was visible on satellite imagery.
Climber's photo journal. Climbers Thorsten Boeckel and Martin Rietze created a website briefly describing a trek to Sangay's summit during 4-12 January 2006. Several of their posted photos from that trip appear here (figures 7-10; unfortunately, the photos, which are strikingly beautiful, were generally presented without much geographic context). The team included at least one local guide and was aided by horses. Settlements on the approach and return included the mountain village St. Eduardo, which they described as ~ 50 km S of Riobamba.
Figure 7. A vista of Sangay at nightfall in early January 2006. Direction of view is approximately WNW. Photo credit to Boeckel and Rietze. |
Figure 9. A topographic high forming part of the Sangay structure, gently steaming, apparently seen from the summit. This corresponds to 7 or 8 January 2006. Photo credit to Boeckel and Rietze. |
Except for some degassing, the group saw no other activity. Although local residents indicated that the last eruption had occurred about 2 months prior to their visit, intermittent eruptions pose hazards to climbers; in 1976 two climbers were killed by explosions from Sangay (SEAN 01:10).
Reference. Ramón, P., Rivero, D., Böker, F., and Yepes, H., 2006, Thermal monitoring using a portable IR camera: results on Ecuadorian volcanoes in "Cities on Volcanoes IV"; 23-27 January 2006.
Information Contacts: P. Ramón, Instituto Geofísico-Departamento de Geofísica (IG), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); Thorsten Boeckel and Martin Rietze, c/o Kermarstr.10, Germerswang, D-82216, Germany (URL: http://www.tboeckel.de/).
Conspicuous ash plumes, October 2006-December 2007
Our previous report on Sangay (BGVN 21:03) described occasional, but sometimes conspicuous, steam and/or ash plumes between January 2004 and January 2006. The current report continues coverage of plume emissions through December 2007.
Sangay has continued to erupt, sending ash plumes up to an altitude of about 11 km. A summary of plume activity is indicated in table 1. The information is from the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and is based on reports from the Guayaquil Meteorologic Watch Office, pilot reports, satellite imagery, and the Instituto Geofísico-Departamento de Geofísica (Escuela Politécnica Nacional). We did not receive any report of activity during the period February 2006 through September 2006, or during the first three months of 2008.
Date | Altitude (km) | Bearing | Remarks |
11 Oct 2006 | 2.7 | W | -- |
21 Oct 2006 | 6.7 | -- | -- |
22 Nov 2006 | -- | WNW | Hotspot visible on satellite imagery |
02 Dec 2006 | 8.5 | SW | -- |
23 Dec 2006 | 7.6 | -- | -- |
01 Jan 2007 | 5.2 | -- | -- |
14 Jan 2007 | 6.1 | SW | -- |
28 Jan 2007 | 6.4 | -- | -- |
06 Feb 2007 | 9.1 | SW | -- |
06-10 Feb 2007 | 6.1-9 | Several | Hotspot at summit visible on satellite imagery |
13 Feb 2007 | -- | -- | Hotspot at summit visible on satellite imagery |
23 Feb 2007 | 10.7 | S | -- |
25 Feb 2007 | 6.4 | SW | -- |
28 Feb 2007 | 7.6 | -- | -- |
02 Mar 2007 | -- | -- | Weak hotspot visible on satellite imagery |
05 Mar 2007 | 5.2-6.1 | W | -- |
12-13 Mar 2007 | 7 | W | Hotspot visible on satellite imagery |
17 Mar 2007 | 5.2 | -- | Hotspot visible on satellite imagery |
04 May 2007 | 5.2-7.6 | -- | -- |
05 May 2007 | -- | W | Possible narrow plume on satellite imagery |
24 May 2007 | 7.3 | -- | -- |
03 Jul 2007 | 5.2-7.9 | W | -- |
23 Jul 2007 | 5.5 | W | Ash not detected by satellite imagery |
24 Jul 2007 | 5.2 | SW | -- |
28 Jul 2007 | 6.7-8.2 | -- | Weak hotspot visible on satellite imagery, but ash not detected |
02 Aug 2007 | 5.5 | W | Ash not detected by satellite imagery |
19 Aug 2007 | -- | -- | Clouds inhibited satellite imagery |
08-09 Sep 2007 | -- | -- | Ash not detected by satellite imagery |
12 Oct 2007 | 7 | W | -- |
26 Dec 2007 | 6.1 | SW | -- |
26-27 Dec 2007 | -- | -- | Thermal anomaly seen on satellite imagery |
According to a report from the Instituto Geofísico, activity at Sangay increased at the end of 2006 through the beginning of 2007. They reported that a thermal anomaly was detected by satellite imagery during several days in December 2006. During that time, mountain guides near the volcano observed the fall of incandescent rocks down the volcano's flanks at night and a recent deposit of ash that was sufficiently deep to affect birds, rabbits, and other small animals. The report indicated that the Instituto Geofísico has not installed monitoring instrumentation near Sangay because of a significant logistics problem in maintaining them in this inhospitable area, and also because the area is uninhabited and thus poses no direct human risk. However, the report notes that because ash emissions from Sangay may pose problems for aircraft in the S, SE, and SW parts of the country, the Instituto maintains contact with the civil aviation authority.
Information Contacts: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); P. Ramón, Instituto Geofísico-Departamento de Geofísica (IG), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador.
Thermal anomalies and a minor ash plume during 2008
Ash plumes were reported between October 2006 and December 2007 (BGVN 33:03). Thermal anomalies have been detected between 27 March and 4 December 2008 (table 2). A minor ash plume was seen on satellite imagery and by pilots drifting WNW on 24 September 2008.
Date (UTC) | Time (UTC) | Pixels | Satellite |
27 Mar 2008 | 0320 | 1 | Terra |
08 Apr 2008 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
26 Sep 2008 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
26 Sep 2008 | 0625 | 1 | Aqua |
28 Sep 2008 | 1535 | 1 | Terra |
03 Oct 2008 | 0630 | 1 | Aqua |
05 Oct 2008 | 0320 | 1 | Terra |
15 Oct 2008 | 0355 | 1 | Terra |
15 Oct 2008 | 0655 | 1 | Aqua |
19 Oct 2008 | 0330 | 2 | Terra |
13 Nov 2008 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
18 Nov 2008 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
18 Nov 2008 | 0645 | 1 | Aqua |
04 Dec 2008 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
Information Contacts: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Occasional ash plume activity continues
Our most recent reports on Sangay noted occasional steam and/or ash plumes between 11 October 2006 and 28 December 2007 (BGVN 33:03) and thermal anomalies between 27 March and 4 December 2008 (BGVN 34:01). The current report continues to tabulate this persistently erupting volcano's plumes from 28 December 2007 to 31 July 2009 (table 3), and thermal anomalies from 4 December 2008 to 10 August 2009 (table 4).
Date | Maximum Altitude | Bearing | Remarks |
05 Jan 2009 | 7 km | S | -- |
09 Feb 2009 | 7.9 | -- | -- |
10 Mar 2009 | 5.5 | W | TA detected |
15 Jun 2009 | -- | WNW | TA reported by VAAC |
26 Jun 2009 | 7.6 | W | -- |
23 Jul 2009 | 7.9 | -- | -- |
Date (UTC) | Time (UTC) | Pixels | Satellite |
10 Mar 2009 | 0645 | 1 | Aqua |
10 Aug 2009 | 0340 | 1 | Terra |
Information Contacts: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Occasional ash plumes and thermal anomalies continue into at least February 2010
Sangay, which has been in near constant eruption for centuries, continued its eruptive activity into 2010. Previous reports on Sangay (BGVN 33:03, 34:01, and 34:06) had documented occasional ash plumes through 31 July and thermal anomalies through 10 August 2009. After almost two months with no indications of observed by satellite, both plumes and thermal anomalies resumed on 4 October 2009 (tables 5 and 6). Intermittent observations of plumes and MODVOLC thermal alerts were made every month afterwards through February 2010.
Date | Maximum Altitude | Bearing | Remarks |
04 Oct 2009 | 5.2-7.6 km | W | -- |
15 Oct 2009 | -- | SW | Seen for ~15 km |
16 Nov 2009 | -- | WNW | TA detected |
01 Dec 2009 | 7.9 km | W | Eruption reported |
18, 21 Dec 2009 | 7.9 km | W | TAs detected |
02-03 Jan 2010 | 7 km | NW | TAs 2-4 January |
14 Jan 2010 | 7.3 km | -- | -- |
02 Feb 2010 | 8.2 km | -- | -- |
22 Feb 2010 | 7.6 km | -- | -- |
Date (UTC) | Time (UTC) | Pixels | Satellite |
04 Oct 2009 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
06 Oct 2009 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
10 Nov 2009 | 0700 | 1 | Aqua |
16 Nov 2009 | 0325 | 2 | Terra |
02 Dec 2009 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
21 Dec 2009 | 0655 | 1 | Aqua |
01 Jan 2010 | 0640 | 1 | Aqua |
03 Jan 2010 | 0325 | 2 | Terra |
04 Jan 2010 | 0710 | 1 | Aqua |
25 Feb 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
Information Contacts: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Many plumes seen by pilots during past year ending February 2011
The last report discussed observations of ash plumes and MODVOLC thermal alerts at Sangay through February 2010 (BGVN 35:01). Intermittent reporting indicated that similar activity continued through at least February 2011, with plumes reaching up to 7.6 km altitude (table 7). Clouds obscured the view at times, and plumes were reported primarily by pilots and were sometimes visible on satellite imagery.
Date | Type of plume | Altitude | Distance and direction | Source |
21 Apr 2010 | Ash | 6.7 km | -- | Pilot observation |
06 May 2010 | Ash | -- | -- | Pilot observation |
06 May 2010 | Ash | -- | W | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
22-23 Jul 2010 | Diffuse plumes | -- | 65-115 km W | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
21 and 23 Jul 2010 | Occasional thermal anomalies | -- | -- | Satellite imagery |
19 Aug 2010 | Ash-and-gas plumes, intermittent thermal anomalies | -- | 25 km W | Satellite imagery |
20 Aug 2010 | Emission | -- | -- | Pilot observation |
30 Aug 2010 | Ash | -- | -- | Pilot observation (near Sangay) |
05 Sep 2010 | Ash | 5.5 km | -- | Pilot observation |
10 Sep 2010 | Small plume and thermal anomaly | -- | -- | Satellite imagery |
13 Sep 2010 | Gas with possible ash and a thermal anomaly | -- | W | Tegucigalpa Meteorological Watch Office (MWO) (Honduras), pilot observation, and satellite imagery |
21 Sep 2010 | Ash | 7.6 km | -- | Pilot observation |
06 Oct 2010 | Small ash clouds | -- | WNW | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
14 Oct 2010 | Pilot reported ash, only gas plumes drifting NW observed in satellite imagery | -- | NW | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
29 Oct 2010 | Steam and gas plume possibly with ash and a thermal anomaly | -- | -- | Satellite imagery |
05 Dec 2010 | Ash | -- | -- | Guayaquil MWO (Ecuador) |
12 Jan 2011 | Ash and thermal anomaly | 6.7 km | >45 km SW | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
20 Jan 2011 | Ash | 7.6 km | -- | Pilot observation |
27 Jan 2011 | Small ash clouds | -- | N | Satellite imagery |
23 Feb 2011 | Pilot reported ash, small cloud drifting NW in satellite imagery with no ash confirmed | -- | SSE | Pilot observation and satellite imagery |
On 5 December 2010, the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) stated that Instituto Geofisico reported elevated seismicity.
The MODVOLC alert system issued thermal alerts for Sangay monthly during March 2010 through early October 2010. Then, alerts were absent until 11 January 2011 (table 8).
Date (UTC) | Time (UTC) | Pixels | Satellite |
15 Mar 2010 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
30 Apr 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
16 May 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
03 Jun 2010 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
12 Jul 2010 | 0340 | 1 | Terra |
18 Aug 2010 | 0655 | 1 | Aqua |
28 Sep 2010 | 0650 | 2 | Aqua |
30 Sep 2010 | 0335 | 1 | Terra |
02 Oct 2010 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
07 Oct 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
11 Jan 2011 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
02 Mar 2011 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
Information Contacts: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Ongoing thermal anomalies, ash fall and plumes continued through May 2013
Previously reported activity from Sangay volcano (figure 11) included ash plumes and elevated temperatures (BGVN 36:01). In this report, we note that similar activity persisted during August 2011-May 2013. We highlight low-level unrest that was primarily detected with remote sensing instruments and pilot reports.
Ash plumes during 2011-2013. Notices from the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) during this reporting period were primarily based on pilot reports and a weather station located in Guayaquil (MWO). There were seven significant plumes visible with satellite images; those plumes reached altitudes of altitudes 6-8 km a.s.l. (table 9). Ash plumes drifted to a maximum distance of 20 km from the summit.
A 25 January 2012 report from Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) (Special Report No. 01-2012) stated that activity at Sangay had intensified since 23 January. Pilot reports on 23 January were noted by the Washington VAAC with observations of ash moving SSE. Satellite images from 24 January noted thermal anomalies.
Date | Type of plume | Altitude | Bearing | Remarks |
02 Aug 2011 | possible va emission | 6 km | -- | Pilot report of VA to 6 km altitude |
11 Oct 2011 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
25 Oct 2011 | ash plume | 6 km | E 9-19 km/h | Satellite images showed a plumes of gases and possible VA 19 km wide |
20 Nov 2011 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO OF VA |
08 Jan 2011 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
23 Jan 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA |
24 Jan 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Weak hotspot in images |
22 Mar 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA |
23 Mar 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report of VA |
11 May 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
28 May 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
04 Jun 2012 | possible va emission | 8 km | -- | Pilot report 8 km altitude and MWO of VA |
06 Jun 2012 | possible va emission | 6 km | -- | Pilot report 6 km altitude and MWO of VA |
10 Jun 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA |
11 Jun 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
04 Jul 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report of VA and MWO; a hotspot detected in multispectral imagery |
05 Jul 2012 | -- | -- | -- | Pilot report of VA; a hotspot visible in multispectral imagery |
06 Jul 2012 | -- | -- | -- | Weak hotspot in images |
20 Jul 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report of VA |
21 Jul 2012 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Guayaquil weather station |
28 Jul 2012 | small emission | 7 km | W | Pilot report; in satellite images a small burst of gas through cloud layers was observed. |
25 Jan 2013 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA; weak hotspot in images |
26 Jan 2013 | possible emission of gases and va | -- | -- | weak hotspot in images |
22 Feb 2013 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA |
24 Feb 2013 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report and MWO of VA |
11 Apr 2013 | ash plume | 6 km | W | Visible satellite images showed a VA plume; event should dissipate over the next 3 hours. |
26 Apr 2013 | ash plume | 8 km | SW 9 km/h | A couple of weak VA emissions within 20 km of the summit; a hotspot was observed in images. |
23 May 2013 | possible va emission | -- | -- | Pilot report W at 8 km altitude and MWO of VA |
Elevated temperatures from the summit. Modvolc detected hotspots from February 2010 to early May 2013 (table 10). The elevated temperatures were detected around the summit area with as many as 3 pixels but typically one pixel per observation (figure 12). Hotspots were no longer visible after 4 May through August 2013.
Date (UTC) | Time (UTC) | Pixels | Satellite |
25 Feb 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
15 Mar 2010 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
30 Apr 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
16 May 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
03 Jun 2010 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
12 Jul 2010 | 0340 | 1 | Terra |
18 Aug 2010 | 0655 | 1 | Aqua |
28 Sep 2010 | 0650 | 2 | Aqua |
30 Sep 2010 | 0335 | 1 | Terra |
02 Oct 2010 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
07 Oct 2010 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
11 Jan 2011 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
02 Mar 2011 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
06 Jun 2011 | 0330 | 2 | Terra |
29 Jun 2011 | 0635 | 1 | Aqua |
15 Jul 2011 | 0335 | 2 | Terra |
20 Jul 2011 | 0655 | 1 | Aqua |
07 Aug 2011 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
14 Aug 2011 | 0350 | 1 | Terra |
23 Aug 2011 | 0640 | 1 | Aqua |
25 Aug 2011 | 0630 | 1 | Aqua |
05 Oct 2011 | 0620 | 1 | Aqua |
05 Oct 2011 | 1545 | 1 | Terra |
31 Oct 2011 | 0700 | 1 | Aqua |
29 Dec 2011 | 0640 | 1 | Aqua |
05 Jan 2012 | 0350 | 1 | Terra |
07 Jan 2012 | 0340 | 1 | Terra |
25 Jan 2012 | 0325 | 2 | Terra |
25 Jan 2012 | 0625 | 1 | Aqua |
08 Feb 2012 | 0635 | 1 | Aqua |
21 Feb 2012 | 0305 | 3 | Terra |
25 Mar 2012 | 0650 | 1 | Aqua |
10 Apr 2012 | 0350 | 1 | Terra |
12 Apr 2012 | 0335 | 1 | Terra |
25 May 2012 | 1835 | 1 | Aqua |
06 Jun 2012 | 0345 | 1 | Terra |
17 Jul 2012 | 0635 | 1 | Aqua |
26 Jul 2012 | 0330 | 1 | Terra |
29 Jul 2012 | 0400 | 2 | Terra |
17 Sep 2012 | 0645 | 1 | Aqua |
19 Sep 2012 | 0335 | 1 | Terra |
24 Feb 2013 | 0350 | 1 | Terra |
25 Mar 2013 | 0320 | 1 | Terra |
03 May 2013 | 0325 | 1 | Terra |
04 May 2013 | 0705 | 1 | Aqua |
Satellite images during 2012-2013. Significant cloudcover in the region of Sangay prohibited clear satellite views of volcanic activity. In Figure 13, four images were chosen for relatively unobstructed views, however, due to technical problems with a sensor onboard Landsat 7, black bands interfere with the images. Despite these challenges, bright snow is easily distinguished from the summit area and the disruptions of the typically white (altered to blue for higher contrast) summit suggest processes such as ashfall, lahars, or melting causing new exposures of underlying rock. Ash events were frequently documented as late as 23 May 2013 and it is clear in the 8 August 2013 image that the summit snow was no longer significantly disturbed.
References. NASA Landsat Program, 2001, Landsat ETM scene L71010061_06120010916, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, Sept. 16, 2001.
NASA Landsat Program, 2012, Landsat ETM scene LE70100612012194ASN00, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, July 12, 2012.
NASA Landsat Program, 2013, Landsat ETM scene LE70100612013100EDC00, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, April 10, 2013.
NASA Landsat Program, 2013, Landsat ETM LE70100612013116EDC00, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, April 26, 2013.
NASA Landsat Program, 2013, Landsat ETM scene LC80100612013220LGN00, SLC-Off, USGS, Sioux Falls, August 8, 2013.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); and Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Absence of evidence for ongoing eruption; new hazard maps
Previously reported activity from Sangay volcano (figure 14) included ash plumes as late as 23 May 2013 and satellite infrared thermal alerts ending in early May 2013 (BGVN 36:01). In that previous report, satellite thermal alerts from the MODVOLC system were noted to have persisted and as late as 4 May 2013. That lack of alerts continued as late as 16 July 2013 when the MODVOLC website was last checked. Since that reporting, there have been no new updates regarding Sangay on the website of the Instituto Geofisico (IG), the aviation reports have not mentioned Sangay, and other news of Sangay behavior has also been generally lacking.
Absence of MODVOLC and aviation alerts does not necessarily translate to a lack of eruptions. The MODVOLC system imposes a reasonably high threshold to the infrared data acquired from space. Factors such as weather conditions, snow pack, and geometry of the vent area may play a role. Emissions of spatter, ash fall, and small pyroclastic flows could easily be missed. Assessments are generally best made in conjunction with information at the volcano. The current eruption began on 8 August 1934 and is thus far confirmed only through 23 May 2013.
Hazard modeling and products. In late 2013 to early 2014 IG released a poster discussing Sangay hazards (Ordóñez and others, 2014), some of the results of which we reprint here (figures 14, 15, and 16). Figure 14 contains IGEPN's recently published a map of volcanic hazards associated with Sangay, which resides in the Cordillera Real between the cities of Río Bamba and Macas. The IG and others have generally considered Sangay one of the most active volcanoes in South America. The poster noted historical records of its eruptive activity dating back to 1628 (Hall, 1977) and in the last century some important periods of activity were recorded during 1903, 1934-1937, 1941-1942, 1975-1976, and 1995 to the present (Monzier et al.. 1999). Observations of surface activity carried out in the past 40 years allowed scientists to recognize some important morphological changes at the summit of the volcano, including the emergence of new craters, dome growth, extrusion of lava flows, local explosions and ash emissions, and relatively small pyroclastic flows.
A larger suite of volcanic hazards models is not shown here but includes results VolcFlow. Ash3D, Tephra2, and LAHARZ. The data used for the simulations were obtained from the few geological studies in this volcano (Hall, 1977; Monzier et al, 1999; Johnson et al, 2003). Sangay is judged in some ways analogous to Tungurahua volcano, because of its chemical composition, and it similar lava rheology and eruptive style of volcanic flows.
During August-September 2013, IG installed seismic monitoring instruments (broad band and infrasound ) and for the measurement of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the southwestern flank of the volcano Sangay. These tools facilitate the monitoring of internal and surface activity of the volcano which will give an early warning of a potential hazards.
With regard to monitoring, during August-September 2013 IG personnel installed ~4 km southwest of Sangay volcano, permanent telemetered monitoring system consisting of a broadband seismic sensor, infrasound, and gas monitoring.
Figures 15 and 16 show the respective modeled results for a moderate and large eruption. To define the zones affected by ash fall, the modeling used the following computer routines based on assumptions and approaches discussed in the literature: Ash3d (Mastin and others, 2012) and Tephra2 (Banadonna and others, 2005). Some input data came from inferences and interpretations of descriptions by Monzier and others (1999) and from analogy with recent eruptions at Tungurahua. Plume heights were assumed to reach 10-15 km in altitude and the magma volumes in the plumes were assumed to be on the order of 0.001-0.005 km3 (dense-rock equivalent, DRE). Wind field data came from the Global Forecast System (NOAA, US National Weather Service, Environment Modeling Center). LAHARZ (Schilling, 1998), a modeling approach, was also taken to estimate the extent and coverage of lahars seen in figure 14. (The poster includes other maps on this topic as well.)
References. Bonadonna, C, Connor CB, Houghton BF, Byrne M, Laing A, Hincks T., 2005, Probabilistic modeling of tephra dispersal: Hazard assessment of a multi-phase eruption at Tarawera, New Zealand; J. Geophys. Res., 110, B03203.
Hall M. (1977). El Volcanismo en Ecuador. Publicación del Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia, Sección nacional del Ecuador, Quito. 120pp.
Mastin, L, Schwaiger H, Denlinger R., 2012, User's Guide to Ash3d: A 3-D Eulerian Atmospheric Tephra Transportation and Dispersion Model, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report.
Monzier M, Robin C, Samaniego P, Hall M, Cotten J, Mothes P, Arnaud N., 1999, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 90, 49-79.
Ordóñez J., Vallejo S., Bustillos J., Hall M., Andrade D., Hidalgo S., and Samaniego P., (Document created, December 2013; Accessed online July 2014), Volcan Sangay---Peligros Volcanicos Potenciales, Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-ESPN) (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/volcan-sangay/mapa-de-peligros.html ).
Schilling S. (1998). LAHARZ: GIS programs for automated mapping of lahar-inundation hazard zones. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-638; 79 pp.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS E/SP23, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/); and Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
Intermittent ash emissions and thermal anomalies, January 2015-July 2017
Ecuador's Sangay, isolated on the east side of the Andean crest, has exhibited frequent eruptive activity over the last 400 years. Its remoteness has made ground observations difficult until recent times, and thus most information has come from aviation reports from the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite-based data. Thermal anomaly information is reported by the University of Hawaii's MODVOLC system and the Italian MIROVA Volcano HotSpot Detection System. Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico (IG) issues periodic Special Reports of activity. This report summarizes the intermittent nature of the eruptions from 2011-2013, and covers renewed activity during January 2015 through July 2017.
Summary of activity during 2011-2013. Activity during 2011 (figure 17) began with a continuation of the intermittent ash emissions and thermal anomalies that persisted throughout 2010 (BGVN 36:01). Ash plumes during January and February 2011 were reported at typical altitudes between 6 and 8 km; thermal alerts appeared once each during January and March. No activity was reported after 2 March until a new series of thermal alerts began more than 3 months later on 6 June 2011; they were intermittent from then through 19 September 2012, with reports occurring during 1-4 days of all but three months. Ash emissions were also intermittent during this time, with VAAC reports issued during eight of the months from 2 August 2011-28 July 2012 for plumes reported at altitudes of 6-8 km. They also generally occurred during 1-4 days of the month. A four-month break in activity followed until ash plumes were reported on 25 January 2013; they were intermittent until 24 May 2013. MODVOLC thermal anomalies were also reported during this time, on 2 February, 25 March, and 3-4 May.
Summary of activity during January 2015-July 2017. After 19 months of quiet from June 2013 through December 2014, an ash plume reported on 19 January 2015 marked the beginning of a new eruptive episode that included ash plumes, lava flows, and block avalanches between 19 January and 7 April 2015. The next reported activity included both ash emissions and thermal anomalies observed almost a year later on 25 March 2016, although IG had reported increases in seismicity during the previous two weeks. Ash emissions and thermal anomalies were intermittent through 16 July 2016. There was a single thermal anomaly seen in MIROVA data on about 10 October and a brief ash emission occurred during 16-17 November 2016, after which Sangay was quiet until a new episode started on 20 July 2017 that was ongoing into August.
Activity during January-April 2015. After a 19-month period of no reported activity (since May 2013), ash emissions were again seen beginning on 18 January 2015 when an ash plume rose to 6.4 km altitude and drifted SW. Additional plumes on 25 January and 4 February rose to 7.3 km and 6.7 km, respectively, and drifted less than 20 km SW (figure 18). Ash plumes primarily observed by pilots between 27 February and 16 March were generally not visible in satellite images due to weather clouds. During this episode, MODVOLC thermal alerts were reported on 26 January; 7, 21, 23 and 27 February; 2,4,18, and 27 March; and 1, 3, and 7 April.
In a March 2015 report, IG noted that new lava flows and block-avalanche deposits had been emplaced during January and February 2015. The lava flows descended the SE flank about 900 m (figure 19). Two areas of deposits from block avalanches and ashfall extended 2.5 km ESE from the lava front, and 1.5 km down the S flank. According to IG, there were 21 thermal anomalies identified in MIROVA during 31 January-25 February 2015.
Activity during March-November 2016. IG reported an increase in seismicity on 5 March 2016, after ten months of no reported activity. An explosion signal was followed by harmonic tremor on 9 March, and IG noted that both a thermal anomaly and an emission drifting S were identified in NOAA satellite images. They inferred that increased seismic "explosion" signals on 14 March were indicative of ash-and-gas emissions, although weather clouds prohibited visual confirmation. Ash emissions rising to 6.1 km altitude were first reported by the Guayaquil MWO on 25 March 2016; they noted two more emissions on 27 and 28 March rising to similar altitudes (7.6 and 6.4 km, respectively), but cloudy weather prevented satellite confirmation. Plumes reported on nine days during April rose to similar altitudes (ranging from 5.5-7 km) and extended 18-30 km N or NW from the summit. A series of daily emissions occurred from 30 April-7 May. The emissions included a plume on 2 May that extended 120 km NW, and one on 6 May that rose to 8.2 km altitude and extended approximately 55 km SW before dissipating. Ash-bearing plumes were reported on 10 more days during the rest of May.
Although no more ash plumes were reported until 16 July 2016, MODVOLC thermal alerts were persistent every month beginning on 25 March and lasting through 5 July (see figure 17 above). The MIROVA data for this period also clearly show persistent thermal anomalies (figure 20). A short-lived eruption event during 16-17 November 2016 consisted of an ash emission that rose to 6.1 km altitude and drifted as far as 290 km SE.
Activity beginning July 2017. A new eruptive episode began on 20 July 2017, after eight months without major surface activity. Low-energy ash emissions rising to 3 km above the crater, incandescent block avalanches on the ESE flank (figure 21), and a possible new lava flow were reported by IG. The Washington VAAC reported an ash emission on 20 July rising to 8.2 km altitude and drifting about 80 km W. A plume was reported on 1 August by the Guyaquil MWO but obscured by clouds in satellite images, and a plume on 2 August was seen in webcam images (figure 22).
Figure 21. Incandescent blocks roll down the ESE flank of Sangay during the early morning of 1 August 2017. Courtesy of IG (Informe Especial del Volcán Sangay-2017-No 1, 3 August 2017). |
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac/, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/).
Eruptive episode of ash-bearing explosions and lava on SE flank, 20 July-26 October 2017
Periodic eruptive activity at Ecuador's remote Sangay has included frequent explosions with ash emissions and occasional andesitic block lava flows. Eruptive activity from late March to mid-November 2016 included multiple ash emissions and persistent thermal signals through July 2016 (BGVN 42:08). A new episode of ash emissions and thermal anomalies, that began on 20 July 2017 (BGVN 42:08) and lasted through late October 2017, is covered in this report. Subsequent activity through February 2018 included a single ash-emission event near the end of the month. Information is provided by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico (IG) and the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); thermal data from the MODIS satellite instrument is recorded by the University of Hawaii's MODVOLC system and the Italian MIROVA project.
The first ash plume of the latest eruptive episode at Sangay was reported on 20 July 2017. VAAC reports were issued on 20 and 21 July, eleven days in August, six days in September, and on 13 October. Thermal activity first appeared in a MIROVA plot during the last week of July and continued through 26 October. Multiple MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued between 2 August and 19 October. IG reported that low-energy ash emissions rising 1 km or less above the summit crater were typical throughout the period. They also repeatedly noted two distinct thermal hot spots in satellite data. A single ash emission on 25 February 2018 was the only additional activity through the end of February 2018.
Activity during July-October 2017. The Washington VAAC reported an ash emission on 20 July 2017 that rose to 8.2 km altitude and drifted about 80 km W. A plume was reported on 1 August by the Guyaquil MWO near the summit at about 5.3 km altitude, but was obscured by clouds in satellite imagery. The following day an ash plume was observed at 7.6 km altitude centered about 15 km NW of the summit. An ash emission was reported on 6 August, but was not visible in satellite imagery. The MWO reported an ash emission on 12 August at 6.4 km altitude moving SW, but no ash was detected in satellite imagery under partly cloudy conditions. The Washington VAAC observed an ash plume on 13 August extending around 50 km SW at 6.1 km altitude and a well-defined hotpot. IG reported an ash emission drifting W on 16 August, but clouds obscured satellite views of the plume. Hotspots continued to be observed in shortwave infrared (SWIR) imagery. The Washington VAAC reported an ash plume at 8.2 km altitude on 17 August. The imagery showed an initial puff moving NW followed by several smaller puffs. On 19 August, the Guayaquil MWO reported an ash plume at 5.8 km altitude drifting SW. The next day, another explosion was reported with ash rising again to 5.8 km and drifting W, and a hotspot was observed in satellite imagery.
The Washington VAAC reported a possible ash plume extending 30 km SW of the summit at 7 km altitude on 22 August. It had dissipated the next day, but they noted that a hotspot was visible in SWIR imagery. The next ash plume was reported by the MWO on 1 September at 5.2 km altitude but was not observed in satellite imagery. The next day, the Washington VAAC observed an ash plume at 6.1 km altitude extending 15 km NW of the summit. The Guayaquil MWO reported an ash plume to 7.3 km altitude on 6 September. On 20 September, a possible ash plume could be seen in GOES-16 imagery extending about 150 km W from the summit at 6.1 km altitude. Another plume extended 15 km SW from the summit later in the day at the same altitude. By the end of the day, continuous ash emissions were reported drifting W at 5.8 km altitude. The following day, occasional ash emissions were still reported drifting W and dissipating within 35 km of the summit. A new emission late on 21 September sent an ash plume 25 km W of the summit at 6.1 km altitude. Possible ongoing emissions were reported on 22 September, but not visible in satellite imagery. After three weeks of quiet, the Washington VAAC reported an ash emission on 13 October drifting S at 6.1 km altitude along with a bright hot spot visible for part of the day. This was the last report of ash emissions for 2017.
The eruption that began on 20 July 2017 was characterized by explosions from the central crater and lava emissions from the Ñuñurco dome on the E side of the summit. IG reported two areas of hot spots visible in thermal images during August and September. Around 65 seismic explosions and 25 long-period events were recorded daily during most of this time, along with a few harmonic tremors. Low-energy ash emissions rising 1 km or less above the summit crater were typical. Ashfall was reported to the SW and NW in Culebrillas (75 km SW), and Licto (35 km NW). New lava flows were interpreted to be on the ESE flank by IG based on the repeated hot spots visible in satellite imagery and darkened areas in the snow in the webcam images (figure 23).
Thermal activity measured from satellite instruments support the interpretation of significant lava emissions as blocks or flows at Sangay during late July-October 2017. The MODVOLC system reported 11 thermal alerts beginning on 14 August, 15 during September, and 13 between 3 and 19 October. A similar signal of thermal activity was recorded by the MIROVA system during the same period (figure 24).
Activity on 25 February 2018. The Washington VAAC reported an ash plume rising to 6.1 km altitude and drifting NE from the summit on 25 February 2018. The plume was visible 170 km NE before dissipating by the end of the day.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec ); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/).
Eruption produced ash plumes, lava flows, and rockfalls during August-December 2018
Sangay is the southernmost active volcano in Ecuador and has displayed frequent eruptive activity since 1628, producing pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars. An eruption from July through October 2017 produced ash plumes and lava flows on the ESE flank. After nine months of quiescence an eruption occurred from 8 August to 7 December 2018, with four months of continuous activity producing ash plumes, lava flows, and rockfalls. This report covers March through December 2018 and summarizes reports issued by the Instituto Geofisico, the Washington Volcano Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and satellite data.
There was no reported activity from March through July. After nine months of inactivity a new eruptive phase began on 8 August 2018. On this day the Washington VAAC reported a possible ash plume that rose approximately 500 m above the vent and drifted 28 km WSW. An ash plume on 11 August reached a height of 2.3 km above the crater and moved towards the WSW. Prior to these two events, the last ash plume was detected on 13 October 2017.
The NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) thermal alert and the first thermal anomaly alert issued by the MODVOLC near-real-time thermal monitoring algorithm for this eruptive episode was on 14 August. The eruption onset was confirmed visually on 14 August when an incandescent lava flow was seen on the upper SE flank on a webcam image (figure 25). Sentinel-2 detected elevated temperatures at the summit and lava effusion on the ESE flank (figure 26).
During 28 August to 3 September ash emissions reached altitudes of 5.8-6.7 km and traveled various directions out to 45 km. Ash plumes on 11, 13, 15, and 17 September reached altitudes of 5.8-6.4 km and drifted to the SW and W. Light ashfall occurred in the city of Guayaquil on 18 September, 170 km W. Ash plumes reached 5.8 to 6.1 km altitude on 19 and 20 September and drifted 37 km to the WNW and W.
Activity continued through October with lava emission. A Sentinel-2 thermal satellite image acquired on 24 October shows the lava flow on the ESE flank, with elevated thermal energy at the central crater and the Ñuñurco dome (figure 27). The final MODVOLC thermal alert was on 30 November 2018. During this time, lava flows were emitted and flowed down the ESE flank, and ash plumes were often produced and traveled to the W and NW (figure 28). From 2 December there was a substantial decrease in seismicity, ten times less than the previous months (figure 29). No further activity was noted in December.
Elevated temperatures on the volcano were detected from 14 August to 30 November (figure 30). During this period the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) issued 164 alerts for ash plumes. The ash plumes occasionally exceeded 2 km above the crater but were typically below 1.4 km, drifting in different directions through time (figures 31 and 32). The continuous emission of lava produced flows that traveled 1-2 km from the vent. Rockfalls and possible small pyroclastic flows produced at the lava flow fronts reached a distance of 7 km from the crater. Due to a decrease in thermal activity, ash plumes, and seismicity, Instituto Geofisico declared the eruption over on 7 December, after 121 days of activity.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec); ECU911 - Integrated Security Service ECU 911, ulio Endara street s/n. Sector Parque Itchimbía Quito – Ecuador (URL: http://www.ecu911.gob.ec/servicio-integrado-de-seguridad-ecu-911/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground).
Explosion on 26 March 2019; activity from 10 May through June produced ash plumes, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows
Sangay is the southernmost active volcano in Ecuador, with confirmed historical eruptions going back to 1628. The previous eruption occurred during August and December and was characterized by ash plumes reaching 2,500 m above the crater. Lava flows and pyroclastic flows descended the eastern and southern flanks. This report summarizes activity during January through July 2019 and is based on reports by Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and various satellite data.
After the December 2018 eruption there was a larger reduction in seismicity, down to one event per day. During January, February, and most of March there was no recorded activity and low seismicity until the Washington VAAC reported an ash plume at 0615 on 26 March. The ash plume rose to a height of around 1 km and dispersed to the SW as seen in GOES 16 satellite imagery as a dark plume within white meteorological clouds. There was no seismic data available due to technical problems with the station.
More persistent eruptive activity began on 10 May with thermal alerts (figure 33) and an ash plume at 0700 that dispersed to the W. An explosion was recorded at 1938 on 11 May, producing an ash plume and incandescent material down the flank (figure 34). Two M 2 earthquakes were detected between 3.5 and 9 km below the crater on 10 May, possibly corresponding to explosive activity. By 17 May there were two active eruptive centers, the central crater and the Ñuñurcu dome (figure 35).
Activity at the central crater by 21 May was characterized by sporadic explosive eruptions that ejected hot ballistic ejecta (blocks) with velocities over 400 km/hour; after landing on the flanks the blocks travelled out to 2.5 km from the crater. Ash plumes reached heights between 0.9-2.3 km above the crater and dispersed mainly to the W and NW; gas plumes also dispersed to the W. The Ñuñurcu dome is located around 190 m SSE of the central crater and by 21 May had produced a lava flow over 470 m long with a maximum width of 175 m and an estimated minimum volume of 300,000 to 600,000 m3. Small pyroclastic flows and rockfalls resulted from collapse of the lava flow front, depositing material over a broad area on the E-SE flanks (figure 36). One pyroclastic flow reached 340 m and covered an area of 14,300 m2. During the 17 May observation flight the lava flow surface reached 277°C.
At the end of June activity was continuing at the central crater and Ñuñurco Dome. At least three lava flows had been generated from the dome down the SE flank and pyroclastic flows continued to form from the flow fronts (figure 37). Pyroclastic material had been washed into the Upano river and steam was observed in the Volcán River possibly due to the presence of hot rocks. Ash plumes continued through June reaching heights of 800 m above the crater (figure 38), but no ashfall had been reported in nearby communities.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground).
Continuing ash emissions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars through December 2019
Frequent activity at Ecuador's Sangay has included pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars since 1628. Its remoteness on the east side of the Andean crest has made ground observations difficult until recent times. The current eruption began in March 2019; this report covers ongoing activity from July through December 2019. Information is provided by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), and a number of sources of remote data including the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), the Italian MIROVA Volcano HotSpot Detection System, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery.
The eruption that began in March 2019 continued during July-December 2019 with activity focused on two eruptive centers at the summit, the Cráter Central and the Ñuñurco (southeast) vent. The Cráter Central produced explosive activity which generated small ash emissions that rose up to 3.2 km above the crater and were frequently directed towards the W and SW. Associated with these emissions in early November, ashfall was reported in Chimborazo province and elsewhere, and ejecta from explosions was deposited on all the upper flanks. At the Ñuñurcu vent, effusive activity resulted in an almost continuous emission of material down the SE flank. Small rockfalls and pyroclastic flows along the fronts and sides of the flows reached the basin and upper channel of the Volcán river which flows into the Upano river. These deposits were remobilized by rainfall and formed mud and debris flows (lahars) in the Volcán river, which caused damming at the confluence with the Upano river downstream. Increased thermal activity was recorded by the MIROVA system from mid-May 2019 through the end of the year, corresponding to the ongoing lava flow and explosive activity (figure 39).
Activity during July-September 2019. Several ash emissions were reported by the Washington VAAC during the first part of July 2019. On 1 July a plume rose to 6.7 km altitude and extended 45 km WSW from the summit. During 3-4 July a plume rose 6.4 km and drifted WNW; it included occasional discrete emissions that extended approximately 35 km from summit. The VAAC recorded a bright hotspot in SWIR imagery on 4 July. On 11 July a 7.3-km-altitude ash plume detached from the summit and extended from immediately W of the summit S past Segu. Webcam and satellite imagery on 11 July demonstrated the continuing thermal activity of the lava flow on the SE flank and ash emissions drifting W (figure 40). On 29 July a plume rose to 7.6 km altitude and drifted 65 km WSW. Later in the day continuous emissions were drifting SW from the summit at 5.8 km altitude before dissipating. The first satellite images of 30 July showed a plume extending 110 km WSW from the summit at 7 km altitude. Activity decreased later in the day and the plume extended W about 45 km from the summit at 6.4 km altitude. Composite satellite imagery on 31 July showed almost constant ash emissions extending over 150 km W of the summit (figure 41).
During an overflight on 6 August 2019 scientists from IG-EPN observed ash emissions from the Cráter Central, and the lava flow continuing from the Vento Ñuñurco in a similar location to where it was in May 2019 (figure 42). Light-colored sediments filled much of the upper basin of the Volcán river. Thermal images of the area also showed that some of the deposits were elevated in temperature, even in the riverbed (figure 43).
Frequent ash emissions continued during August 2019. Diffuse ash was seen moving W from the summit at 5.8 km altitude on 1 August. Another short-lived plume was observed extending 15 km WSW the next day at 5.8-6.1 km altitude. Continuous ash emissions were visible in satellite imagery extending 35 km SW from the summit at 6.1 km altitude on 5 August. During the next two days, the emissions extended 45 km WSW and a prominent hot spot was visible through the meteoric clouds. The ash plume altitude rose to 6.7 km on 8 August and a larger ash emission extended more than 100 km WSW. A new emission the next day drifted 25-35 km W at 6.1 km altitude. A well-defined hotspot seen in shortwave imagery on 10 August accompanied an ash emission that extended 35 km WSW from the summit at 6.7 km altitude. On 12 August a plume drifted 65 km due W at 6.4 km altitude; emissions continued the next day in the same direction at 6.1 km altitude. An ash plume extended 100 km WNW of the summit at 5.8 km altitude on 18 August. A very bright hotspot was observed in infrared imagery the next day. The ash emissions continued to be visible in satellite imagery through 20 August.
An ash plume extending 10 km N from the summit on 25 August coincided with the appearance of a vivid hot spot, according to the Washington VAAC. The plume was initially reported at 7.6 km altitude and later in the day was at 6.7 km altitude. The leading edge of an ash emission reported on 31 August was 350 km W of the summit late that day moving at 5.8 km altitude, and over 950 km WSW before it dissipated on 1 September. Fewer ash emissions were reported during September 2019. The leading edge of a plume extended about 160 km W from the summit on 2 September at 7.6 km altitude; a second emission that day moved NE at 6.4 km altitude. On 4 September a small emission rose to 6.4 km altitude and drifted SW; on 9 September a plume was observed moving W at 5.5 km. A new emission on 19 September was seen in satellite imagery moving in many different directions (N, NE, E, and SE) at 6.7 km altitude. The lava flow on the SE flank produced a strong thermal signature that appeared unchanged from late August through late September (figure 44).
Activity during October-December 2019. Pulses of ash were reported during 1, 9-11, 14, 26, and 31 October 2019 by the Washington VAAC. On 1 October the plume rose to 5.8 km altitude and drifted NE. A narrow plume on 9 October extending 55 km NW corresponded with a bright hotspot at its source. Concentrated emissions the next day rose to 7.3 km altitude and extended over 200 km WNW. Later in the day on 10 October emissions were reported at 5.8 km drifting W. A substantial thermal anomaly and a constant plume of diffuse ash appeared in satellite imagery on 14 October at 6.1 km altitude drifting 15 km W. Diffuse emissions on 26 October appeared 35 km NW of the summit at 5.8 km altitude. The intensity of the thermal anomaly from the lava flow on the SE flank remained strong during the month, and emissions of steam and ash were also visible in satellite images (figure 45). In a site visit on 19 October 2019, IG-EPN scientists measured a recent lahar deposited near the confluence of the Volcán and Upano rivers. It was full of sand-sized particles and approximately 30 cm thick at the river’s edge (figure 46).
Ash emissions during 10-26 November 2019 were reported daily by the Washington VAAC, each lasting for less than 24 hours before dissipating. The first report of ash detected in satellite imagery on 10 November indicated that the plume extended 25 km WSW at 6.7 km altitude. On the subsequent days, the plumes drifted in many different directions at altitudes of 5.8-7.3 km, usually around 6.4 km. The plumes generally drifted 25-45 km from the summit, although some were still visible over 100 km away, depending on weather conditions. The highest plume reached 7.3 km altitude on 18 November and drifted W. The plume on 26 November rose to 6.4 km altitude and was last seen 140 km SW of the summit before it dissipated. Pyroclastic flows were witnessed on 20 November 2019 (figure 47). The last plume of the month, on 29 November, rose to 6.4 km altitude and drifted 65 km W, dissipating quickly, and was accompanied by a very bright thermal anomaly.
Ashfall was reported during November in the provinces of Chimborazo (Alao, 20 km NW, Cebadas, 35 km NW, and Guaguallá), Morona Santiago (Macas, 40 km SE), and Azuay (120 km SW). Samples of ash collected from two locations indicated that the amount of material was very small (less than10 g/m2) with a high content of extremely fine ash (between 40 and 60% ash less 63 μm in diameter). The larger fraction over 63 μm was mainly composed of juvenile magma (80%) and a small fraction of free crystals (10% plagioclase and pyroxenes), oxidized fragments (5%), and gray lithics (5%) (figure 48).
In a report issued in early December 2019 the IG-EPN noted that eruptive activity which increased in May 2019 was continuing (figure 49); a small amount of inflation was observed during November. Explosive activity continued at the Cráter Central with ash plumes reaching 2 km above the summit, and plumes drifting frequently towards the NE causing small amounts of ash to fall in the Chimborazo, Morona Santiago, and Azuay provinces. Effusive activity from the Ñuñurco vent produced almost continuous lava that flowed down the SE flank. Small pyroclastic flows around the margins of the lava flows reached the basin and the upper channel of the Volcán river, causing temporary dams that turned to mudflows during rain events.
During an overflight on 3 December 2019 a strong smell of sulfur was noted 1 km above the summit. The Ñuñurco vent continued to emit lava with a maximum apparent temperature of 100 to 210°C (figure 50). IG-EPN scientists concluded that approximately 58 ± 29 million m3 of lava had been emitted through 3 December.
Recurring lahars in the Río Volcán during the period occasionally reached the Rio Upano (figure 51). By late November, they had partially dammed the Upano river (figure 52). On 26 November 2019 when IG-EPN and Sangay National Park officials inspected the area, they recorded deposits more than 2 m thick at the confluence of the two rivers (figure 53). During an overflight the next day, additional deposits were identified along 16 km upstream. The total volume of the lahar deposits was estimated at 5 million m3 to date.
Another extended period of ash emissions began on 4 December 2019 and continued daily through 19 December. The Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume was initially at 6.7 km altitude drifting S on 4 December. Continuous emissions were observed at 4.6 km altitude later in the day and were visible in satellite images located 25 km S at 5.8 km altitude that evening. The drift directions were initially mostly SW in early December, but migrated to mostly SE during 10-16 December, then back to SW. Plume altitudes ranged from 5.8 to 7.3 km and satellite images revealed ash as far as 160 km away; most plumes were visible to about 25 km before dissipating or disappearing into meteoric clouds. IG-EPN reported steam and gas emissions with small amounts of ash on 13 December that drifted SE (figure 54). Small block avalanches from the active flow were also observed on the SE flank. The next day, ash and gas emissions rose to 1,170 m above the summit and drifted NE while the lava flow appeared incandescent on the SE flank.
During the night of 14-15 December ashfall was reported in San Isidro in the Province of Morona Santiago (30 km SE). Ash plumes rose 870 m above the summit on 15 December and 1,470 m high the next day. Ashfall was reported in the Guasuntos (60 km SW) and Llagos (80 km SW) areas of the Chimborazo province on the morning of 16 December. The next day plumes drifted SE and SW, and minor ashfall was reported that night (16-17 December) in Macas (40 km SE), Morona Santiago province. Satellite images captured gas and ash emissions on 25 December, and ashfall was reported in Alausí (60 km SW) in the province of Chimborazo. An explosion on 29 December produced an ash plume that rose to 6.1 km and first drifted WNW then in an arc to the SW almost 185 km to the coast. Multiple plumes at 5.8-6.7 km drifted westerly for tens of kilometers that day and the next. Prominent thermal anomalies were noted in satellite imagery on 8, 15, 17, and 30 December.
By late December 2019, the lahar deposits in Rio Volcán had backed up noticeably further into the Upano river from a month earlier (figure 55). Sulfur dioxide emissions were not recorded during July through August 2019, but small, pulsing plumes were captured in satellite images during September, October and November, gradually increasing in density. Several plumes were detected hundreds of kilometers from the volcano before dissipating; by December, larger, more frequent pulses of SO2 were measured during many days when ash emissions were reported (figure 56).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Walter Calle C., Macas, Ecuador (Twitter: @walterc333; URL: https://twitter.com/walterc333/status/1197273200822046720); Edgar Chulde, Quito, Ecuador (Twitter: @EdgarChulde2; URL: https://twitter.com/EdgarChulde2/status/1208547471024173056).
Daily ash plumes and frequent pyroclastic flows produce ashfall and lahars, January-June 2020
Frequent activity at Ecuador's Sangay has included pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars reported since 1628. Its remoteness on the east side of the Andean crest make ground observations difficult; remote cameras and satellites provide important information on activity. The current eruption began in March 2019 and continued through December 2019 with activity focused on the Cráter Central and the Ñuñurco (southeast) vent; they produced explosions with ash plumes, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows and block avalanches. In addition, volcanic debris was remobilized in the Volcan river causing significant damming downstream. This report covers ongoing similar activity from January through June 2020. Information is provided by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), and a number of sources of remote data including the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), the Italian MIROVA Volcano HotSpot Detection System, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Visitors also provided excellent ground and drone-based images and information.
Throughout January-June 2020, multiple daily reports from the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) indicated ash plumes rising from the summit, generally 500-1,100 m. Each month one or more plumes rose over 2,000 m. The plumes usually drifted SW or W, and ashfall was reported in communities 25-90 km away several times during January-March and again in June. In addition to explosions with ash plumes, pyroclastic flows and incandescent blocks frequently descended a large, deep ravine on the SE flank. Ash from the pyroclastic flows rose a few hundred meters and drifted away from the volcano. Incandescence was visible on clear nights at the summit and in the ravine. The MIROVA log radiative power graph showed continued moderate and high levels of thermal energy throughout the period (figure 57). Sangay also had small but persistent daily SO2 signatures during January-June 2020 with larger pulses one or more days each month (figure 58). IG-EPN published data in June 2020 about the overall activity since May 2019, indicating increases throughout the period in seismic event frequency, SO2 emissions, ash plume frequency, and thermal energy (figure 59).
Activity during January-March 2020. IG-EPN and the Washington VAAC reported multiple daily ash emissions throughout January 2020. Gas and ash emissions generally rose 500-1,500 m above the summit, most often drifting W or SW. Ashfall was reported on 8 January in the communities of Sevilla (90 km SSW), Pumallacta and Achupallas (60 km SW) and Cebadas (35 km WNW). On 16 January ash fell in the Chimborazo province in the communities of Atillo, Ichobamba, and Palmira (45 km W). Ash on 28 January drifted NW, with minor ashfall reported in Púngala (25 km NW) and other nearby communities. The town of Alao (20 km NW) reported on 30 January that all of the vegetation in the region was covered with fine white ash; Cebadas and Palmira also noted minor ashfall (figure 60).
A major ravine on the SE flank has been the site of ongoing block avalanches and pyroclastic flows since the latest eruption began in March 2019. The pyroclastic flows down the ravine appeared incandescent at night; during the day they created ash clouds that drifted SW. Satellite imagery recorded incandescence and dense ash from pyroclastic flows in the ravine on 7 January (figure 61). They were also reported by IG on the 9th, 13th, 26th, and 28th. Incandescent blocks were reported in the ravine several times during the month. The webcam captured images on 31 January of large incandescent blocks descending the entire length of the ravine to the base of the mountain (figure 62). Large amounts of ash and debris were remobilized as lahars during heavy rains on the 25th and 28th.
Observations by visitors to the volcano during 9-17 January 2020 included pyroclastic flows, ash emissions, and incandescent debris descending the SE flank ravine during the brief periods when skies were not completely overcast (figure 63 and 64). More often there was ash-filled rain and explosions heard as far as 16 km from the volcano, along with the sounds of lahars generated from the frequent rainfall mobilizing debris from the pyroclastic flows. The confluence of the Rio Upano and Rio Volcan is 23 km SE of the summit and debris from the lahars has created a natural dam on the Rio Upano that periodically backs up water and inundates the adjacent forest (figure 65). A different expedition to Sangay during 26 January-1 February 2020 by IG personnel to repair and maintain the remote monitoring station and collect samples was successful, after which the station was once again transmitting data to IG-EPN in Quito (figure 66).
During February 2020, multiple daily VAAC reports of ash emissions continued (figure 67). Plumes generally rose 500-1,100 m above the summit and drifted W, although on 26 February emissions were reported to 1,770 m. Ashfall was reported in Macas (40 km SE) on 1 February, and in the communities of Pistishi (65 km SW), Chunchi (70 km SW), Pumallacta (60 k. SW), Alausí (60 km SW), Guamote (40 km WNW) and adjacent areas of the Chimborazo province on 5 February. The Ecuadorian Red Cross reported ash from Sangay in the provinces of Cañar and Azuay (60-100 km SW) on 25 February. Cebadas and Guamote reported moderate ashfall the following day. The communities of Cacha (50 km NW) and Punín (45 km NW) reported trace amounts of ashfall on 29 February. Incandescent blocks were seen on the SE flank multiples times throughout the month. A pyroclastic flow was recorded on the SE flank early on 6 February; additional pyroclastic flows were observed later that day on the SW flank. On 23 February a seismic station on the flank recorded a high-frequency signal typical of lahars.
A significant ash emission on 1 March 2020 was reported about 2 km above the summit, drifting SW. Multiple ash emissions continued daily during the month, generally rising 570-1,170 m high. An emission on 12 March also rose 2 km above the summit. Trace ashfall was reported in Cebadas (35 km WNW) on 12 March. The community of Huamboya, located 40 km ENE of Sangay in the province of Morona-Santiago reported ashfall on 17 March. On 19 and 21 March ashfall was seen on the surface of cars in Macas to the SE. (figure 68). Ash was also reported on the 21st in de Santa María De Tunants (Sinaí) located E of Sangay. Ash fell again in Macas on 23 March and was also reported in General Proaño (40 km SE). The wind changed direction the next day and caused ashfall on 24 March to the SW in Cuenca and Azogues (100 km SW).
Incandescence from the dome at the crater and on the SE flank was noted by IG on 3, 4, and 13 March. Remobilized ash from a pyroclastic flow was reported drifting SW on 13 March. The incandescent path of the flow was still visible that evening. Numerous lahars were recorded seismically during the month, including on days 5, 6, 8, 11, 15, 30 and 31. Images from the Rio Upano on 11 March confirmed an increase from the normal flow rate (figure 69) inferred to be from volcanic debris. Morona-Santiago province officials reported on 14 March that a new dam had formed at the confluence of the Upano and Volcano rivers that decreased the flow downstream; by 16 March it had given way and flow had returned to normal levels.
Activity during April-June 2020. Lahar activity continued during April 2020; they were reported seven times on 2, 5, 7, 11, 12, 19, and 30 April. A significant reduction in the flow of the Upano River at the entrance bridge to the city of Macas was reported 9 April, likely due to a new dam on the river upstream from where the Volcan river joins it caused by lahars related to ash emissions and pyroclastic flows (figure 70). The flow rate returned to normal the following day. Ash emissions were reported most days of the month, commonly rising 500-1,100 m above the summit and drifting W. Incandescent blocks or flows were visible on the SE flank on 4, 10, 12, 15-16, and 20-23 April (figure 71).
Activity during May 2020 included multiple daily ash emissions that drifted W and numerous lahars from plentiful rain carrying ash and debris downstream. Although there were only a few visible observations of ash plumes due to clouds, the Washington VAAC reported plumes visible in satellite imagery throughout the month. Plumes rose 570-1,170 m above the summit most days; the highest reported rose to 2,000 m above the summit on 14 May. Two lahars occurred in the early morning on 1 May and one the next day. A lahar signal lasted for three hours on 4 May. Two lahar signals were recorded on the 7th, and three on the 9th. Lahars were also recorded on 16-17, 20-22, 26-27, and 30 May. Incandescence on the SE flank was only noted three times, but it was cloudy nearly every day.
An increase in thermal and overall eruptive activity was reported during June 2020. On 1 and 2 June the webcam captured lava flows and remobilization of the deposits on the SE flank in the early morning and late at night. Incandescence was visible multiple days each week. Lahars were reported on 4 and 5 June. The frequent daily ash emissions during June generally rose to 570-1,200 m above the summit and drifted usually SW or W. The number of explosions and ash emissions increased during the evening of 7 June. IG interpreted the seismic signals from the explosions as an indication of the rise of a new pulse of magma (figure 72). The infrasound sensor log from 8 June also recorded longer duration tremor signals that were interpreted as resulting from the descent of pyroclastic flows in the SE ravine.
On the evening of 8 June ashfall was reported in the parish of Cebadas and in the Alausí Canton to the W and SW of Sangay. There were several reports of gas and ash emissions to 1,770 m above the summit the next morning on 9 June, followed by reports of ashfall in the provinces of Guayas, Santa Elena, Los Ríos, Morona Santiago, and Chimborazo. Ashfall continued in the afternoon and was reported in Alausí, Chunchi, Guamote, and Chillanes. That night, which was clear, the webcam captured images of pyroclastic flows down the SE-flank ravine; IG attributed the increase in activity to the collapse of one or more lava fronts. On the evening of 10 June additional ashfall was reported in the towns of Alausí, Chunchi, and Guamote (figure 73); satellite imagery indicated an ash plume drifting W and incandescence from pyroclastic flows in the SE-flank ravine the same day (figure 74).
Figure 74. Incandescent pyroclastic flows (left) and ash plumes that drifted W (right) were recorded on 10 June 2020 at Sangay in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Courtesy of Sentinel Hub Playground. |
Ashfall continued on 11 June and was reported in Guayaquil, Guamote, Chunchi, Riobamba, Guaranda, Chimbo, Echandía, and Chillanes. The highest ash plume of the report period rose to 2,800 m above the summit that day and drifted SW. That evening the SNGRE (Servicio Nacional de Gestion de Riesgos y Emergencias) reported ash fall in the Alausí canton. IG noted the increase in intensity of activity and reported that the ash plume of 11 June drifted more than 600 km W (figure 75). Ash emissions on 12 and 13 June drifted SW and NW and resulted in ashfall in the provinces of Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, and Bolívar. On 14 June, the accumulation of ash interfered with the transmission of information from the seismic station. Lahars were reported each day during 15-17 and 19-21 June. Trace amounts of ashfall were reported in Macas to the SE on 25 June.
During an overflight of Sangay on 24 June IG personnel observed that activity was characterized by small explosions from the summit vent and pyroclastic flows down the SE-flank ravine. The explosions produced small gas plumes with a high ash content that did not rise more than 500 m above the summit and drifted W (figure 76). The pyroclastic flows were restricted to the ravine on the SE flank, although the ash from the flows rose rapidly and reached about 200 m above the surface of the ravine and also drifted W (figure 77).
Infrared imagery taken during the overflight on 24 June identified three significant thermal anomalies in the large ravine on the SE flank (figure 78). Analysis by IG scientists suggested that the upper anomaly 1 (125°C) was associated with explosive activity that was observed during the flight. Anomaly 2 (147°C), a short distance below Anomaly 1, was possibly related to effusive activity of a small flow, and Anomaly 3 (165°C) near the base of the ravine that was associated with pyroclastic flow deposits. The extent of the changes at the summit of Sangay and along the SE flank since the beginning of the eruption that started in March 2019 were clearly visible when images from May 2019 were compared with images from the 24 June 2020 overflight (figure 79). The upper part of the ravine was nearly 400 m wide by the end of June.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); Arnold Binas (URL: https://www.doroadventures.com).
Ash plumes, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars during July-December 2020; larger explosions in September
Sangay is one of the most active volcanoes in Ecuador with the current eruptive period continuing since 26 March 2019. Activity at the summit crater has been frequent since August 1934, with short quiet periods between events. Recent activity has included frequent ash plumes, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. This report summarizes activity during July through December 2020, based on reports by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), ash advisories issued by the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), webcam images taken by Servicio Integrado de Seguridad ECU911, and various satellite data.
Overall activity remained elevated during the report period. Recorded explosions were variable during July through December, ranging from no explosions to 294 reported on 4 December (figure 80), and dispersing mostly to the W and SW. SO2 was frequently detected using satellite data (figure 81) and was reported several times to be emitting between about 770 and 2,850 tons/day. Elevated temperatures at the crater and down the SE flank were frequently observed in satellite data (figure 82), and less frequently by visual observation of incandescence. Seismic monitoring detected lahars associated with rainfall events remobilizing deposits emplaced on the flanks throughout this period.
Activity during July-August 2020. During July activity continued with frequent ash and gas emission recorded through observations when clouds weren’t obstructing the view of the summit, and Washington VAAC alerts. There were between one and five VAAC alerts issued most days, with ash plumes reaching 570 to 1,770 m above the crater and dispersing mostly W and SE, and NW on two days (figure 83). Lahar seismic signals were recorded on the 1st, 7th, three on the 13th, and one on the 19th.
During August there were between one and five VAAC alerts issued most days, with ash plumes reaching 600 to 2,070 m above the crater and predominantly dispersing W, SW, and occasionally to the NE, S, and SE (figure 84). There were reports of ashfall in the Alausí sector on the 24th. Using seismic data analysis, lahar signals were identified after rainfall on 1, 7, 11-14, and 21 August. A lava flow was seen moving down the eastern flank on the night of the 15th, resulting in a high number of thermal alerts. A pyroclastic flow was reported descending the SE flank at 0631 on the 27th (figure 85).
Figure 84. This 25 August 2020 PlanetScope satellite image of Sangay in Ecuador shows an example of a weak gas and ash plume dispersing to the SW. Courtesy of Planet Labs. |
Figure 85. A pyroclastic flow descends the Sangay SE flank at 0631 on 27 August 2020. Webcam by ECU911, courtesy of courtesy of IG-EPN (27 August 2020 report). |
Activity during September-October 2020. Elevated activity continued through September with two significant increases on the 20th and 22nd (more information on these events below). Other than these two events, VAAC reports of ash plumes varied between 1 and 5 issued most days, with plume heights reaching between 600 and 1,500 m above the crater. Dominant ash dispersal directions were W, with some plumes traveling SE, S, SE, NE, and NW. Lahar seismic signals were recorded after rainfall on 1, 2, 5, 8-10, 21, 24, 25, 27, and 30 September. Pyroclastic flows were reported on the 19th (figure 86), and incandescent material was seen descending the SE ravine on the 29th. There was a significant increase in thermal alerts reported throughout the month compared to the July-August period, and Sentinel-2 thermal satellite images showed a lava flow down the SE flank (figure 87).
Figure 86. Pyroclastic flows descended the flank of Sangay on 19 (top) and 20 (bottom) September 2020. Webcam images by ECU911 from the city of Macas, courtesy of IG-EPN (14 August 2018 report). |
Starting at 0420 on the morning of 20 September there was an increase in explosions and emissions recorded through seismicity, much more energetic than the activity of previous months. At 0440 satellite images show an ash plume with an estimated height of around 7 km above the crater. The top part of the plume dispersed to the E and the rest of the plume went W. Pyroclastic flows were observed descending the SE flank around 1822 (figure 88). Ash from remobilization of deposits was reported on the 21st in the Bolívar, Chimborazo, Los Ríos, Guayas and Santa Elena provinces. Ash and gas emission continued, with plumes reaching up to 1 km above the crater. There were seven VAAC reports as well as thermal alerts issued during the day.
Figure 88. An eruption of Sangay on 22 September 2020 produced a pyroclastic flow down the SE flank and an ash plume that dispersed to the SW. PlanetScope satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs. |
Ash plumes observed on 22 September reached around 1 km above the crater and dispersed W to NW. Pyroclastic flows were seen descending the SE flank (figure 89) also producing an ash plume. A BBC article reported the government saying 800 km2 of farmland had experienced ashfall, with Chimborazo and Bolívar being the worst affected areas (figure 90). Locals described the sky going dark, and the Guayaquil airport was temporarily closed. Ash plume heights during the 20-22 were the highest for the year so far (figure 91). Ash emission continued throughout the rest of the month with another increase in explosions on the 27th, producing observed ash plume heights reaching 1.5 km above the crater. Ashfall was reported in San Nicolas in the Chimborazo Province in the afternoon of the 30th.
Thermal alerts increased again through October, with a lava flow and/or incandescent material descending the SE flank sighted throughout the month (figure 92). Pyroclastic flows were seen traveling down the SE flank during an observation flight on the 6th (figure 93). Seismicity indicative of lahars was reported on 1, 12, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, and 28 October associated with rainfall remobilizing deposits. The Washington VAAC released one to five ash advisories most days, noting plume heights of 570-3,000 m above the crater; prevailing winds dispersed most plumes to the W, with some plumes drifting NW, N, E to SE, and SW. Ashfall was reported in Alausí (Chimborazo Province) on the 1st and in Chunchi canton on the 10th. SO2 was recorded towards the end of the month using satellite data, varying between about 770 and 2,850 tons on the 24th, 27th, and 29th.
Figure 92. A lava flow descends the SE flank of Sangay on 2 October 2020. Webcam images courtesy of ECU 911. |
Figure 93. A pyroclastic flow descends the Sangay SE flank was seen during an IG-EPN overflight on 6 October 2020. Photo courtesy of S. Vallejo, IG-EPN. |
Activity during November-December 2020. Frequent ash emission continued through November with between one and five Washington VAAC advisories issued most days (figure 94). Reported ash and gas plume heights varied between 570 and 2,700 m above the crater, with winds dispersing plumes in all directions. Thermal anomalies were detected most days, and incandescent material from explosions was seen on the 26th. Seismicity indicating lahars was registered on nine days between 15 and 30 November, associated with rainfall events.
Figure 94. Examples of gas and ash plumes at Sangay during November 2020. Webcam images were published in IG-EPN daily activity reports. |
Lahar signals associated with rain events continued to be detected on ten out of the first 18 days of November. Ash emissions continued through December with one to five VAAC alerts issued most days. Ash plume heights varied from 600 to 1,400 m above the crater, with the prevailing wind direction dispersing most plumes W and SW (figure 95). Thermal anomalies were frequently detected and incandescent material was observed down the SE flank on the 3rd, 14th, and 30th, interpreted as a lava flow and hot material rolling down the flank. A webcam image showed a pyroclastic flow traveling down the SE flank on the 2nd (figure 96). Ashfall was reported on the 10th in Capzol, Palmira, and Cebadas parishes, and in the Chunchi and Guamote cantons.
Figure 95. Examples of ash plumes at Sangay during ongoing persistent activity on 9, 10, and 23 December 2020. Webcam images courtesy of ECU 911. |
Figure 96. A nighttime webcam image shows a pyroclastic flow descending the SE flank of Sangay at 2308 on 2 December 2020. Image courtesy of ECU 911. |
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec); ECU911, Servicio Integrado de Seguridad ECU911, Calle Julio Endara s / n. Itchimbía Park Sector Quito – Ecuador. (URL: https://www.ecu911.gob.ec/; Twitter URL: https://twitter.com/Ecu911Macas/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Planet Labs, Inc. (URL: https://www.planet.com/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); BBC News “In pictures: Ash covers Ecuador farming land” Published 22 September 2020 (URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54247797).
Multiple explosions send ash over 3 km above the summit during March-May 2021
Frequent activity at Ecuador's Sangay has included pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars reported since 1628. Its remoteness on the east side of the Andean crest makes ground observations difficult; web cameras and satellites provide important information on activity. The current eruption began in March 2019 and has continued into 2021. Ongoing activity from January-June 2021 covered in this report includes explosions with ash plumes, large SO2 plumes, incandescent ejecta, lava flows, and numerous lahars. Information is provided by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), and multiple sources of remote data including the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), the Italian MIROVA Volcano HotSpot Detection System, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery.
Throughout January-June 2021, multiple daily reports from the Washington VAAC indicated ash plumes rising generally 500-2,100 m above the summit. During March-May plumes rose over 3 km above the summit multiple times and they usually drifted SW or W with ashfall reported in communities 25-90 km away after most of the larger explosive events. Incandescent ejecta and blocks descended a large, deep ravine on the SE flank a few times each month. The MIROVA log radiative power graph showed continued moderate and high levels of thermal anomalies into March; they decreased somewhat in frequency and intensity after that through June (figure 97). Small and moderate-size SO2 plumes were detected with satellite instruments daily during January and February. During March and April very large SO2 plumes accompanied the large explosions and ash plumes. Some of the large explosions during May were also accompanied by significant SO2 emissions.
Activity during January-March 2021. Three to five daily volcanic ash advisories were issued by the Washington VAAC during January 2021. Ash emissions were observed in satellite images rising 500-2,400 m above the summit, drifting W or SW on most days. On 11 January the Washington VAAC reported ash plumes visible in satellite imagery drifting W at 7.6 km altitude (2,300 m above the summit) 100-150 km from the summit. Extensive cloud cover made webcam observations infrequent, but plumes of gas and ash were observed rising 2,000 m above the summit and drifting NW on 12 January. The Volcan Sangay webcam also captured ash emissions on 16 and 21 January, and Sentinel infrared satellite images showed hot material on the SE flank and ash emissions on those same days as well (figure 98). Ashfall was reported in Chimborazo and Guayas on 24 January. Seismic signals indicating mud and debris flows from the near-daily rain were recorded during 11-14 and 22-26 January; no damage was reported.
Multiple daily ash emissions reported by the Washington VAAC during February 2021 indicated that plumes generally rose 600-1,800 m above the summit with drift directions primarily SW or W. Cloudy weather conditions prohibited webcam observations on many days, however gas and ash emissions were observed drifting SW at 1,500 m above the summit on 4 February, SW at 800-1,000 m above the summit during 9-11 February, and drifting N and W at 500-1,500 m high during 15-18 February. Incandescent material descended the SE flank overnight during 2-3 and 10 February (figure 99), and ashfall was reported N and W of Macas on 10 February. Seismic vibrations indicating lahars were recorded on 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 16, and 25 February; no damage was reported.
Daily explosions with ash plumes continued during March 2021; emissions generally rose 600-2,000 m above the summit. Two episodes of larger explosive events that resulted in substantial ashfall were recorded during 6-7 and 11 March. The Washington VAAC initially reported an ash plume drifting W 50 km from the summit at 9.1 km altitude (3.8 km above the summit) early on 6 March. It fanned out from the NW to the SW up to 170 km at that altitude and additional ash was drifting E from the summit below 5.8 km altitude. This was followed later in the day by a second explosion with a large ash plume that drifted in three directions: E at 6.1 km altitude, SW at 7.3 km altitude, and W at 10.7 km altitude. Several hours later the leading edge of the ash plume was located 300 km W of the summit at 12.2 km altitude while another part of the plume extended 130 km WSW at 8.2 km altitude (figure 100). This resulted in significant ashfall in numerous communities. Ashfall was reported on 6 March in Cumandá, and on 6 and 7 March in Bolívar, Milagro, San Jacinto de Yaguachi, El Triunfo, Daule, Samboróndon, Coronel Marceliño Maridueña, Durán, Naranjito, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Playas, Guamote, Alausí, Pallatanga, Chunchí and Colta. Traces of ashfall were still reported on 8 March in Guamote and Alausí.
A large explosion on 11 March initially rose to 12.5 km altitude and spread out 45 km in all directions with additional ash extending 100 km W. A little over an hour later it was still expanding in all directions and moving mostly W at 13.7 km altitude about 100 km from the summit. It dissipated rapidly and was no longer detectible in satellite imagery 8 hours later. Significant ashfall from the explosion was recorded that day in the Canton of Guamote, moderate ashfall was reported in the Cantons of Chambo, Riobamba, Penipe, and Guano, and traces of ash were reported in Colta, Alausí and Macas (figure 101). Very large SO2 plumes detected by satellite instruments from the explosions on 6-7 and 11-12 March drifted hundreds of kilometers before dissipating (figure 102). Steam and gas emissions with low ash content were observed in a webcam on 14 March rising to 600 m above the summit and drifting E and NE (figure 103). Vibrations from mudflows and lahars were measured on 16 days during March. On 12 March the Macas authorities reported an overflow of the Upano River dam by mud and debris flows. On 24 March the rains generated signals associated with mud and debris flows that lasted for three hours.
Figure 101. Crops, livestock, and people were affected by significant ashfall in multiple provinces after large explosions from Sangay on 11 March 2021. Courtesy of Fundación Maquita. |
Figure 103. Steam and gas with low ash content drifted N and NE from Sangay in the early morning on 14 March 2021. Courtesy of IG-EPN. |
Activity during April-June 2021. A notable increase in the flow of the Upano River was reported on 4 April 2021 after heavy rains, and vibrations from lahars were recorded 13 times throughout the month. Multiple daily VAAC reports continued throughout April, similar to previous months. The daily ash emissions generally rose 600-2,100 m above the summit and drifted W, SW, and NW. An incandescent flow was observed descending the upper part of the SE flank overnight on 4-5 April (figure 104). Incandescence at the summit was also visible overnight during 19-20 April.
Figure 104. An incandescent flow was observed descending the upper part of the SE flank of Sangay late on 4 April 2021. Courtesy of IG Daily Reports. |
The Washington VAAC reported a large eruptive event on 13 April 2021 that started shortly after midnight (UTC) and sent an ash cloud to 8.2 km altitude that drifted 50 km WNW but also fanned out in all directions. Less than three hours later the cloud was reported at 12.2 km altitude continuing to drift about 100 km WNW. A large plume of SO2 was also detected by satellite instruments from this event (figure 105). Ashfall was reported in the Provinces of Chimborazo, Bolivar, Los Rios, and Guayas. Significant amounts of ash fell in the Cantons of Guamote and Chillanes, moderate amounts fell in Riobamba, Guaranda, San Miguel and Chimbo, and trace amounts were reported in Colta, Chunchi, Babahoyo, Montalvo, Vinces, Guayaquil, Durán, Samborondón, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, Salitre, and San Jacinto de Yaguach. Ash plumes on 17 and 18 April drifted W and caused ashfall in Guamote located in the Chimborazo Province (figure 106).
Figure 106. A dense ash plume rose from Sangay on 17 April 2021 and was responsible for ashfall in Guamote located in the Chimborazo Province. Courtesy of IG Daily Information Report. |
The Washington VAAC reported ash emissions that rose as high as 7.6 km altitude on 20 April 2021; they were drifting NW 15 km from the summit in addition to continuing emissions from earlier events that were drifting WSW at 6.1 km altitude 75 km from the volcano (figure 107). IG reported another strong eruptive pulse from Sangay on 28 April that produced an ash plume that rose to 5-7 km above the summit and drifted NNE and SSW. The Washington VAAC reported three different directions of drift from the explosion at different altitudes; the lower-level ash was moving NNW at 5.8 km altitude, the mid-level ash was moving W at 7.0 km altitude, and the higher-level ash was moving SW at 9.7 km altitude. The plume dissipated after a few hours and no ashfall was reported.
Figure 107. Ash emissions drifted up to 75 km W from Sangay on 20 April 2021. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily Information Report. |
Abundant rain during May 2021 resulted in eighteen days with reports of lahars; an increase in the flow of Rio Upano was reported on 16 May. Explosive activity increased in intensity during May 2021. There were six days when emissions were reported rising over 3 km above the summit in addition to daily plumes that rose 200-2,000 m high and usually drifted W, NW, or SW. Overnight on 7-8 May the Washington VAAC reported an ash plume that extended 100 km WSW from the summit at 7.6 km altitude and NW at 10.6 km altitude. The webcam captured incandescent lava descending the SE flank that evening (figure 108). Large SO2 plumes were detected by satellite instruments on both days. Significant ashfall from the event was recorded in multiple provinces including Chimborazo in the Cebadas and Palmira parishes of Guamote canton and in the Pungalá and Flores parishes of the Riobamba canton. Moderate ashfall was reported in Punín and Colta parishes in the Riobamba canton. Trace ashfall was reported in the parishes of Tixán and the high part of Licto in the Alusi canton. On the morning of 8 May trace amounts of ash were reported in the province of Guayas, in the cantons of Salitre, Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (Jujan), Samborondón, Dúran, and Daule.
Figure 108. Incandescent ejecta and lava flows were observed in the webcams at Sangay overnight on 7-8, 20-21, and 30-31 May 2021. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily Information Report. |
An eruption on 16 May 2021 produced an ash plume that rose to 11.3 km altitude and drifted 140 km N. A lower-level plume was also drifting WSW 80 km from the summit at 6.4 km altitude. Traces of ashfall were reported in Ishupamba-Chimborazo. The ash plume was discernible in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery above a dense meteoric cloud layer (figure 109). An explosion on 20 May produced an ash plume reported by the Washington VAAC extending over 100 km SW from the summit at 9.5 km altitude and also fanning out 75-100 km SE and S of the summit at 7.6 km altitude. Ashfall from this event was reported in the regions of Guamote and Ichupamba in the Chimborazo province. Incandescent ejecta was noted overnight on 21-22 May (figure 110) and a substantial ash plume seen in satellite imagery produced ashfall in Ichupamba, San Nicolas, Guamote, Alausi, Cumandá, Tixan, Sibambe, and Achupallas in the province of Chimborazo and in General Elizalde in Guayas Province. The Washington VAAC reported the ash plume moving E at 9.1 km altitude and W at 7.6 km altitude.
Figure 110. Eruptive activity at Sangay overnight on 21-22 May 2021 produced incandescent ejecta and a dense ash plume Courtesy of IG Daily Information Report. |
High-level ash emissions continued during 25-27 May 2021, although no ashfall was reported. The Washington VAAC reported a large eruption on 25 May that sent ash plumes in three different directions; ash was moving W at 5.2 km altitude, E at 6.7 km altitude, and S at 9.8 km altitude. During the next two days additional emissions produced plumes that drifted SE and SW at 7.6-8.2 km altitude. Incandescent explosions produced incandescent material that descended the flanks overnight on 30-31 May. Reports were received from communities near the volcano of loud noises and vibrations rattling windows. The Washington VAAC reported ash emissions that rose to 7.9 km altitude and drifted 100 km SW. The SNGRE (Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias) reported ash fall in the Alausí, Guamote and Chunchi cantons of the Chimborazo province. Emissions continued the next day, 1 June (figure 111), and ashfall was again reported in Alausí and Chunchi.
Figure 111. Ash emissions continued at Sangay on 1 June 2021 after incandescent explosions and ashfall occurred the day before. Courtesy of IG Daily Information Report. |
No ashfall was reported during June 2021 after the 1st, though daily ash emissions continued, rising 400-1,500 m above the summit and usually drifting W, SW, or NW. Continuous ash clouds drifting 40 km NW were observed on 10 June by the Washington VAAC; they were also visible that day in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery along with a thermal anomaly from the summit crater (figure 112). Incandescence appeared at the summit crater and blocks rolled down the SE flank overnight on 27-28 June. Lahar signals were reported on 19 days during the month.
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Fundación Maquita (URL: https://twitter.com/Maquita_Cjusto/status/1370047448316542977).
Large explosion on 2 December 2021 with ash plumes to 15 km altitude and new flow on N flank
Frequent activity at Ecuador's Sangay has included pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars reported since 1628. The current eruption began in March 2019 and has continued throughout 2021. Ongoing activity from July-December 2021 covered in this report includes explosions with ash plumes, incandescent ejecta, lava flows, and lahars. Information is provided by Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), and multiple sources of remote data including the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), the Italian MIROVA Volcano HotSpot Detection System, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery.
Gas and ash emissions rose 500-1,500 m above the summit of Sangay on most days during July-December 2021. Pulses of activity that produced emissions higher than 2 km above the summit occurred at least once almost every month. Ashfall in Chimborazo Province was reported on 14 and 19 July; a plume on the 19th rose to over 10 km altitude. A new vent appeared on the W side of the summit on 24 November, a new lava flow began on the N flank on 2 December, and lava remained intermittently active in the SE flank ravine throughout the period. Steady levels of thermal energy were present in the MIROVA data from July through early December, with a marked increase in frequency at the middle of the month that corresponded with increased observations of incandescence on the N and W flanks (figure 113). A major explosive event on 2 December produced an ash plume that rose to 15.2 km altitude.
Multiple daily VAAC reports during July 2021 indicated frequent ash emissions that rose 100-2,400 m above the summit (5.4-7.7 km altitude) and most often drifted W or SW (figure 114). A larger explosion on 19 July produced a plume that rose to 10.7 km altitude and drifted SE while another part of the plume moved NE at 8.5 km altitude. A few hours later a plume was drifting W at 6.4 km altitude. Ashfall was observed on 14 July in the Guamote and Cebadas sectors from one of the 12 explosions reported that day, and on 19 July in the canton of Guamote in the Chimborazo province. Noises were reported to the W and SW after explosions on 19 and 25 July. Incandescence at the crater accompanied ash emissions on 15 July (figure 115). MODVOLC thermal alerts were recorded on 8, 14, 24, and 31 July. Rains were strong enough to produce lahar signals at the seismic stations on 1-3, 9-13, 16, 18-22, 27, and 29-31 July but no damages were reported.
Figure 115. Incandescence at the summit of Sangay was visible from the ECU 911 webcam on 15 July 2021. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Gas and ash emissions drifted SW to NW at 500-1,500 m above the summit during most days in August 2021, although activity was more intermittent than during July, with no emissions reported during 15-18 and 26-31 August. The tallest plume reported by IG-EPN rose 2 km above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW on 21 August, but no ashfall was reported. A pulse of thermal activity on 4 August that was recorded in satellite imagery (figure 116) led IG-EPN to identify a new flow on the SE flank. Incandescence and ash emissions were both visible in webcams on 5 August, confirming that the flow was confined to the upper flank of the volcano. Explosions produced incandescent blocks that rolled down the SE flank ravine overnight on 13-14 and 19-20 August (figure 117). The next night the lava was also visible in the ravine. MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued on 4, 20, 23, and 24 August. Lahar signals were recorded on 2, 11-13, 16-20, 23, and 26 August.
Figure 117. Explosions at Sangay on 14 (left) and 19 (right) August 2021 sent incandescent blocks down the SE flank ravine. Courtesy of IG-EPN daily reports. |
Steam, gas, and ash emissions from the summit continued throughout September 2021, drifting SW, W, or NW on most days. Plumes were usually reported at 600-1,200 m above the summit; they rose as high as 2,000 m on 8 and 20 September. Incandescence was visible at the crater on the morning of 15 September. Overnight on 23-24 September, Strombolian activity at the summit sent incandescent ejecta down the SE flank ravine (figure 118). MODVOLC thermal alerts on 5, 14, 15, 24, 28, and 30 September indicated continued pulses of thermal activity. Heavy rain produced lahar signals at seismic stations on 1-4, 6, 7, 9, and 11-13 September.
A single MODVOLC thermal alert was issued on 1 October; multiple alerts were issued each day on 9, 14, and 18 October. Webcam images of a lava flow near the summit were seen overnight on 3-4 October. Incandescent blocks were visible on the SE flank overnight on 5-6 October. On 10 October the ECU 911 webcam showed an active flow on the SE flank. Sentinel satellite images showed strong thermal anomalies at the summit and on the SE flank on 8, 13, and 18 October (figure 119). Satellite images from 13 October indicated continued slow growth of the ravine on the SE flank. When last measured in March 2021 it was 600 (± 40 m) wide; as of 13 October is was 650 (± 40 m) wide. Overnight on 16-17 October incandescent blocks were seen rolling down the SE flank ravine. The Washington VAAC issued multiple ash advisories each day during October 2021. Plumes were reported rising 500-1,200 m above the summit on most days; although on 13, 18-19 (figure 120), and 30 October gas and ash plumes rose 1,200-1,500 m high from multiple emission events. A narrow plume of steam and ash drifted tens of kilometers WSW from the summit on 28 October and corresponded to an increase in seismic tremor signals, according to IG-EPN. Small lahars were recorded as high-frequency seismic signals during 29-31 October.
Figure 120. The ECU 911 webcam at Sangay captured a dense ash and steam plume rising 1,500 m from the summit and drifting W on 18 October 2021. Courtesy if IG-EPN daily reports. |
A pulse of increased emissions activity on 1 and 2 November 2021 produced plumes that rose higher than 2,000 m above the summit and drifted SW, W, and NW; incandescence was also observed in the webcams at the summit overnight. Ash plumes on most days of the month rose 600-1,200 m above the summit and drifted in multiple directions. Incandescent blocks were observed descending the SE flank ravine overnight on 6-7 November (figure 121). On 8 November trace amounts of ashfall were reported in Guamote and Flores, with moderate ashfall in Pungala and Cebadas. Overnight the ash plumes reached as high as 2,400 m above the summit. Additional pulses of ash emissions that rose as high as 2,000 m above the summit were reported on 12, 14-15, 24, and 28-29 November.
In a special report issued on 24 November IG-EPN noted that there had been an increase in the rate of explosions since the evening of 17 November, reaching an average of two per minute; most of them were small. They also noted that the slight inflation recorded on most flanks since June 2021 had grown more pronounced in recent weeks. Strombolian activity and a lava flow in the SE flank ravine were recorded in the ECU-911 webcam on 24 November. Also, IG-EPN reported a possible new vent on the upper W flank that day. Steam and ash emissions were visible in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery along with a summit thermal anomaly on 27 November. A single MODVOLC thermal alert was recorded on 4 November, and multiple alerts were recorded each day on 15, 17, 22, and 26-28 November. Two lahar signals were measured each day on 12 and 26 November, and one each on 18 and 19 November.
A seismic swarm that began on the afternoon of 1 December 2021 was detected by the SAGA station located 6 km SW of the summit. The frequency of the events increased from 32 per hour to 60 per hour by the following morning. A major explosive event during the early morning of 2 December produced an ash plume that rose to 15.2 km altitude and drifted W according to the Washington VAAC (figure 122). The plume dissipated quickly and was seen 45 km WSW of the summit about an hour later at 6.1 km altitude. The higher part of the plume was moving S and E at 13.7 km altitude and dissipating more slowly. A second emission a few hours later rose to 7 km altitude and drifted NW. There were no reports of ashfall that day. Multiple VAAC reports were issued daily for the remainder of the month; steam, gas, and ash plumes rose 500-1,500 m above the summit and drifted mostly W and SW (figure 123).
A new lava flow on the N flank was first reported after the explosions of 2 December; it was observed in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery on 12 December (figure 124). During the second week of December IG technicians installed five new infrasound sensors and a new high-resolution seismic station in the Domono area, northwest of Macas, 34 km from the summit. Between 15 and 17 December they also installed new ash sampling meters W of the volcano in the Guamote Canton, including the communities of Piscinas de Atillo, Punto Cero-Atillo, Cashapamba, Palmira, and Guamote. Webcam images from overnight on 20-21 December showed incandescent blocks rolling down the SE flank ravine (figure 125).
Figure 125. Strombolian explosions at Sangay on 21 December 2021 sent incandescent blocks down the SE flank ravine as seen in the ECU 911 webcam. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily Report. |
Members of the volcanic observers network in Macas (in the Morona Santiago Province) reported loud noises from Sangay on 25 December. Seismic data showed a slight increase in the intensity of the explosions. A lava flow was visible in the SE flank ravine overnight on 27-28 December along with incandescence at the crater. Pulses of gas and ash emissions rose to 1,000-1,500 m altitude and drifted NE, NW, S, and SW on both days (figure 126). On 31 December, IG-EPN reported three active emissions from the summit: the lava flow in the SE flank ravine, pyroclastic ejecta at the western vent first observed in late November, and lava flows from a N-flank vent, all resulting in a significant increase in thermal energy. All three were visible in Sentinel-2 satellite imagery taken on 27 December (figure 126). More multiple per day MODVOLC thermal alerts were recorded in December than previous months, confirming the increase in thermal activity witnessed in the webcams. Alerts were issued on 3, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 31 December. Lahar seismic signals were recorded on 14, 16, and 18-19 December. Sulfur dioxide emissions were generally low throughout the period, though increases in activity during December coincided with more frequent plumes of SO2 as measured with satellite instruments (figure 127).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard MD 20771, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/).
Daily explosions, avalanches, ash plumes, and crater incandescence during January-August 2022
Sangay is located east of the Andean crest and is the southernmost of Ecuador’s volcanoes. Frequent activity has included pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars, which date back to 1628. The current eruption began in March 2019 and has more recently consisted of explosions, incandescent lava flows, and ash plumes (BGVN 47:02). This report covers activity during January through August 2022 and describes similar events of daily explosions, incandescent avalanches, ash plumes, and thermal activity, based on information from Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and various satellite data.
During January through August 2022, IG-EPN reported daily explosions, gas-and-steam and ash plumes that rose 1.4-7 km above the crater, and frequent crater incandescence, often accompanied by incandescent block avalanches of material descending the flanks of the volcano. The highest ash plume occurred on 8 February that drifted NW and resulted in ashfall in several towns. Explosions occurred nearly every day, ranging from 0 to 959, the most of which occurred on 26 July; according to IG-EPN late July into August experienced the greatest number of daily explosions compared to previous months (figure 128). The average number of explosions was 103, with the highest average number of explosions occurring during July (table 11).
Figure 128. Graph showing the number of daily explosions at Sangay during January through August 2022. Data courtesy of IG-EPN (January-August 2022 daily reports). |
Month | Average number of explosions per day | Max plume height above the crater rim (m) |
Jan 2022 | 92 | 2,000 |
Feb 2022 | 59 | 7,000 |
Mar 2022 | 33 | 1,400 |
Apr 2022 | 30 | 2,000 |
May 2022 | 121 | 1,500 |
Jun 2022 | 26 | 1,500 |
Jul 2022 | 291 | 2,000 |
Aug 2022 | 171 | 3,500 |
Activity during January consisted of daily explosions, from 8-207 per day and gas-and-steam emissions containing a small amount of ash that rose as high as 2,000 m above the volcano on 8 January and drifted W and NW. According to the Washington VAAC, several satellite-based images showed ash emissions rising 570-2,070 m above the crater and drifting in several directions, the higher of which occurred on 20 January. Near daily long-period (LP) and tremor events were also reported. During the morning of 8 January crater incandescence was visible. IG reported that on 15 January at 1615 the SAGA seismic station recorded two lahars. Crater incandescence and material was captured in a webcam image on the morning of 18 January (figure 129). On 30 January an ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted ESE (figure 130). As a result, according to SNGRE, ash fall was detected in the city of Macas (40 km SE), Morona, and Sucúa (50 km SE), all of which is in the Morona-Santiago province. Slight ashfall was reported in San Isidro the next day on 31 January.
Figure 129. Summit incandescence and material descending the flank of Sangay was visible from the ECU 911 webcam at 0546 on 18 January 2022. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Similar activity continued during February, with 0-174 daily explosions and gas-and-ash plumes rising 570-7 km above the crater, the latter of which occurred on 8 February. The area around the volcano was often cloudy, making surface activity difficult to see. LP and tremor events also persisted nearly every day. Satellite surveillance from the Washington VAAC reported that ash emissions rose as high as 4 km above the crater and drifted NW on 8 February. During the early morning of 4 February minor ashfall was reported in Cebadas (35 km NW) and Palmira (45 km W). According to a VAAC alert on 5 February an ash emission was visible at the summit crater accompanied by blocks on the S flank. On 8 February at 0430, a GOES-16 satellite image showed an ash cloud reaching more than 7 km above the crater and drifting NW (figure 131). Reports from the SNGRE and Volcano Observers Network of Ecuador confirmed ashfall in the Chimborazo province (80 km NW), including Riobama, Colta, Guamote, Bolívar, Las Naves, Los Ríos, and Mocache. During the night of 8 February explosions were reported, which resulted in an incandescent avalanche of material. Two lahars were detected during 11 February, one during 13 February, and one during 14 February. Light ashfall was reported by SNGRE in Guamote (40 km W), though the volcano was obscured by clouds on 11 February. A webcam video near Macas showed that there was an incandescent lava flows visible at night on 13 February as a result of explosions at the summit crater. Ten volcano-tectonic events were reported during 22 February.
During March, 4-128 explosions were dectected per day, and gas-and-ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater. Frequent LP and tremor events were also detected frequently throughout the month. The weather was often cloudy, which prevented clear views of the summit crater. According to the Washington VAAC, ash emissions rose 570-1,170 m above the summit crater and drifted in different directions. The Sentinel-5P satellite using TROPOMI data occasionally reported sulfur dioxide data throughout the month, ranging from 34.7 tons/day to 2,465 tons/day. During the night of 8 and 15 March crater incandescence was visible in webcam images (figure 132). There was a lahar detected on 14 March that lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes. One lahar was detected on 20 March, two occurred on 22 March, two on 25 March, one on 27 March, and one on 29 March. An explosion and crater incandescence were visible on 30 March and an accompanying ash plume rose as high as 870 m and drifted W and SW (figure 133).
Figure 133. Webcam image showing an incandescent explosion and accompanying ash plume rising above Sangay on 30 March 2022 using the ECU 911 webcam. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
During April, there were 1-66 daily explosions. Gas-and-ash emissions rose 700-2,000 m above the crater. According to data from the Washington VAAC, gas-and-ash emissions rose 570-2,070 m above the crater and drifted in various directions. Sulfur dioxide based on TROPOMI data ranged from 15.5 tons/day to 2,169 tons/day. During 31 March to 1 April several explosions were detected with incandescent blocks rolling down the flanks of the volcano (figure 134). Frequent LP and tremor events occurred throughout the month. During the night of 1 and 5 April minor ashfall was reported in Guamote and Palmira, respectively by ROVE (Volcano Observers Network). A lahar was detected on 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29 April, based on seismic signals that IG recorded; two lahars were detected on 15 April and three lahars occurred on 30 April. During the early morning of 11 April Strombolian explosions were observed. Light ashfall was observed in Chauzán (40 km W), according to ROVE on 13 April; in addition, crater incandescence was visible at the volcano.
Activity continued during May. The number of daily explosions increased to 3-503 per day compared to the previous month. Gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-1,500 m above the crater, though cloudy weather often obscured clear views of the summit. The largest number of explosions occurred on 3 May (503). Occasional LP and tremor-type events were also reported during the month. According to data from the Washington VAAC, gas-and-ash emissions rose 570-2,370 m above the crater and drifted in different directions. Sulfur dioxide measurements from TROPOMI data ranged from 19 tons/day to 430 tons/day. A total of two lahars were detected at 2315 on 3 May and 1030 on 4 May. Another lahar occurred at 1100 on 5 May and on 12 May. Two lahars were reported on 13, 17, 26, 27 May and one on 14, 15, 16, 18, 29 May. Three reports of ashfall were issued, starting at 0754 on 25 May, based on observations in Chauzan and Ichubamba.
In June, daily explosions ranged from 4-101 per day. Gas-and-ash plumes rose 300-1,500 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, though clouds often obscured the view of the summit. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 570-2,370 m above the crater. The Sentinel-5P satellite using TROPOMI data recorded 17 tons/day to 413 tons/day of sulfur dioxide. Lahars were generated on 8, 9, 11, 12, 23, 26 June based on seismic station signals. During 15-16 June a thin ash cloud rose 1.4 km above the crater and drifted WSW. As a result, there were reports of ashfall in Retén Ichubamba (35 km NW). On 21 June a lahar was observed, in addition to a gas-and-ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater that drifted W. A volcano-tectonic earthquake was also detected that day, along with 97 LP-type events and 83 emission tremor-type events. During 26-27 June a gas-and-ash plume rose 1.4 km above the crater and drifted W and SW, according to IG (figure 135).
Figure 135. Photo of Sangay with a gas-and-ash plume rising 1.4 km above the crater at 0910 at 27 June 2022. Courtesy of Luis Castillo, IG-EPN Daily report. |
A high number of daily explosions occurred during July, with 27-959 per day. Gas-and-ash plumes rose 700-2,000 m above the crater, though clouds often prevented clear views of the summit. The Washington VAAC issued volcanic ash notices each day that reported ash emissions rising 570-2,400 m above the summit. TROPOMI data recorded 87 tons/day to 302 tons/day of sulfur dioxide. Frequent LP and emission tremor events continued to be recorded. Lahars were recorded on 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, and 20 July, according to the SAGA seismic station. On 7 July there were 480 explosions detected, and ash emissions rose 870-1,170 m above the crater and drifted W. A volcano-tectonic-type event was also detected. During the night of 7 July, a webcam image showed an explosion and incandescent material on the SE flank of the volcano (figure 136). On 16 July gas-and-ash emissions rose 1 km above the crater and drifted NW. Though the summit was mostly cloudy throughout the day, ECU 911 webcam images showed a Strombolian explosion and incandescent material descending the SE flank (figure 137). No reports of ashfall were made.
Figure 136. Incandescent material was observed on the SE flank of Sangay at 2214 on 7 July, based on the ECU 911 webcam. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Figure 137. ECU 911 webcam image showing a Strombolian explosions and incandescent material descending the SE flank of Sangay at 0538 on 16 July. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
On 18 July there were 689 explosions detected, though weather made it difficult to observe any surface activity. During 19 July the Washington VAAC reported that ash emissions rose 570-870 m above the summit and drifted W. As a result, light ashfall was reported in Alausí, according to SNGRE and ROVE. During the night of 21 July the ECU 911 webcam showed continuous incandescent explosive activity, in addition to an avalanche of incandescent material on the SE flank. There were 959 explosions detected on 26 July, accompanied by gas-and-ash emissions that rose 500 m above the crater and drifted W. According to IG, there were 23 lahars detected during 26 and 27 July. During the morning of 29 July an incandescent avalanche of material was visible on the SE flank. There were reports of explosion-like noises and window vibrations during the morning of 31 July from residents in the towns of Nabón, San Fernando, Guayaquil, Samborondón, and Salitre. Additionally, SNGRE reported that ashfall was detected in Guayaquil, Samborondon, Duran, Salitre, and Daule.
Strong-to-moderate activity continued into August, with 4-680 daily explosions and gas-and-ash plumes that rose 500-3,500 m above the crater, though the summit was often obscured by clouds. The Washington VAAC reported ash emissions as high as 870-2,060 m above the crater. Sulfur dioxide measurements ranged from 17 tons/day to 1,730 tons/day. Occasional LP and emission events occurred throughout the month. On 3 August there were reports of noises coming from the volcano according to residents in Molleturo. Lahars were detected in seismic signals on 5, 9-10, 20, and 29 August. During the evening of 9 August crater incandescence was visible, accompanied by blocks rolling down the flanks of the volcano (figure 138). Ashfall was observed over the SAGA station 5 km SW of the volcano.
Figure 138. Image from the ECU 911 webcam showing crater incandescence at Sangay at 2327 on 8 August 2022. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Surface activity increased on 12 August, which consisted of low altitude ash emissions (less than 2 km above the crater), and an ash cloud that extended W and SW across Chimborazo, Bolivar, Cañar, Azuay, and Guayas. There were reports of ashfall in the provinces of Chimborazo (Cebadas, Palmira, Chunchi, and Alausí) and Guayas (Guayaquil, Milagro, and Samborondón). A new lava flow was observed on the SE flank, which was visible in ECU 911 webcam and satellite images. Sounds were audible in several places in the Guayas province, and it was possible to see incandescence from Macas. A strong ash plume rose more than 3.5 km above the crater on 14 August that drifted SW (figure 139). Ashfall was also reported on 14 August in Chauzán San Alfonso in the province of Chimborazo.
Figure 139. Photo of an ash plume rising more than 3.5 km above the crater of Sangay at 1730 on 14 August 2022. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
On 16 August several continuous gas-and-steam and ash emissions rose higher than 2 km above the crater and drifted mainly W. Ashfall was reported by ROVE in Pancun Ichubamba, Guamote, and Chimborazo. Similar activity occurred into the next day, with ashfall confirmed in Cebadas, Palmira, Sibambe, Tixán, Multitud, Chauzan, and Atapo Santa Cruz in the province of Chimborazo. During the night of 17 August SNGRE reported light ashfall in Alausí (Achupallas, Multitud, Sibambe and Tixán) and Guamote (Cebadas and Palmira). During the early morning of 19 August SNGRE reported light ashfall in Guamote (Cebadas and Palmira). During the night of 23 August crater incandescence was visible with blocks descending the E flank. On 26 August there were 680 explosions detected, which was accompanied by ash emissions that rose 870 m above the crater, according to the Washington VAAC.
Beginning around August 2021, the Sentinel-2 MODIS Thermal Volcanic Activity graph provided by the MIROVA system showed persistent strong thermal signatures in and near the summit area through November 2022 (figure 140). According to the MODVOLC Thermal Alerts system, there were 375 hotspots detected during the reporting period: 81 in January, 61 in February, 72 in March, 21 in April, 56 in May, 35 in June, 27 in July, and 22 in August. These were likely due to frequent incandescence block avalanches that affected the flanks of the volcano, which were occasionally visible in Sentinel-2 infrared satellite imagery, which were seen affecting the N flank during January through June 2022 (figure 141). Frequent, strong sulfur dioxide plumes were also captured by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite; many of these plumes exceeded 2 Dobson Units (DUs) and drifted in different directions (figure 142).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Servicio Nacional de Gestion de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), Samborondón, Ecuador (URL: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard MD 20771, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/).
Daily explosions, incandescent block avalanches, lava flows, and ash plumes during September 2022-February 2023
Eruptions recorded since 1628 CE from Sangay, the southernmost of Ecuador’s volcanoes, have been characterized by pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars. The current eruption began in March 2019 and has more recently consisted of daily explosions, avalanches, ash plumes, and crater incandescence (BGVN 47:09). This report covers activity during September 2022 through February 2023 and describes similar events of daily explosions, incandescent avalanches, lava flows, and ash plumes, based on information from Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and various satellite data.
During September 2022 through February 2023, IG-EPN reported daily explosions, gas-and-steam and ash plumes that rose as high as 8.3 km above the crater, and frequent crater incandescence, often accompanied by incandescent block avalanches of material descending the flanks of the volcano. The highest ash plume occurred on 4 November and drifted NW, W, and SW. Explosions occurred nearly every day, ranging from 3-2,040, the most of which occurred on 4 October (figure 143). The average number of explosions was 563, the highest average number of explosions was 950, which occurred during December 2022 (table 12).
Month | Average number of explosions per day | Max plume height above the crater rim (m) |
Sep 2022 | 662 | 2,000 |
Oct 2022 | 696 | 2,500 |
Nov 2022 | 838 | 8,300 |
Dec 2022 | 950 | 2,500 |
Jan 2023 | 125 | 2,500 |
Feb 2023 | 68 | 2,000 |
During September, activity consisted of 146-1,152 daily explosions and gas-and-ash emissions that rose as high as 2 km above the summit crater during 12-13, 18-24, and 29-30 September and drifted SW, W, WNW, NW, N, and NE. Seismicity consisted of near-daily long-period (LP) and emission tremor (TRE) events. According to the Washington VAAC, ash emissions rose 500-2,700 m above the crater rim and drifted SW, WSW, W, NW, S, and N. During 1-2 September crater incandescence was visible, accompanied by blocks that rolled down the E flank. During the afternoon and night of 14-15 September incandescent ejecta was observed. Strombolian activity and crater incandescence was visible during the night and early morning during 17-18 September (figure 144). Continuous gas-and-ash emissions rose 1.5 km above the summit and drifted W in the morning. Light ashfall was reported in Cebadas, and stronger ashfall was detected in Rayoloma during 18-19 September; both towns are located to the NW of the volcano. During 22-23 September ash emissions rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted W, resulting in ashfall in Chauzán in the Chimborazo province.
Figure 144. Webcam image showing incandescent material ejected above Sangay’s crater at 0059 on 18 September 2022. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Activity persisted during October, with 154-2,040 daily explosions, occasional crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions rising as high as 2.5 km above the crater during 26-27 October that drifted W, N, NW, SW, and SE. The Washington VAAC reported that ash emissions rose 570-2,370 m above the crater rim and drifted W, SW, NW, SE, N, SSW, NE, and E. During 2-5 October several explosions were accompanied by incandescent blocks descending the SE flank. Nighttime incandescence was intermittently visible in the upper part of the volcano. During 11-17, 19-21, and 24-27 October incandescent material descended the SE flank. A collapse of the lava flow front generated a small pyroclastic flow that descended the upper part of the SE drainage during 12-13 October. According to GOES-16 satellite images, an ash cloud was detected during the early morning of 14 October that rose 2,370 m above the crater and drifted W. There was a report of ashfall in Guamote as a result. During the night of 18-19 October summit crater incandescence was visible and a lava flow traveled down the SE flank. A lava flow was reported descending the SE flank during 22-23 October. During the night of 25 October strong incandescence was visible in the crater accompanying a lava flow on the SE flank. In the early morning, reports of loud noises were reported in Salitre and Naranjito, which IG noted was likely associated with the explosive activity. Early morning crater incandescence on 29 October was accompanied by a continuous ash emission that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. Slight ashfall was observed in Huamboya Canton in the Morona Santiago province.
There were 80-1,380 daily explosions detected during November, in addition to LP and TRE-type events, gas-and-ash emissions that rose as high as 8.3 km above the crater and drifted generally W and NW, and nighttime crater incandescence. According to the Washington VAAC, gas-and-ash emissions rose 570-3,000 m above the crater and drifted in multiple directions. During 31 October to 1 November crater incandescence was accompanied by incandescent avalanches of material along the SE flank and some ashfall in nearby towns. According to a GOES-16 satellite image, an ash cloud was visible starting at 0520 on 4 November, and around 0700 pyroclastic flows descended the Volcán drainage on the SE flank (figure 131). By 0840 the ash plumes had intensified, rising to a height of 8.3 km above the crater and drifting NW, W, and SW. Light-to-moderate ashfall was recorded in the cities of Riobamba, Guamote, Colta, Alausí, Pallatanga, Chambo, and Chunchi during 3-4 November. During 4-5 November pyroclastic flows traveled along the Volcán drainage (figure 145). An ash plume rose 3 km above the crater and drifted NW, resulting in moderate ashfall in Chimborazo, Bolivar, and Los Rios.
Figure 145. Webcam image showing pyroclastic flows descending the SE flank of Sangay during the morning of 4 November 2022. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
SNGRE reported that on 9 November a moderate amount of ash fell in Zuñac, in the province of Morona Santiago. During the night and early morning of 9-10 November when the volcano cleared for short periods, gas-and-ash emissions, explosions, and crater incandescence were observed, accompanied by an incandescent avalanche of material descending the SE flank. Crater incandescence and an avalanche of material were also visible during clear weather, moving down the SE flank during 10-14, 17-23, and 26-29 November. On 16 November at 0200 the seismic station recorded seismic signals that corresponded to lahars, though cloudy weather obscured views of the volcano. Heavy rain was reported during 17-18 November which resulted in small mud and debris flows down the SE flank. During the night of 21 November crater incandescence was observed in addition to a lava flow that traveled down the SE flank. On 24 November incandescence was recorded in the upper part of the volcano in the early morning, accompanied by pyroclastic flows. An active lava flow was reported on the SE flank during the night and early morning of 25-26 November. Nighttime crater incandescence and pyroclastic flows on the E flank on 29 November.
Activity during December consisted of 34-1,320 daily explosions, gas-and-ash emissions that rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater during 30 November-1 December and 3-4 December and drifted SE, NNE, NE, W, SW, and NW and seismicity consisting of LP and TRE-type events. According to the Washington VAAC, satellite-based images showed gas-and-ash emissions rising to 570-2,700 m altitude and drifting in different directions. Nighttime and early morning crater incandescence was often visible in clear weather, sometimes accompanied by incandescent block avalanches. During 30 November-1 December, 12-15, and 17-18 December an active lava flow was detected on the SE flank of the volcano. During 1-2 and 5-8 December a pyroclastic flow was observed descending the SE flank. During 28-29 December light ashfall was reported in Cebadas.
During January 2023 activity was often obscured due to cloud cover and the number of daily explosions notably decreased; there were 25-824 daily explosions recorded. Gas-and-ash emissions rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater during 16-17 January and drifted in multiple directions (figure 146). The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 570-1,770 m above the crater and drifted SW, WNW, N, NW, W, SE, S, and NE. Crater incandescence was intermittently visible on clear weather days. During the night and early morning of 9-11 January, a lava flow was observed on the SE flank. An incandescent avalanche of material was visible on the SE flank during 21-22 January.
Low activity continued during February, consisting of 3-333 daily explosions. TRE events continued to be detected throughout the month. The Washington VAAC reported that ash emissions rose 500-1,800 m above the crater and drifted NE, S, N, NW, W, SW, and SE. During 14-15 February crater incandescence was visible and an active lava flow traveled 500 m below the summit on the SE flank. During 18-19 November incandescent material rolled down the SE flank. During the night of 21-22 February crater incandescence was accompanied by a lava flow on the S flank. Gas-and-ash emissions rose 1.2 km above the crater and drifted S and NW, based on satellite images during 21-24 February. During 26-28 February continuous ash emissions rose 1.5-2 km above the crater and drifted SW and W.
Satellite data. Thermal activity was consistently strong throughout the reporting period due to crater incandescence, block avalanches, and lava flows primarily affecting the SE flank. This activity was detected by the MIROVA hotspot detection system (figure 147) and the MODVOLC Thermal Alerts system, which detected 108 hotspots. Sentinel-2 infrared satellite imagery showed incandescence block avalanches and lava flows descending the SE flank and crater incandescence (figure 148). Frequent, strong sulfur dioxide plumes were captured by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite; many of these plumes exceeded 2 Dobson Units (DUs) and drifted in different directions (figure 149).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Servicio Nacional de Gestion de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), Samborondón, Ecuador (URL: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard MD 20771, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Sentinel Hub Playground (URL: https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/sentinel-playground).
Explosions, gas-and-ash emissions, lava flows, and pyroclastic flows during March-August 2023
Sangay, located in Ecuador, has documented eruptions that date back to 1628 SE characterized by pyroclastic flows, lava flows, ash plumes, and lahars. The current eruption period began in March 2019 and has recently consisted of daily explosions, incandescent block avalanches, lava flows, and ash plumes (BGVN 48:03). This report describes similar activity of daily explosions, gas-and-ash emissions, light ashfall, crater incandescence, and incandescent material on the flanks, using information from Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Servicio Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), the Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), and various satellite data.
During March through August 2023, IG-EPN reported daily explosions, gas-and-steam and ash plumes that rose as high as 9 km above the crater, and frequent crater incandescence, often accompanied by incandescent avalanches of material and lava flows that descended the flanks of the volcano. The highest ash plume rose 9 km above the crater on 21 April and drifted W. Explosions occurred nearly every day, ranging from 5 to nearly 2,200 per day, the most of which occurred on 20 June 2023 (figure 150). The average number of daily explosions during the reporting period was 425, and the highest monthly average number of daily explosions was 755, which occurred during June 2023.
Month | Average number of explosions per day | Max plume height above the crater rim (km) |
Mar 2023 | 90 | 2 |
Apr 2023 | 79 | 9 |
May 2023 | 470 | 2 |
Jun 2023 | 755 | 1.8 |
Jul 2023 | 516 | 2 |
Aug 2023 | 452 | 2.8 |
During March, activity consisted of 7-166 daily explosions and gas-and-ash emissions that rose as high as 2 km above the crater during 22 and 24 March and drifted N and NW. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-1,500 m above the crater and drifted in multiple directions. Nighttime crater incandescence was occasionally observed, accompanied by some incandescent material on the SE flank. On 1 March a lava flow was visible on the SE flank, accompanied by incandescent block avalanches. According to MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month, emissions ranged between 44 and 2,049 tons per day (t/d). On 3 March a lava flow was observed on the SE flank 600 m below the crater rim. A lava flow was also visible on the SE flank on 13 and 22 March, accompanied by crater incandescence. A lahar was reported on 14 March. During 18-20 and 31 March incandescent block avalanches descended the S and SE flanks (figure 151).
Figure 151. Webcam image showing a lava flow, an incandescent block avalanche, and crater incandescence from Sangay at 2123 on 18 March 2023. Courtesy of IG-EPN Daily report. |
Activity during April was characterized by 5-316 daily explosions, frequent nighttime crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 1-9 km above the crater and drifted in multiple directions. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-7,900 m above the crater. According to MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month, emissions ranged between 22and 1,725 t/d. During 5-6 April a lava flow descended the SE flank, reaching 1.8 km below the crater rim. During 12-18 crater incandescence was visible in the upper part of the flanks and incandescent material descended the SE flank as far as 1.5 km below the crater rim. On 17 April light ashfall was reported in Macas and on 18 April light ashfall occurred in Morona, Sucúa, Sinaí, and Logroño (figure 152). There were some reports of roaring sounds in Chonta Punta. Two large explosions were detected during 20-21 April that generated initial eruption columns that rose 8 km above the crater. During the night and early morning of 20-21 April GOES-16 satellite images showed a wide ash cloud that reached 9 km above the crater and drifted W, according to IG-EPN. Ashfall was reported in Chimborazo, Bolivar, Guayas, and Los Ríos. More ashfall was reported in Guamote and ash remobilization in Babahoyo on 22 April. A pyroclastic flow occurred at 0814 on 24 April that descended the SE flank. Ash emissions that same day rose 6 km above the crater and drifted NE and NW. The Washington VAAC reported that gas-and-ash emissions rose 7.9 km above the crater and drifted W and E. There were some technical problems with the seismic instrumentation, so seismic counts could not be included on 24-25 and 28-30 April. On 25 April the Washington VAAC reported four ash emissions; the first rose 1.2 km above the crater and drifted NE, the second rose 6 km above the crater and drifted SW, the third rose 3.3 km above the crater and drifted NW, and the fourth rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E. A GOES-16 satellite image taken at 1640 showed a gas-and-ash plume rising 6 km above the crater and drifted SW. Ashfall was reported in Ishbug Utucun. Ash emissions rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted E, W, SW, and SW on 26 April and SNGRE reported light ashfall in Chimborazo and Guamote.
Figure 152. Photo of an ash plume rising as high as 4 km above Sangay’s crater at 0730 on 18 April 2023 and drifted ESE. Photo has been color corrected. Photo by Jorge Duchi, courtesy of IG-EPN. |
There were 304-600 daily explosions detected during May, in addition to occasional crater incandescence and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 300-2,000 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. MOUNTS sulfur dioxide measurements taken throughout the month ranged between 9.7and 1,912 t/d. Technical problems with the seismic instruments occurred during 1-22 May, so seismic and explosion counts could not be collected. Cloudy weather often obscured clear views of the summit, but intermittent crater incandescence was visible. Light ashfall was reported in Palmira and during the night in Chauzán, both in Chimborazo on 5 May. An incandescent lava flow was observed on the SE flank 500 m below the crater rim on 15 and 17 May. By 18 May the lava flow reached 1 km below the crater rim. Constant ash emissions on 20 May rose less than 2 km above the crater and ashfall was reported in Chimborazo and light ashfall was reported in Guamote and Alausí on 21 May. During 22-23 May a lava flow descended the SE flank 1 km below the crater rim, then 1.8 km below the crater rim, respectively. A pyroclastic flow occurred on 24 May and descended the SE flank at 0920. During the morning of 29 May several pyroclastic flows descended the SE flank, one of which occurred at 0610 (figure 153). Light ashfall was reported in Cebadas. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible and lava flows were reported on the S and SE flanks. On the morning of 30 May another pyroclastic flow was reported moving down the SE flank. Light ashfall was observed in Cebadas on 31 May. Additionally, nighttime crater incandescence and a lava flow on the SE flank were visible.
Figure 153. Webcam image of a pyroclastic flow descending the SE flank of Sangay at 0615 on 29 May 2023. Image has been color corrected. Courtesy of IG-EPN. |
IG-EPN reported 158-2,190 daily explosions during June, frequent crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 400-1,800 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. Sulfur dioxide emissions of 30 to 797 t/d were recorded throughout the month and reported by MOUNTS. Incandescent avalanches were reported 1 km below the crater rim on 5 June, accompanied by crater incandescence. During 9-12 June an incandescent avalanche descended the SE flank and was accompanied by crater incandescence. A GOES-16 satellite image taken on 15 June showed an ash cloud that rose 1.8 km above the crater and drifted W; light ashfall was reported in Palmira. A pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m below the crater rim on the SE on 19 June. On 20 June gas-and-ash emissions rose 561 m above the crater and drifted SW and light ashfall was reported in Llagos.
During July, 148-1,200 daily explosions were recorded, frequent crater incandescence, and intermittent gas-and-ash emissions that rose 400-2,000 m above the crater and drifted in multiple directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. MOUNTS data for sulfur dioxide emissions showed that measurements ranged 22-515 t/d. During 3-6 and 12-13 July incandescent material descended the SE flank 1-1.8 km below the crater rim. On 6 July explosions ejected incandescent material above the crater rim. During 9-10 July incandescent material was ejected up to 1 km above the crater rim.
Activity persisted during August, with 33-943 daily explosions, occasional crater incandescence, and gas-and-ash emissions that rose 300-2,800 m above the crater and drifted in different directions, according to both IG and the Washington VAAC. The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted during the month, according to MOUNTS was 27-641 t/d. During 4 and 6-13 August crater incandescence was accompanied by incandescent material descending the SE flank as far as 1.8 km below the crater rim; some material also was visible on the S flank on 11 August. Gas-and-ash emissions rose 500-2,200 m above the crater and drifted W and NW and ashfall was reported in Cebadas on 17 August. That same day, incandescent material was visible 1 km below the crater rim. On 19 August a GOES-16 satellite image showed a gas-and-ash emission rise 1.2 km above the crater and drifted NW; during the morning SGR reported light ashfall in Palmira and ROVE reported light ashfall in Cebadas. During 22-30 August crater incandescence was accompanied by incandescent material 1-1.8 km below the crater rim on the S and SE flanks. At 1500 on 25 August light ashfall was observed in Cebadas.
Satellite data. Thermal activity was consistently strong throughout the reporting period due to crater incandescence, block avalanches, and lava flows that primarily affected the S and SE flanks. This activity was detected by the MIROVA hotspots detection system (figure 154) and the MODVOLC Thermal Alerts system, which recorded a total of 137 hotspots. Infrared satellite imagery showed crater incandescence, incandescent block avalanches, and lava flows descending the SE flank (figure 155). Frequent sulfur dioxide plumes were captured by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5P satellite, many of which exceeded 2 Dobson Units (DUs) and drifted in different directions (figure 156).
Information Contacts: Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN), Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/); Servicio Nacional de Gestion de Riesgos y Emergencias (SNGRE), Samborondón, Ecuador (URL: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/); Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), NOAA/NESDIS OSPO, NOAA Science Center Room 401, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746, USA (URL: www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/vaac, archive at: http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/archive.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); NASA Global Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Page, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC), 8800 Greenbelt Road, Goddard MD 20771, USA (URL: https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/); Copernicus Browser, Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, European Space Agency (URL: https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/browser/); MOUNTS Project (Monitoring Unrest From Space), an operational monitoring system for volcanoes using Sentinel satellite data from ESA's Copernicus, Open Access Hub, hosted at UNAM and CT TU-Berlin (URL: http://www.mounts-project.com/home).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Sanagay | Sangai | Macas, Volcan de | ||||
Cones |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Verdeloma | Stratovolcano | |||
Domes |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Nunurco | Dome |
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There is data available for 11 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2019 Mar 26 - 2024 Oct 17 (continuing) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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2019 Mar 26 - 2024 Oct 17 (continuing) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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2018 Aug 8 - 2018 Dec 7 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||
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2018 Aug 8 - 2018 Dec 7 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1
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2018 Feb 25 - 2018 Feb 25 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater | ||||||||||||||
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2018 Feb 25 - 2018 Feb 25 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||
List of 1 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater
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2017 Jul 20 - 2017 Oct 19 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2017 Jul 20 - 2017 Oct 19 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 38 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater
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2016 Mar 17 ± 2 days - 2016 Nov 17 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2016 Mar 17 ± 2 days - 2016 Aug 1 | Evidence from Observations: Satellite (infrared) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 39 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater
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Episode 2 | Uncertain | Summit crater | |||||||||||||||||||
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2016 Oct 10 ± 2 days - 2016 Oct 10 ± 2 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 2 at Summit crater
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Episode 3 | Eruption | Summit crater | |||||||||||||||||||
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2016 Nov 16 - 2016 Nov 17 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 3 at Summit crater
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2015 Jan 18 - 2015 Apr 7 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater complex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2015 Jan 18 - 2015 Apr 7 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 23 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater complex
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2013 Jan 25 - 2013 May 24 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater complex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2013 Jan 25 - 2013 May 24 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 11 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater complex
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2011 Jun 6 - 2012 Sep 19 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit crater complex | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2011 Jun 6 - 2012 Sep 19 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 34 Events for Episode 1 at Summit crater complex
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1934 Aug 8 - 2011 Mar 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1934 Aug 8 - 2011 Mar 2 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 22 Events for Episode 1
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1728 Sep 30 ± 30 days - 1916 (in or before) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1728 Sep 30 ± 30 days - 1916 (in or before) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 26 Events for Episode 1
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1628 Oct Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1628 Oct - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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There is no Deformation History data available for Sangay.
There is no Emissions History data available for Sangay.
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
There are no samples for Sangay in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection.
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Sangay. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Sangay. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Sangay | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |