KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 16-22 August that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery.
Seismic activity decreased during 22-24 August. Video images showed no incandescence from the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol, although a thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite images. On 27 August the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
Eruption that started in late November 2012 ends by mid-September 2013
The most recent eruption began on 27 November 2012 along two fissures a few kilometers S of the main Tolbachik edifice, within the Tolbachinsky Dol lava plateau (BGVN 37:12). Monitoring is done by the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); they recorded an end date for this eruption as 15 September 2013.
Activity reported through February 2013 included Strombolian fire fountains (figure 14), voluminous lava flows on the surface (figure 15 and 16) and under the ice and snow cover (figure 17), ash explosions, and the building of cinder cones (BGVN 37:12). Satellite imagery in early June 2013 revealed both a lava pond at the active vent and a large lava flow lower down the flank, with multiple flow-front breakouts (figure 18). Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure through 16-22 August 2013, and lava flows remained active (figure 19), but then gas-and-ash plumes weakened and seismicity decreased during the last week of the month (BGVN 38:08).
Figure 14. Lava fountain in the cinder cone at Tolbachik on 24 January 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 15. Photo of lava flow at Tolbachik on 25 January 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 16. Lava flows moving ESE at Tolbachik on 25 February 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 17. Photo of a lava flow intruding under deep snow at Tolbachik on 25 February 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 19. Photo of lava flow front adjacent to the Kruglenkaya slag cone at Tolbachik on 16 August 2013. Photo by D.V. Melnikov; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Seismicity continued to decrease during 22-24 August 2013, and KVERT noted on 27 August that no incandescence had been seen in recent days, and there were no current ash plumes. Satellite data did still show a large thermal anomaly in the northern area of Tolbachinsky Dol, which KVERT attributed to the lava flows remaining hot. The MODIS thermal anomaly data recorded in the MODVOLC system identified the latest hotspot on 27 August 2013. According to the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), the Aviation Color Code (ACC) was lowered from Orange to Yellow on 27 August 2013.
When the ACC was lowered to Green on 31 January 2014, KVERT reported that weak seismic activity and episodes of tremor continued, gas-and-steam activity was sometimes observed, and satellite data continued to show a weak thermal anomaly. However, they also stated that "probably its active phase was finishing in September 2013." The KVERT website recorded an end date of 15 September 2013. The new lava flows were still noticeable in visible satellite imagery more than a year after the eruption ended (figure 20).
Information Contacts: Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (KVERT), Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Piip Blvd., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia (URL: http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/); Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IVS FEB RAS), 9 Piip Blvd., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia (URL: http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/eng/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); Google Earth (URL: https://www.google.com/earth/).
2013: January
| February
| March
| April
| May
| June
| July
| August
2012: November
| December
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 16-22 August that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery.
Seismic activity decreased during 22-24 August. Video images showed no incandescence from the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol, although a thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite images. On 27 August the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 9-17 August that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 2-9 August that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 26 July-2 August that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 19-26 July that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 12-19 July that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 5-12 July that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 28 June-5 July that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 21-28 June that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 14-21 June that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 7-14 June that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 31 May-7 June that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 24-31 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 17-24 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and weak gas-and-steam plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 10-16 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 3-10 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 26 April-3 May that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure and gas-and-ash plumes were observed. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 19-26 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 12-19 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 5-12 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. A weak thermal anomaly was detected over the crater of the volcano on 6 and 9 April. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 29 March-5 April that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 22-29 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 15-22 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 8-15 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 28 February-7 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 22 February-1 March that traveled to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow on the fissure. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 15-22 February that traveled to the W, S, and SE sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 8-15 February that traveled to the W, S, and SE sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 1-8 February that traveled to the W and S sides of the plateau. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 25 January-1 February that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km (11,500 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 18-25 January that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 11-18 January that traveled to the W and S sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,100 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 4-15 January that traveled to the W and SE sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.5 km (14,800 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 28 December-8 January. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone continued to grow above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Based on information from KVERT, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 7 January an ash plume rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.3 km (12,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.
Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows during 21-28 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone continued to grow above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible daily in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows that traveled 17-20 km during 17-21 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Gas-and-ash plumes drifted in multiple directions, and a fifth cone grew above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the S fissure along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of Tolbachik, continued to produce very fluid lava flows that traveled 17-20 km during 7-17 December. Strong seismicity was detected. Ash plumes rose less than 1 km and drifted in multiple directions, and at least two cones grew above the fissure. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol was visible in satellite imagery. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that the eruption from Tolbachik that began on 27 November continued through 8 December. A very large thermal anomaly on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of the volcano, was reported daily. Lava effused from two fissures along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol; lava had flowed 17-20 km away from the S fissure by 7 December. Ash plumes rose less than 500 m during 1-5 December, and minor ashfall was reported in Kozyrevsk (40 km NW) and Klyuchi (65 km NW) villages on 3 December. Gas-and-steam plumes drifted 250 km SE on 5 December, and rose as high as 1 km during 7-11 December and drifted SW and W. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.
Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT)
KVERT reported that an eruption from Tolbachik that began on 27 November continued through 30 November. Lava effused from two fissures along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol, a lava plateau on the SW side of the volcano, and ash plumes rose less than 500 m on 28 November. A large thermal anomaly was detected on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol. On 29 November the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red. Ash plumes rose less than 500 m and drifted 300 km ESE. Later that day seismicity decreased and the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Orange. During 29 November-1 December Strombolian activity and lava effusion from two fissures continued. A large thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite imagery, and ashfall was reported in Kozyrevsk (40 km NW). According to a news article on 30 November, the lava flows destroyed two scientific base camps 10 km away. On 1 December gas-and-steam plumes with small amounts of ash rose over 400 m.
Based on information from UHPP (Yelizovo Airport), the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4-6.1 km (13,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW during 29-30 November and 3 December.
Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
KVERT reported that episodes of volcanic tremor were detected in the area of Plosky Tolbachik during 7-10, 18, and 26 November. The number of shallow volcanic earthquakes increased to 250 on 26 November. A strong event occurred at 1652 on 27 November. The Aviation Color Code was raised to Yellow. That same day observers from Kozyrevsk (40 km NW) and Lazo (50 km SW) villages reported ash explosions and lava flows at Tolbachinsky Dol, in the same area as the 1975 eruption (northern vents). Ashfall, 4 cm thick, was reported in Krasny Yar (60 km NNW). The Aviation Color Code was raised to Orange. Based on information from the Kamchatka Branch of Geophysical Services (KGBS), the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes possibly rose to altitudes of 6.1-10.1 km (20,000-33,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash plumes were not detected in satellite imagery. Plume altitudes were estimated based on seismic data.
Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Lava in crater; scoria ejections
Card 1018 (25 September 1970) Lava in crater; scoria ejections
The following cable was received [on] 25 September 1970. "Plosky Tolbachik: Lava appeared in crater; weak scoria outbursts few meters height."
Information Contacts: Y.M. Doubik, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk.
Explosions from four flank vents of Plosky Tolbachik
Card 2216 (08 July 1975) Explosions from four flank vents of Plosky Tolbachik
The eruption of Plosky Tolbachik volcano commenced from the flank craters on 6 July 1975 at 0045 GMT. Four explosion vents located 18 km from the main crater are active. The place and time of eruption were predicted by Dr. Tokarev according to the character of the seismic activity.
Information Contacts: Y. Doubik, IVP.
Ash and lava emission from new cone on the S slope of Plosky Tolbachik
Card 2245 (07 August 1975) Ash and lava emission from new cone on the S slope of Plosky Tolbachik
A volcanic cone 250 m high and 1,200 m in diameter has formed on the south slope of Plosky Tolbachik volcano. Violent activity was observed from 9 to 23 July, producing an ash column 8 km high and bomb outbursts up to 2,500 m. The ashfall area covers 200 km2, and the total of the ash and scoria amounts to 500 m3. On 30 July a lava outflow began issuing from a 1-km-long eruptive fissure on the southwest slope of the new volcanic cone. There is a danger of forest fires.
Information Contacts: Y. Doubik, IVP.
Eruption that began in July 1975 is continuing
The eruption of Plosky Tolbachik volcano, which started in July 1975, is continuing.
Information Contacts: Y. Doubik, IVP.
Eruption now almost a year old; possibly four new cones
Plosky Tolbachik has been in a state of eruption for almost a year. It was reported on 17 May that a new volcano was developing near there, and a group of IVP scientists is investigating the eruption. They stated that "this is one of the biggest and most interesting volcanic eruptions this century." Reportedly, a chain of new volcanoes was formed during the eruption, four of which are fairly large. "Streams of fire" have been active for nearly a year.
Information Contacts: Y. Doubik, IVP.
Seismic monitoring stations installed; activity at background levels
Seismic monitoring . . . by the KVERT began in late January 1994 when two stations were installed. Since then seismicity was considered to be at background levels. One earthquake was registered on 25 January. During the period from 28 January to 2 February, shallow volcanic earthquakes were registered at a rate of 5-13/day. The following week (3-8 February) there were 1-4 shallow earthquakes recorded each day.
