Russia Volcanoes
Russia has 117 Holocene volcanoes. Note that as a scientific organization we provide these listings for informational purposes only, with no international legal or policy implications. Volcanoes will be included on this list if they are within the boundaries of a country, on a shared boundary or area, in a remote territory, or within a maritime Exclusive Economic Zone. Bolded volcanoes have erupted within the past 20 years. Suggestions and data updates are always welcome ().
Volcano Name | Location | Last Eruption | Primary Volcano Type |
---|---|---|---|
Akademia Nauk | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1996 CE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Alaid | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 2018 CE | Stratovolcano |
Alney-Chashakondzha | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 1600 CE | Stratovolcano |
Asacha | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Complex |
Avachinsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2001 CE | Stratovolcano |
Azas Plateau | Southeastern Russia | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Volcanic field |
Bakening | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 550 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Barkhatnaya Sopka | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 3550 BCE | Lava dome(s) |
Berutarubesan [Berutarube] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Bezymianny | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 2022 CE | Stratovolcano |
Bliznetsy | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 1060 BCE | Lava cone |
Bolshoi Semiachik | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 4450 BCE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Bolshoi-Kekuknaysky | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 5310 BCE | Shield(s) |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | Kunashir Island (Japan/Russia) | 1981 CE | Stratovolcano |
Cherpuk Group | Western Kamchatka (Russia) | 4550 BCE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Chikurachki | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 2022 CE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Chirinkotan | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 2021 CE | Stratovolcano |
Chirippusan [Chirip] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 1860 CE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Chirpoi | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 2016 CE | Caldera |
Diky Greben | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 350 CE | Lava dome(s) |
Dzenzursky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Compound |
Ebeko | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 2021 CE | Stratovolcano |
Ekarma | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 2010 CE | Stratovolcano |
Elbrus | Southwestern Russia | 50 CE | Stratovolcano |
Elovsky | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 7550 BCE | Shield(s) |
Etorofu-Atosanupuri [Atosanupuri] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 1932 CE | Stratovolcano |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 2013 CE | Complex(es) |
Fuss Peak | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 1854 CE | Stratovolcano |
Gamchen | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 550 BCE | Complex |
Gorely | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2010 CE | Caldera |
Gorny Institute | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 1250 CE | Stratovolcano |
Hitokappu Volcano Group [Bogatyr Ridge] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Ichinsky | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 1740 CE | Stratovolcano |
Iliinsky | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1901 CE | Stratovolcano |
Ivao Group | Urup Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Jom-Bolok | Southeastern Russia | 5180 BCE | Volcanic field |
Kambalny | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2017 CE | Stratovolcano |
Kamen | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Karpinsky Group | Paramushir Island (Russia) | 1952 CE | Cone(s) |
Karymsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2022 CE | Stratovolcano |
Ketoi | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 1960 CE | Stratovolcano |
Khangar | Western Kamchatka (Russia) | 1500 CE | Stratovolcano |
Kharimkotan | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 1933 CE | Stratovolcano |
Khodutka | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 300 BCE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Kikhpinych | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1550 CE | Stratovolcano(es) |
Kinenin | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 850 CE | Maar |
Kizimen | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2013 CE | Stratovolcano |
Klyuchevskoy | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 2021 CE | Stratovolcano |
Kolokol Group | Urup Island (Russia) | 1973 CE | Stratovolcano |
Komarov | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 950 CE | Stratovolcano |
Koryaksky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2009 CE | Stratovolcano |
Koshelev | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1690 CE | Stratovolcano |
Kostakan | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1350 CE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Krasheninnikov | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1550 CE | Caldera |
Kronotsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1923 CE | Stratovolcano |
Ksudach | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1907 CE | Stratovolcano |
Kurile Lake | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 6440 BCE | Caldera |
Maly Semyachik | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1952 CE | Caldera |
Milna | Simushir Island (Russia) | 1914 CE | Stratovolcano |
Moekeshiwan [Lvinaya Past] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 7480 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 1999 CE | Stratovolcano |
Mutnovsky | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2000 CE | Complex |
Nemo Peak | Onekotan Island (Russia) | 1938 CE | Caldera |
Nylgimelkin | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 3550 BCE | Shield(s) |
Odamoisan [Tebenkov] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Stratovolcano |
Olkoviy Volcanic Group | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Volcanic field |
Opala | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1776 CE | Caldera |
Ostry | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 2050 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Piip | East of Kamchatka (Russia) | 5050 BCE | Submarine |
Plosky | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Shield |
Prevo Peak | Simushir Island (Russia) | 1825 CE | Stratovolcano |
Raikoke | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 2019 CE | Stratovolcano |
Rakkibetsudake [Demon] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Rasshua | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 1957 CE | Stratovolcano |
Raususan [Mendeleev] | Kunashir Island (Japan/Russia) | 1880 CE | Stratovolcano |
Rudakov | Urup Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Stratovolcano |
Ruruidake [Smirnov] | Kunashir Island (Japan/Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Sarychev Peak | Matua Island (Russia) | 2021 CE | Stratovolcano |
Sashiusudake [Baransky] | Iturup (Etorofu) Island (Japan/Russia) | 1951 CE | Stratovolcano |
Sedanka Lava Field | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 7050 BCE | Volcanic field |
Severny | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 1550 BCE | Shield |
Sheveluch | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 2022 CE | Stratovolcano |
Shirinki | Paramushir Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Shisheika | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 2240 BCE | Lava dome |
Sinarka | Shiashkotan Island (Russia) | 1878 CE | Stratovolcano |
Spokoiny | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 3450 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Srednii | Northwest of Ushishur Island | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Submarine |
Tao-Rusyr Caldera | Onekotan Island (Russia) | 1952 CE | Stratovolcano |
Taunshits | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 550 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Terpuk | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 800 BCE | Shield |
Titila | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | 550 BCE | Shield(s) |
Tolbachik | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 2013 CE | Shield |
Tolmachev Dol | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 300 CE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Tomariyama [Golovnin] | Kunashir Island (Japan/Russia) | 1848 CE | Caldera |
Tri Sestry | Urup Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Stratovolcano |
Tunkin Depression | Southeastern Russia | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Volcanic field |
Udina | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano(es) |
Udokan Plateau | Southeastern Russia | 220 BCE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Unnamed | Northwest of Iturup (Etorofu) Island | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Submarine |
Unnamed | Kuril Islands | 1972 CE | Submarine |
Uratman | Simushir Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Ushishur | Kuril Islands (Russia) | 1884 CE | Caldera |
Ushkovsky | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | 1890 CE | Compound |
Uzon | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 200 CE | Caldera(s) |
Veer | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 390 CE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Vernadskii Ridge | Paramushir Island (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Vilyuchinsky | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 8050 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Visokiy | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano |
Vitim Volcanic Field | Southeastern Russia | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Voyampolsky | Westerm Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Uncertain | Shield(s) |
Vysoky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 550 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Yavinsky | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 4050 BCE | Stratovolcano |
Zavaritsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 800 BCE | Pyroclastic cone(s) |
Zavaritzki Caldera | Simushir Island (Russia) | 1957 CE | Caldera |
Zheltovsky | Southern Kamchatka (Russia) | 1923 CE | Stratovolcano |
Zhupanovsky | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | 2016 CE | Compound |
Zimina | Central Kamchatka (Russia) | Unknown - Evidence Credible | Stratovolcano(es) |
Chronological listing of known Holocene eruptions (confirmed or uncertain) from volcanoes in Russia. Bolded eruptions indicate continuing activity.
Volcano Name | Start Date | Stop Date | Certainty | VEI | Evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chikurachki | 2022 Jan 31 | 2022 Feb 2 (?) | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Chirinkotan | 2021 Aug 8 | 2021 Aug 26 | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Karymsky | 2020 Apr 1 | 2022 Mar 17 (continuing) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 2020 Feb 29 ± 1 days | 2021 Nov 26 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Raikoke | 2019 Jun 22 | 2019 Jul 1 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 2019 May 16 | 2019 Oct 7 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2019 Apr 9 | 2021 Mar 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 2019 Feb 16 | 2019 Sep 24 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ketoi | [2018 Sep 21] | [2018 Sep 21] | Uncertain | ||
Sarychev Peak | 2018 Sep 8 | 2018 Oct 15 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 2018 Aug 20 | 2018 Aug 21 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 2018 Apr 28 | 2018 Sep 30 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 2017 Oct 12 | 2017 Nov 13 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 2017 Jun 4 | 2018 Jan 27 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kambalny | 2017 Mar 24 | 2017 Apr 10 | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Chirinkotan | 2016 Nov 29 | 2017 Apr 7 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 2016 Nov 20 | 2016 Nov 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 2016 Oct 20 | 2021 Nov 9 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 2016 Oct 5 | 2016 Oct 8 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2016 Jul 27 | 2016 Aug 18 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2016 Mar 29 | 2016 Mar 31 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 2015 Sep 29 | 2016 Aug 11 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2015 Aug 28 | 2018 Jun 15 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2015 Feb 16 | 2015 Feb 18 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2015 Jan 1 | 2015 May 10 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sinarka | [2014 Dec 3] | [2014 Dec 3] | Uncertain | ||
Chirinkotan | 2014 Nov 21 | 2015 Aug 10 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 2014 Jun 6 | 2016 Mar 24 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 2013 Oct 23 | 2013 Oct 26 ± 1 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2013 Aug 15 | 2013 Dec 20 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ketoi | [2013 Jul 25] | [2013 Aug 12] | Uncertain | ||
Chirinkotan | 2013 Jun 11 | 2014 Jun 1 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 2013 Feb 16 | 2013 Apr 4 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 2012 Nov 27 | 2013 Sep 5 ± 10 days | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 2012 Nov 11 | 2016 Oct 18 (?) | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 2012 Oct 5 | 2012 Dec 12 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2012 Sep 1 (?) | 2013 Jan 28 ± 3 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 2012 Aug 16 | 2012 Aug 25 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | [2011 Nov 2] | [2011 Nov 2] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 2011 Mar 30 | 2011 Jul 3 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Kizimen | 2010 Nov 11 | 2013 Sep 13 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | [2010 Sep 20] | [2010 Sep 20] | Uncertain | ||
Ebeko | 2010 Jul 2 | 2010 Jul 9 ± 7 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ekarma | 2010 Jun 30 | 2010 Aug 10 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 2010 Jun 6 | 2010 Jun 22 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2010 May 21 (?) | 2022 Mar 17 (continuing) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2009 Dec 17 | 2010 Feb 16 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | [2009 Aug 26] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 2009 Aug 1 (?) | 2010 Dec 20 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 2009 Jun 11 | 2009 Jul 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 2009 Feb 11 | 2009 Jul 13 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Koryaksky | 2008 Dec 23 (?) | 2009 Aug 27 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2008 Oct 8 | 2009 Apr 16 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2008 Jul 29 | 2008 Aug 8 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2008 Jul 11 | 2008 Aug 23 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2007 Aug 19 | 2007 Nov 1 ± 7 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2007 May 10 (?) | 2007 Dec 24 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2007 Mar 4 | 2007 Apr 18 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2007 Feb 15 | 2007 Jul 15 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2006 Apr 16 (in or before) ± 15 days | 2006 Dec 29 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2005 Nov 29 (?) | 2005 Dec 1 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | [2005 Jul 2 ± 182 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Chikurachki | 2005 Mar 12 | 2005 Apr 7 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 2005 Jan 29 | 2005 Feb 16 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2005 Jan 20 (in or before) | 2005 Apr 7 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2004 Sep 15 | 2004 Sep 15 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | 2004 Jul 20 | 2004 Jul 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2004 Jan 14 | 2005 Feb 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2003 Jul 26 | 2003 Aug 1 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2003 Apr 17 | 2003 Jul 3 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2002 Dec 25 | 2002 Dec 28 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2002 Nov 24 | 2004 Apr 8 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2002 Apr 9 | 2002 Jun 9 (in or before) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 2002 Jan 25 | 2002 Apr 22 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2001 Dec 10 | 2002 Jan 6 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 2001 Nov 15 | 2016 Apr 1 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 2001 Oct 5 | 2001 Oct 5 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2001 Jul 23 (?) | 2001 Aug 10 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2000 Jul 28 | 2000 Sep 22 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2000 Jul 18 | 2000 Nov 4 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 2000 Jun 30 | 2000 Jun 30 | Confirmed | 1 | Hydrophonic |
Mutnovsky | 2000 Mar 17 | 2000 Mar 17 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 2000 Mar 14 | 2000 Mar 26 ± 1 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 2000 Feb 3 | 2000 Feb 8 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | 1999 Oct 7 | 1999 Oct 13 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1999 Aug 15 | 2022 Mar 17 (continuing) | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1999 Apr 3 | 1999 Apr 12 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1999 Feb 25 | 1999 Feb 25 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1999 Feb 5 | 1999 Jul 12 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1998 Jul 23 | 1998 Sep 2 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1998 Jun 20 (?) | 1998 Jun 22 (?) | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1998 May 30 | 1998 Sep 3 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1997 Dec 5 | 1997 Dec 6 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1997 Sep 7 | 1997 Sep 26 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | [1997 Aug 23] | [1997 Aug 23] | Uncertain | ||
Bezymianny | 1997 May 8 | 1997 May 16 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1997 Mar 8 | 1997 Apr 4 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1996 Dec 3 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1996 Nov 14 | 1997 Mar 20 ± 12 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1996 Jul 23 (?) | 1996 Sep 1 | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Akademia Nauk | 1996 Jan 2 | 1996 Jan 3 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1996 Jan 2 | 2000 Dec 20 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1995 Sep 16 (in or before) ± 15 days | 1995 Oct 8 (?) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1994 Sep 8 | 1995 Jan 14 (in or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1994 Jul 7 | 1994 Oct 5 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1993 Oct 21 | 1994 Feb 4 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1992 Sep 12 | 1993 Sep 12 ± 1 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1992 Mar 12 | 1992 Jun 12 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1992 Jan 25 | 1992 May 25 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1991 Apr 8 | 1991 Jun 24 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1991 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1991 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1991 Jan 13 | 1991 Jan 30 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1990 Jan 29 | 1991 Nov 29 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1990 Jan 10 | 1995 Feb 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1989 Aug 1 | 1989 Aug 4 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 1989 May 3 | 1989 Aug 5 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1989 Apr 7 | 1989 Jun 26 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1989 Feb 2 | 1990 Apr 15 ± 5 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1989 Jan 13 | 1989 Jan 14 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1988 Dec 7 | 1988 Dec 7 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1987 Oct 14 | 1988 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1986 Dec 5 ± 4 days | 1988 Jul 26 ± 5 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1986 Nov 27 | 1990 Sep 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1986 Nov 18 | 1986 Dec 7 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | 1986 Oct 11 | 1986 Oct 12 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1986 Sep 1 (?) ± 15 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1986 Jun 8 | 1986 Jul 11 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1986 May 25 | 1986 May 28 ± 3 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1986 Mar 28 | 1988 Feb 28 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1986 Mar 26 ± 5 days | 1986 Jun 29 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1985 Aug 16 | 1986 Jan 21 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1985 Jun 12 | 1985 Dec 14 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1985 May 26 | 1985 Oct 25 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1984 Aug 4 | 1986 Sep 21 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1984 Mar 17 | 1984 Sep 6 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1984 Mar 10 | 1985 Jan 28 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1984 Feb 5 | 1984 Dec 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1982 Nov 22 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1982 Oct 7 | 1983 Jun 27 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1982 Mar 29 | 1982 Mar 29 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1982 Mar 24 | 1982 May 2 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | [1982 Feb 10] | [1982 Feb 14] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | [1981 Dec 21] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Alaid | 1981 Nov 25 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1981 Jun 12 | 1983 May 22 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | 1981 Jun 10 | 1981 Jun 25 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1981 Apr 27 | 1981 Jun 5 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1981 Jan 25 | 1981 Aug 4 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1980 Aug 23 | 1981 Dec 1 ± 30 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1980 Aug 21 | 1980 Aug 27 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1980 Jun 15 ± 5 days | 1981 Jul 3 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Ekarma | 1980 May 24 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1980 Apr 18 | 1980 Apr 19 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1979 Sep 18 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | 1979 Apr 16 ± 15 days | 1980 Oct 10 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1979 Feb 11 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1978 Sep 8 ± 30 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | 1978 Jul 20 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1977 Aug 2 | 1980 Mar 12 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1977 Mar 25 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1976 Sep 23 | 1976 Oct 2 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1976 Mar 25 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1975 Jun 28 | 1976 Dec 10 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1974 Apr 8 | 1974 Dec 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | [1973 Oct 16 ± 15 days] | [1974 Dec 16 ± 15 days] | Uncertain | ||
Chikurachki | 1973 Aug 10 | 1973 Sep 28 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1973 Jul 25 | 1973 Jul 26 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | 1973 Jul 14 | 1973 Jul 28 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | [1973 Jul 2 ± 182 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 1973 May 16 | 1973 May 17 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 1973 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1973 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1972 Jun 18 | 1972 Sep 11 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Unnamed | 1972 Apr 29 | 1972 Apr 30 | Confirmed | 0 | Hydrophonic |
Zheltovsky | [1972 Mar 16 ± 15 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 1971 Nov 16 ± 15 days | 1973 Dec 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | [1971 Jul 2 ± 182 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 1971 Jun 16 ± 15 days | 1971 Jul 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1971 Mar 16 ± 15 days | 1974 Dec 16 (in or after) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1970 Sep 16 ± 15 days | 1970 Dec 1 ± 30 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 1970 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1970 May 26 | 1970 Dec 27 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1970 May 11 | 1982 Oct 11 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1970 Feb 16 ± 15 days | 1970 Mar 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1970 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1970 Apr 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1969 Sep 16 ± 15 days | 1969 Dec 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1969 Feb 16 ± 15 days | 1969 Feb 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1968 Jul 3 | 1968 Jul 3 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1968 Jul 2 ± 182 days | 1969 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Yakeyama [Grozny Group] | 1968 Feb 16 ± 15 days | 1968 Feb 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1967 Nov 16 ± 15 days | 1967 Nov 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1967 Oct 16 ± 15 days | 1967 Nov 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1967 Sep 6 | 1967 Sep 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1967 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Unnamed | [1967 Apr 26] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tolbachik | 1967 Mar 16 ± 15 days | 1967 May 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1967 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1967 Apr 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1966 Apr 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1965 Dec 9 | 1965 Dec 9 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1965 Aug 16 (?) ± 15 days | 1965 Aug 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1965 Aug 16 ± 15 days | 1966 Dec 26 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1965 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1965 May 15 ± 5 days | 1967 Feb 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1965 Mar 9 | 1970 Mar 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1964 Dec 25 | 1964 Dec 26 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1964 Nov 12 | 1964 Nov 12 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1964 Jun 25 | 1964 Sep 20 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1964 Mar 16 ± 15 days | 1964 Apr 24 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1964 Feb 1 | 1964 Feb 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1963 Nov 13 | 1964 Dec 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1963 May 16 ± 15 days | 1963 Sep 16 (?) ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1963 Mar 8 | 1964 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1962 Oct 21 | 1962 Nov 6 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1962 Aug 16 ± 15 days | 1963 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1961 Oct 18 | 1961 Dec 15 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1961 May 21 | 1961 Jun 6 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1961 May 2 | 1961 Aug 10 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1961 Mar 25 | 1961 Mar 26 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1961 Mar 24 | 1962 Feb 16 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1961 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1960 Dec 16 ± 15 days | 1961 Jan 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1960 Dec 16 ± 15 days | 1963 Mar 22 (in or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1960 Oct 20 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ketoi | 1960 Sep 27 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1960 Aug 30 | 1960 Aug 30 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1960 Apr 16 ± 15 days | 1964 Dec 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1960 Apr 13 | 1960 Apr 14 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1959 Oct 15 | 1959 Nov 4 (?) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1959 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1959 Jul 2 ± 182 days | 1960 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1959 Jan 3 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1958 Dec 28 | 1959 Mar 30 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1958 Jul 13 (in or before) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | 1958 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1958 May 26 | 1958 May 27 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1958 May 21 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1958 May 18 | 1958 Aug 18 (in or after) | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1958 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1958 Feb 14 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Zavaritzki Caldera | 1957 Nov 12 | 1957 Dec 1 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Rasshua | 1957 Oct 16 ± 15 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1957 Jul 31 | 1957 Jul 31 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1957 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1957 May 16 ± 15 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1956 Dec 27 | 1957 Jun 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Koryaksky | 1956 Dec 16 ± 15 days | 1957 Jun 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1956 Sep 28 | 1957 Nov 28 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1956 Mar 16 ± 15 days | 1957 Feb 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1956 Jan 16 ± 15 days | 1956 Aug 2 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Bezymianny | 1955 Oct 22 | 1957 Mar 1 | Confirmed | 5 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1955 Oct 6 | 1955 Dec 8 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1955 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | 1955 Jul 2 (?) ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1955 Jan 7 | 1955 Feb 9 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1954 Aug 16 ± 15 days | 1954 Oct 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1954 May 28 | 1954 Sep 16 ± 15 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1954 Feb 21 | 1954 Jun 13 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1953 Jul 2 ± 182 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1953 Jun 7 | 1953 Jun 25 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Maly Semyachik | 1952 Dec 5 ± 4 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1952 Nov 16 ± 15 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tao-Rusyr Caldera | 1952 Nov 12 | 1952 Nov 19 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karpinsky Group | 1952 Nov 5 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1952 Jan 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1951 Nov 19 | 1951 Nov 30 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sashiusudake [Baransky] | 1951 Jul 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1949 May | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1948 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1947 Dec | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1947 Apr | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1947 Jan | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1946 Nov 9 | 1946 Nov 19 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1946 Oct 23 | 1946 Nov 22 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1946 Sep | 1946 Oct | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1946 Apr 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1946 Apr | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | [1946] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Karymsky | 1945 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Maly Semyachik | 1945 Sep (?) | 1946 Apr 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1945 Jun 23 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1945 Jun 19 | 1945 Jul 7 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1945 Feb 25 | 1945 Feb 25 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1944 Dec 9 | 1945 Jan 20 (in or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1944 Nov 5 | 1950 Apr 6 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | [1944] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Karymsky | 1943 Feb 1 ± 30 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1940 Nov | 1941 Jul 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1940 Feb | 1940 Apr | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1940 Jan | 1940 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1940 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1940 ± 6 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Tolbachik | 1939 Sep 25 | 1939 Sep 27 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1939 May | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1938 Nov | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1938 Oct | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Nemo Peak | 1938 Aug 12 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1938 Mar 6 | 1938 Dec 1 (in or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1937 Apr 3 | 1939 Mar | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1936 Aug 13 (in or before) | 1937 Mar 2 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1935 Apr 21 | 1936 Nov 4 (in or after) | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1934 Nov | 1935 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1934 Oct 4 | 1935 Oct 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1933 Nov 13 | 1934 Aug | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1933 Sep | 1933 Oct | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | [1933 Apr 15 ± 45 days] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Kharimkotan | 1933 Jan 8 | 1933 Apr 14 (in or after) | Confirmed | 5 | Historical Observations |
Fuss Peak | [1933] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Karymsky | 1932 Jun | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1932 Jan 25 | 1932 Dec 26 ± 5 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Nemo Peak | [1932 (?)] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Gorely | [1932] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Etorofu-Atosanupuri [Atosanupuri] | 1932 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | [1932 (?)] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Kharimkotan | 1931 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1931 Aug | 1931 Sep | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1931 May | 1931 Jul 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1931 Mar 25 | 1931 Mar 27 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1931 Mar 4 | 1932 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1930 Sep | 1931 Jan 17 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1930 Feb 13 | 1930 Feb 13 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1930 Feb 1 ± 30 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1929 Sep 1 | 1930 Apr | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1929 Jun | 1929 Sep | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1929 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1929 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1929 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1928 Feb 14 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1928 Jan 27 | 1929 Apr 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1928 Jan 25 | 1928 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kizimen | 1927 Dec | 1928 Jan | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1927 Jan | 1927 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1927 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Koryaksky | 1926 Dec 22 | 1926 Dec 22 | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1926 Mar 27 | 1927 Mar 14 (?) | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1926 Mar 23 | 1926 Apr 7 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1925 Jul | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1925 Apr 4 | 1925 Oct 10 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1925 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1924 Mar 13 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1924 Feb 15 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Raikoke | 1924 Feb 14 (?) | 1924 Feb 15 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Ketoi | 1924 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1923 Aug | 1923 Sep | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zheltovsky | 1923 Feb 11 | 1923 Apr | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1923 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kronotsky | 1923 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1923 Jan 17 | 1923 Jan 22 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zavaritzki Caldera | 1923 ± 8 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Kronotsky | 1922 Nov | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1922 May | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1921 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1917 Jul 5 ± 4 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1916 Dec | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1916 Jul 15 ± 5 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1915 Jan | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1915 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | 1914 Jun 4 | 1914 Jun 4 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1913 Jan | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1912 Jan | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1911 Nov | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1911 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1910 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | [1910] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Avachinsky | 1909 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1909 Jun | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1908 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1907 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ksudach | 1907 Mar 28 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Historical Observations |
Nemo Peak | 1906 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1905 | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Mutnovsky | 1904 Apr 2 | 1904 Jun 26 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1904 Jan 31 ± 30 days | 1904 Jun 14 (in or after) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1904 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1901 Jul 7 | 1901 Jul 13 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Iliinsky | 1901 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Raususan [Mendeleev] | [1900] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Chirinkotan | 1900 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Mutnovsky | 1898 Apr | 1898 Jul 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1898 Feb 20 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1897 | 1898 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1896 Dec | 1897 Nov | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1894 Oct | 1895 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1894 Jul 25 | 1894 Jul 26 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1894 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1890 Apr | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ushkovsky | 1890 Apr | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Koryaksky | 1890 ± 3 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ushishur | 1884 Jul | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | 1884 ± 6 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1883 Jul | 1883 Aug | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | 1883 May | 1883 Jun | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | 1883 Apr 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Kharimkotan | 1883 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1882 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1882 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | 1881 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1881 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Srednii | [1880 Jul 12 (?)] | [1880 Jul 12 (?)] | Uncertain | ||
Raususan [Mendeleev] | 1880 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1879 May | 1879 Jun | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1879 Jan 15 ± 45 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1879 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1879 | 1883 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1878 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1878 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1877 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sinarka | 1872 | 1878 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1869 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1865 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1860 Jul 7 | 1860 Jul 9 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chirippusan [Chirip] | 1860 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1859 Sep 27 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1857 Jul | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1855 May 28 | 1855 Sep 4 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | [1855 Apr] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Sinarka | 1855 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1854 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1854 Aug 13 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Fuss Peak | 1854 Jul 5 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Alaid | 1854 Jun 27 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1854 Jun 24 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1854 Feb 18 | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Historical Observations |
Opala | [1854] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Avachinsky | 1853 Dec 21 | 1854 Mar 14 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1853 Dec 18 | 1854 Mar | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1853 Dec | 1859 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1853 Oct | 1854 Feb 17 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1853 Jan | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1852 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Maly Semyachik | 1852 Apr 15 ± 45 days | 1852 Jul | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1852 Mar | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1852 Feb | 1852 Mar | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1852 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1851 Nov 26 | 1852 Feb 14 ± 4 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Maly Semyachik | 1851 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | 1849 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tomariyama [Golovnin] | 1848 | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Mutnovsky | 1848 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kharimkotan | 1848 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1848 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Rasshua | 1846 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kharimkotan | 1846 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sinarka | 1846 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1845 | 1846 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ketoi | 1843 Jul | 1846 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirippusan [Chirip] | 1843 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Milna | 1842 Jun | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1840 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | [1837] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Ebeko | 1833 Dec 31 ± 365 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1832 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1830 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1829 Sep 9 | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Gorely | 1828 Jun | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1828 Apr 17 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1827 Jun 27 | 1827 Jun 29 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Opala | [1827] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Prevo Peak | 1825 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zheltovsky | [1823 ± 5 years] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Gorely | [1821] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 1819 | 1822 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1813 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Etorofu-Atosanupuri [Atosanupuri] | 1812 Sep 5 ± 4 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1812 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chachadake [Tiatia] | 1812 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Berutarubesan [Berutarube] | [1812] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Chirpoi | 1811 Jun 11 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1807 Feb 1 ± 30 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1805 | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Maly Semyachik | 1804 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | [1800 ± 10 years] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tolbachik | 1793 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1793 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1791 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1791 Apr | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1790 ± 20 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Alaid | 1790 | 1793 | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1790 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1789 Dec 1 | 1790 Feb | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1789 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | [1789] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 1788 Aug | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1788 Feb | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1788 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1787 Sep | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1785 Nov | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kolokol Group | 1780 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1779 Jun 15 | 1779 Jun 16 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | 1778 Dec 31 ± 365 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Raikoke | 1778 | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Opala | 1776 Oct 