Information Contacts: V. Kirianov, IVGG.
Seismic station closed
[Following notice in early December that seismic stations at Shiveluch and Tolbachik had closed, on 22 December the following message was sent from the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO): "KVERT [Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team] has informed AVO that, because of a long delay in promised funding from the Ministry of Transportation in Moscow, KVERT must suspend transmittal of information on volcanic activity in Kamchatka. The length of the suspension is unknown at this time.]
Information Contacts: V. Kirianov, IVGG; T. Miller, AVO.
Gas-and-steam explosion; minor seismicity
On 18 February, a gas-and-steam explosion generated a plume to 600 m above the volcano. Small (magnitudes near zero) shallow earthquakes were registered under the volcano and continued through the month, coincident with M 1.5 events at 15-30 km depth. No further unusual seismicity was reported as of mid-March.
The massive Tolbachik basaltic volcano is located at the southern end of the dominantly andesitic Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The Tolbachik massif is composed of two overlapping, but morphologically dissimilar volcanoes. The flat-topped Plosky Tolbachik shield volcano with its nested Holocene Hawaiian-type calderas up to 3 km in diameter is located east of the older and higher sharp-topped Ostry Tolbachik stratovolcano. Lengthy rift zones extending NE and SSW of the volcano have erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows during the Holocene, with activity during the past two thousand years being confined to the narrow axial zone of the rifts. The last eruptive activity, in 1975-76, vented from both the summit and SSW-flank fissures; it was the largest historical basaltic eruption in Kamchatka.
Information Contacts: Olga Chubarova, Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (KVERT), Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Piip Ave. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia; Tom Miller, Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of a) U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508-4667, USA (URL: http://www.avo.alaska.edu/), b) Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7320, USA, and c) Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 794 University Ave., Suite 200, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA.
Seismicity precedes onset of dual fissure eruption in November 2012
Nearly 36 years after its last eruption, the largest basaltic eruption in Kamchatka during historic times (1975/76 eruptions; CSLP 51-75; SEAN 01:07, 01:08), Tolbachik (figure 1) began erupting again on 27 November 2012 following almost three weeks of episodic volcanic tremor. The eruption emerged as two fissures along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol (a lava plateau along the SW flank of Tolbachik), in the same area as the northern vents of the 1975/76 eruptions. The eruption produced both effusive lava flows and explosions that generated low-level ash-bearing plumes.
This report mainly summarizes Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) daily and weekly reports and information releases concerning the ongoing (as of early February 2013) Tolbachik fissure eruption.
Seismicity preceding 27 November 2012 eruption. Episodic tremor was recorded at Tolbachik during 7-10, 18, and 26 November 2012; KVERT noted a distinct difference between these episodes of tremor and discrete events that had occurred over "many years" prior. Shallow volcanic earthquakes began on 26 November, increasing in number to ~267 through 27 November. The Aviation Color Code was raised from Green to Yellow (on a scale increasing from Green-Yellow-Orange-Red) on 27 November. In a daily report discussing activity on 27 November, KVERT reported that shallow events, possibly indicating ash explosions, had occurred during 1715-2000. The Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS) reported a strong seismic event at 1752 that day. Informed by KB GS RAS, the Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) posted a volcanic ash advisory at 1837 (table 1). The ash explosions prompted KVERT to raise the Aviation Color Code to Orange. Continuos tremor occurred for the rest of the day, indicating possible lava flows.
Date | Time | Plume Altitude (km) | Drift Direction | Remarks (data source) |
27 Nov 2012 | 1837 | 6.1 | -- | Eruption reported at 1715 (KB GS RAS) |
27 Nov 2012 | 2313 | 10.05 | NNW | Eruption (KB GS RAS) |
29 Nov 2012 | 1003 | 3.95 | N | VA reported (UHPP) |
29 Nov 2012 | 1500 | 3.65 | SE | VA reported (KVERT) |
29 Nov 2012 | 1746 | 3.95 | SE | Continuing emissions (satellite imagery) |
29 Nov 2012 | 2355 | 3.95 | SE | Continuing emissions (satellite imagery) |
30 Nov 2012 | 0600 | 3.95 | N | Continuing emissions (satellite imagery) |
30 Nov 2012 | 1152 | -- | -- | VA dissipated on imagery (satellite imagery) |
30 Nov 2012 | 1634 | NVA reported (UHPP) | ||
03 Dec 2012 | 2138 | 4.25 | NW | VA reported (UHPP) |
05 Dec 2012 | 1221 | 4.25 | SE | VA reported (KVERT) |
07 Dec 2012 | 1431 | 4.25 | SW | VA reported (KVERT) |
13 Dec 2012 | 1139 | 3.05 | NE | VA reported (KVERT) |
13 Dec 2012 | 1232 | 4.55 | E | VA reported (UHPP) |
14 Dec 2012 | 1209 | 3.05 | NE | VA reported (KVERT) |
27 Dec 2012 | 1126 | 5.2 | SE | VA reported (UHPP) |
07 Jan 2013 | 1145 | 3.65 | NE | VA reported (KVERT) |
07 Jan 2013 | 1202 | 4.25 | NE | VA reported (KVERT) |
Observations reveal two fissure vents. By the early morning of 28 November 2012, observers in Kozyrevsk (~40 km NW) and Lazo (~50 km SW) had reported periodic incandescence from Tolbachik during the night. Later that morning, observers in the same locations reported ash explosions and lava flows in the area of the northern vents of the 1975/76 eruptions, along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol.
The first available photograph of the eruption showed that lava was issuing through two fissures (figure 2). Ashfall 4-cm-deep was reported in Krasny Yar (~60 km NNW) by midday on 28 November (figure 3). According to a KVERT information release, the Aviation Color Code was raised to Red for a brief period on 29 November, but this was not reflected in the daily reports; the Aviation Color Code remained Orange for the remainder of the reporting interval.
KVERT reported on 28 November that the N and S fissures were located 4-5 km and 6-7 km S of Plosky Tolbachik, respectively. Plosky Tolbachik is a shield volcano with nested summit calderas that makes up the E half of Tolbachik; the W portion of Tolbachik is the sharply-peaked Ostry Tolbachik stratovolcano (figures 1 and 4). At that time, Strombolian activity (figure 5) was observed at 4-5 vents in the N fissure and 2-3 vents in the S fissure; the very fluid lavas (figure 6) were flowing, often in 'lava rivers', to the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol (figure 7), and KVERT noted a large thermal anomaly over the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol (figure 8). Observers reported booming noises and vibrating windowpanes.
Figure 5. Strombolian activity during the eruption from the S fissure of Tolbachinsky Dol on 29 November 2012. Courtesy of S. Samoilenko and A. Sokorenko (IVS FEB RAS) and KVERT. |
On 29 November, seismicity declined, and KVERT characterized the eruption as effusive; renewed seismicity occurred the next day, and a gas-and-steam plume with small amounts of ash rising to ~3 km was reported. Lava flows from the N fissure destroyed two scientific base camps located ~10 km from Tolbachik.
Cinder cones grow on S fissure; new fumarole. A KVERT weekly report issued on 6 December 2012 noted that cinder cones were growing on the S fissure, and that lava effused from the S fissure had flowed up to 20 km away by 7 December. A fumarole was observed at the bottom of the Plosky Tolbachik caldera on 8 December (figure 9); this was the first fumarole observed in the caldera in ~30 years. On 9 December KVERT daily reports began stating that the effusion of lava was continuing from the S fissure, no longer mentioning the N fissure.
By the end of December, KVERT reported that five cinder cones were growing on the S fissure (e.g. figure 10); by 10 January 2013, however, KVERT reported only four cinder cones on the S fissure.
As of early February 2013, the eruption continued to produce very fluid lava flows, four growing cinder cones, gas-and-steam plumes with variable ash contents that often reached ~4 km a.s.l. and drifted in various directions, and daily thermal alerts above Tolbachinsky Dol. Two examples of eruptive products from the eruption are shown in figure 11.
Information Contacts: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Piip Ave. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC), Tokyo, Japan (URL: http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/svd/vaac/data/); Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KB GS RAS), Piip Ave. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia; Yelizovo Airport (UHPP), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Krai, Russia; NASA Earth Observatory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (URL: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/); Wikipedia (URL: http://www.wikipedia.org/).
Strombolian eruption during 2012-2013 produced lava flows 17-20 km long
In our last Bulletin report (BGVN 37:12), we noted that nearly 36 years after its last eruption, the largest basaltic eruption in Kamchatka during historic times, Tolbachik began erupting again on 27 November 2012. The eruption emerged at two fissures situated along the W side of Tolbachinsky Dol (a lava plateau along the SW flank of Plosky Tolbachik), in the same area as the northern vents of the 1975/76 eruptions. The 2012 eruption produced both low viscosity and effusive lava flows, and its explosions generated low-level ash-bearing plumes. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange until 27 August 2013 when it was lowered to Yellow.
Edwards and others (2013) noted that at the vent on 25 January 2013, molten lava bombs shot more than 100 m above the crater floor. That reference also featured a mid-February 2013 photo showing a pahoehoe lava flow ~1 m thick. The authors stated evidence that the flow had advanced over the top of the snow.
Lavas emitted were voluminous, highly fluid, and extended as far as 17-20 km from the S fissure (figure 12). Satellite radar data mapped the lavas, which first traveled radially away from the highlands, going S. At lower elevations, flows branched and traveled W as a series of anastomosing flows (Edwards and others, 2013).
According to Edwards and others (2013), observers on 29 November 2012 noted ash ejecting from two fractures as well as long, rapidly moving lava flows. Although the initial ash clouds reached 6 km in height, subsequent ashfall was limited to the area around the main vents. No permanent settlements were in danger from advancing lava flows since the closest settlements were about 40 km from the volcano.
According to Mayotte and others (2013), the new Tolbachik fissure eruption began with the effusion and explosion of aluminous, K- and Ti-rich trachy-basaltic andesites. Those andesites were black and sub-aphyric, with rare phenocrysts of plagioclase, olivine, and clinopyroxene. Microlites of the groundmass contained pilotaxitic and hyalopilitic structures with dovetail shapes. The petrography of the volcanic rocks of the first days of eruption attests to very rapid cooling, high rates of eruption, and high lava mobility.
On 19 December 2012, KVERT recognized that there were, by then, five cones with tops protruding above the fissure. In February 2013, four cones were reported. During mid-December 2012 to late August 2013, a very large thermal anomaly was reported on the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol. The thermal anomalies are congruent with the lava flows as well as the kind of venting behavior documented in figure 13.
Figure 13. This helicopter view of the S slope of Tolbachik was taken 2 February 2013 by Denis Budkov. |
Tolbachik continued to produce lava flows during 4-15 January 2013 that traveled to the W and SE sides of Tolbachinsky Dol. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.5 km and drifted in multiple directions. During 11-18 January, ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4 km and drifted in multiple directions. Between 25 January and 1 February 2013, four cinder cones continued to grow on the S fissure above Krasny cone. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.5 km and drifted in multiple directions. Later, between 12 and 26 April, lava flows extended to the W, S, and E sides of the plateau. Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure through 16-22 August 2013. Gas-and-ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3 km and drifted in multiple directions.
The following week, the plumes weakened and remained so through August 2013. Seismic activity decreased during 22-24 August. Local video images around that time lacked incandescence from the N part of Tolbachinsky Dol, although a thermal anomaly continued to be detected in satellite images. On 27 August the Aviation Color Code was lowered to Yellow.
Overview of Eruption Activity from Edwards and others (2013). "Unlike the 1975 eruption, which was predicted 1 week in advance based on strong precursory seismicity at five seismic stations, the eruption that began in November 2012 was preceded by much weaker seismicity, so scientists were not able to predict this eruption. Earthquake hypocenters registered from more than 10 local seismometers were generally at depths of less than 10 kilometers and were mostly located below Plosky Tolbachik before earthquake activity migrated south to the eruption site . . .. Initial activity produced two primary fissures: a northern one, with four different active vents, and a southern fissure . . .. By the second day of the eruption, lava flows extended 9 kilometers from vent areas down into surrounding forests (Samoylenko et al., 2012). As of February 2013, weak explosive and effusive activity was ongoing at the main cone, and lava flows were active throughout the lava flow field from the southern fissure to Belaya Gorka, an older cinder cone 12 kilometers from the main vent (figure 12a).
"Effusive and explosive activities have continued since the start of the eruption (figures 12c and 12d). Ash from the initial explosive activity was deposited up to 60 km west of the main vent area, and initial sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas emissions are estimated to have been approximately 60 metric tons. By late January, ash production was minor and the continuous explosions from the main cone had weakened. The highest lava flow rates at the surface (approximately 1 m per second) were near lava tube openings in the upper part of the lava field (figure 1a). The eruption is now [in early 2013] dominantly producing pahoehoe (smooth), slabby pahoehoe, and `a`a (rough) lava flows. Minor phreatomagmatic explosions were seen at the leading edges of lava flows advancing over snow during the first week of the eruption [Samoylenko et al., 2012]. During January and February, active `a`a flows were observed moving over snow in the lower part of the flow field, and reports documented heated meltwater discharge and active downslope flows. Lava- snow interaction continued as snow accumulated through the winter . . .."
Preliminary Petrology from Edwards and others (2013). "Lava and tephra from the start of the eruption have isolated large crystals of plagioclase with smaller crystals of olivine and clinopyroxene. Preliminary geochemistry shows that samples are basaltic trachyandesite, with higher concentrations of silicon dioxide (52-54 weight percent) than in the basalts that erupted in 1975-1976 (48-50 weight percent). Field measurements using thermocouples and infrared radiometers show that the surface temperatures of active lava streams seen in figure 1d are more than 1000°C."
Comparison to the "Great Tolbachik" Eruption of 1975-1976 from Edwards and others (2013). "The new eruption shows striking differences compared to the 1975-1976 event. The seismicity at eruption onset was of lower magnitude and was confined to the crust (25 kilometers). In its first 2 months, the present eruption has already produced more than 20% of the bulk volume of the 1975-1976 eruption, which lasted 18 months. Estimated lava discharge rates during early parts of the ongoing eruption were up to 400 cubic meters per second...."
References. Edwards, B., Belousov, A..,Belousava, M., Volynets, A., Melniknov, D., Chirkov, S., Senyukov, S., Gordeev, E., Muraviev, Y.,Izbekov, P., and Demianchuk, Y., 2013, Another "Great Tolbachik" Eruption? Eos, Vol. 94, No. 21, 21 May 2013, pp. 189-191.
Volynets, A.O., Melnikov. D, Yakushev, A., and Tolstykh, M., 2013, Petrology and geochemistry of the New Tolbachik Fissure Eruption volcanic rocks and their evolution during the first two weeks of eruption, IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly - July 20-24, Kagoshima, Japan (2013).
Information Contacts: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Piip Ave. 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia; and Denis Budkov, Photographer, Kamchatka, Russia (URL: http://ratbud.livejournal.com/).
Eruption that started in late November 2012 ends by mid-September 2013
The most recent eruption began on 27 November 2012 along two fissures a few kilometers S of the main Tolbachik edifice, within the Tolbachinsky Dol lava plateau (BGVN 37:12). Monitoring is done by the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); they recorded an end date for this eruption as 15 September 2013.
Activity reported through February 2013 included Strombolian fire fountains (figure 14), voluminous lava flows on the surface (figure 15 and 16) and under the ice and snow cover (figure 17), ash explosions, and the building of cinder cones (BGVN 37:12). Satellite imagery in early June 2013 revealed both a lava pond at the active vent and a large lava flow lower down the flank, with multiple flow-front breakouts (figure 18). Cinder cones continued to grow along the S fissure through 16-22 August 2013, and lava flows remained active (figure 19), but then gas-and-ash plumes weakened and seismicity decreased during the last week of the month (BGVN 38:08).
Figure 14. Lava fountain in the cinder cone at Tolbachik on 24 January 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 15. Photo of lava flow at Tolbachik on 25 January 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 16. Lava flows moving ESE at Tolbachik on 25 February 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 17. Photo of a lava flow intruding under deep snow at Tolbachik on 25 February 2013. Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Figure 19. Photo of lava flow front adjacent to the Kruglenkaya slag cone at Tolbachik on 16 August 2013. Photo by D.V. Melnikov; courtesy of IVS FEB RAS and KVERT. |
Seismicity continued to decrease during 22-24 August 2013, and KVERT noted on 27 August that no incandescence had been seen in recent days, and there were no current ash plumes. Satellite data did still show a large thermal anomaly in the northern area of Tolbachinsky Dol, which KVERT attributed to the lava flows remaining hot. The MODIS thermal anomaly data recorded in the MODVOLC system identified the latest hotspot on 27 August 2013. According to the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT), the Aviation Color Code (ACC) was lowered from Orange to Yellow on 27 August 2013.
When the ACC was lowered to Green on 31 January 2014, KVERT reported that weak seismic activity and episodes of tremor continued, gas-and-steam activity was sometimes observed, and satellite data continued to show a weak thermal anomaly. However, they also stated that "probably its active phase was finishing in September 2013." The KVERT website recorded an end date of 15 September 2013. The new lava flows were still noticeable in visible satellite imagery more than a year after the eruption ended (figure 20).
Information Contacts: Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (KVERT), Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Piip Blvd., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia (URL: http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/); Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IVS FEB RAS), 9 Piip Blvd., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 683006, Russia (URL: http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/eng/); Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) - MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), Univ. of Hawai'i, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/); NASA Earth Observatory, EOS Project Science Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard, Maryland, USA (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/); Google Earth (URL: https://www.google.com/earth/).
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Tolbachinskaia Sopka | Toluach | Tolbatschinskaja Ssopka | Tuluach | ||||
Cones |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Alaid | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Bubochka | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Buraya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Dalny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Dvoinoy | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Isotochniky | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Kamenistaya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Kleshnya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Kruglenky | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Kust | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Lagerny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Leshnaya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Maguskin | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Malenky | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Malishi | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Mokhnataya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Nedostupny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Ostry Tolbachik | Stratovolcano | 3682 m | 55° 50' 0" N | 160° 20' 0" E |
Pelmen | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Peschanie Gorky | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Plosky Tolbachik | Shield volcano | 3085 m | 55° 49' 0" N | 160° 24' 0" E |
Poteryanny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Pra-Visokaya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Rataschenny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Serga | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Sosed | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Starichky | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Treschina | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Tsepochka | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Visokaya | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Yupiter | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Zapretny | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Zasipannie | Pyroclastic cone | |||
Zvezda | Pyroclastic cone |
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There is data available for 58 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
2012 Nov 27 - 2013 Sep 5 ± 10 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Tolbachinsky Dol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2012 Nov 27 - 2013 Sep 5 ± 10 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 31 Events for Episode 1 at Tolbachinsky Dol
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1975 Jun 28 - 1976 Dec 10 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | South flank (18 & 28 km from summit) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1975 Jun 28 - 1976 Dec 10 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 16 Events for Episode 1 at South flank (18 & 28 km from summit)
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[ 1973 Oct 16 ± 15 days - 1974 Dec 16 ± 15 days ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1973 Oct 16 ± 15 days - 1974 Dec 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1970 Sep 16 ± 15 days - 1970 Dec 1 ± 30 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1970 Sep 16 ± 15 days - 1970 Dec 1 ± 30 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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1970 Jan 16 ± 15 days - 1970 Apr 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1970 Jan 16 ± 15 days - 1970 Apr 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1968 Jul 2 ± 182 days - 1969 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1968 Jul 2 ± 182 days - 1969 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1967 Oct 16 ± 15 days - 1967 Nov 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1967 Oct 16 ± 15 days - 1967 Nov 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1967 Mar 16 ± 15 days - 1967 May 16 ± 15 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1967 Mar 16 ± 15 days - 1967 May 16 ± 15 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1966 Apr 15 ± 45 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1966 Apr 15 ± 45 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1965 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1965 Jul 2 ± 182 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1964 Mar 16 ± 15 days - 1964 Apr 24 (in or after) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1964 Mar 16 ± 15 days - 1964 Apr 24 (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1962 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1963 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 1
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1962 Aug 16 ± 15 days - 1963 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1961 Mar 24 - 1962 Feb 16 (in or after) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1961 Mar 24 - 1962 Feb 16 (in or after) | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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1959 Jul 2 ± 182 days - 1960 Jul 2 ± 182 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1959 Jul 2 ± 182 days - 1960 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1958 Jul 13 (in or before) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1958 Jul 13 (in or before) - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1956 Sep 28 - 1957 Nov 28 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1956 Sep 28 - 1957 Nov 28 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1955 Oct 6 - 1955 Dec 8 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1955 Oct 6 - 1955 Dec 8 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1955 Jan 7 - 1955 Feb 9 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1955 Jan 7 - 1955 Feb 9 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1954 Feb 21 - 1954 Jun 13 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1954 Feb 21 - 1954 Jun 13 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1947 Jan Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1947 Jan - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
|
1940 Nov - 1941 Jul 15 ± 45 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, SW flank (1950 m) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1940 Nov - 1941 Jul 15 ± 45 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, SW flank (1950 m)
|
1940 Feb - 1940 Apr Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1940 Feb - 1940 Apr | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1939 Sep 25 - 1939 Sep 27 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1939 Sep 25 - 1939 Sep 27 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1936 Aug 13 (in or before) - 1937 Mar 2 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1936 Aug 13 (in or before) - 1937 Mar 2 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
1931 Mar 4 - 1932 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1931 Mar 4 - 1932 | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1904 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1904 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1793 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1793 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1790 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1790 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1789 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1789 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1788 Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1788 - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1769 Feb 15 ± 45 days - 1769 Oct 15 ± 45 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1769 Feb 15 ± 45 days - 1769 Oct 15 ± 45 days | Evidence from Observations: Reported | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
1740 Dec Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1740 Dec - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1739 Feb 1 ± 30 days Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2 (?)
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1739 Feb 1 ± 30 days - Unknown | Evidence from Observations: Reported | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
|
[ 1699 ± 1 years ] Uncertain Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1699 ± 1 years - Unknown | Evidence from Unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
|
1550 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 2
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Zvezda) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1550 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Zvezda)
|
1050 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Visokaya, Treschina) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1050 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Visokaya, Treschina)
|
1000 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Kleshnya, Rastaschenny) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1000 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Kleshnya, Rastaschenny)
|
0950 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Alaid) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0950 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Alaid)
|
0900 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Peschanie Gorky) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0900 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Peschanie Gorky)
|
0550 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Kamenistaya) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0550 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Kamenistaya)
|
0450 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Dvoinoy, Nedostupny, Dalny) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0450 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Dvoinoy, Nedostupny, Dalny)
|
0400 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Pelmen, Lagerny) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0400 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Pelmen, Lagerny)
|
0350 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Zasipannie) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0350 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Zasipannie)
|
0250 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Poteryanny, Yupiter) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0250 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Poteryanny, Yupiter)
|
0150 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Zapretny) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0150 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Zapretny)
|
0050 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Mt. 1004, Pra-Visokaya) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0050 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Mt. 1004, Pra-Visokaya)
|
0100 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Sosed, Malenky) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0100 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Sosed, Malenky)
|
0200 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Kust) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0200 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Kust)
|
0700 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Buraya) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0700 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Buraya)
|
0750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Tsepochka, Malishi) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0750 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Tsepochka, Malishi)
|
0800 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Serga, Starichky) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0800 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Serga, Starichky)
|
1650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Istochniky) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1650 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Istochniky)
|
1750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Mokhnataya) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1750 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Mokhnataya)
|
2050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 3
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Kruglenky) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Kruglenky)
|
4550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Plosky and Ostry Tolbachik calderas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4550 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1 at Plosky and Ostry Tolbachik calderas
|
5450 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank and NE flank | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5450 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank and NE flank
|
5600 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5600 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank
|
5650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Bubochka) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5650 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Bubochka)
|
6050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | SW flank (Lesnaya) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1 at SW flank (Lesnaya)
|
7600 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7600 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (calibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
|
There is data available for 2 deformation periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Start Date: 2000 Sep 02 | Stop Date: 2003 Aug 18 | Direction: Subsidence | Method: InSAR |
Magnitude: Unknown | Spatial Extent: Unknown | Latitude: Unknown | Longitude: Unknown |
Remarks: subsidence of lava flows from thermal contraction following fissure eruption of 1975-1976 |
Reference List: Pritchard and Simons 2004.
Full References:
Pritchard, M. E., and M. Simons, 2004. Surveying volcanic arcs with satellite interferometry: The central Andes, Kamchatka, and beyond. GSA Today, 14(8), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:SVAWSR>2.0.CO
Start Date: 1992 Jul 15 | Stop Date: 2000 Jun 17 | Direction: Subsidence | Method: InSAR |
Magnitude: Unknown | Spatial Extent: Unknown | Latitude: Unknown | Longitude: Unknown |
Remarks: subsidence of lava flows from thermal contraction following fissure eruption of 1975-1976 |
Reference List: Pritchard and Simons 2004.
Full References:
Pritchard, M. E., and M. Simons, 2004. Surveying volcanic arcs with satellite interferometry: The central Andes, Kamchatka, and beyond. GSA Today, 14(8), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:SVAWSR>2.0.CO
There is data available for 1 emission periods. Expand each entry for additional details.
Start Date: 2012 Nov 27 | Stop Date: 2012 Nov 27 | Method: Satellite (Aqua AIRS) |
SO2 Altitude Min: 10 km | SO2 Altitude Max: 10 km | Total SO2 Mass: 200 kt |
Data Details
Date Start | Date End | Assumed SO2 Altitude | SO2 Algorithm | SO2 Mass |
20121127 | 10.0 | 200.000 |
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.
The following 58 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.
Catalog Number | Sample Description | Lava Source | Collection Date |
---|---|---|---|
NMNH 116543-7 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116543-8 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-21 | Volcanic Bomb | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-22 | Plagioclase | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-23 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-24 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-25 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116556-26 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 116697 | Volcanic Bomb | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-1 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-10 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-11 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-12 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-13 | Scoria | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-14 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-15 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-16 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-17 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-18 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-19 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-2 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-20 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-21 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-22 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-23 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-24 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-25 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-26 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-27 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-28 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-29 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-3 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-30 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-31 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-32 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-33 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-34 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-35 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-36 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-37 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-38 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-39 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-4 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-40 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-41 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-42 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-43 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-44 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-45 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-46 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-47 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-5 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-6 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-7 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-8 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 117641-9 | Basalt | -- | -- |
NMNH 176164-00 | Kononovite | -- | -- |
NMNH 176165-00 | Zincomenite | -- | -- |
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Tolbachik. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Tolbachik. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Tolbachik | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |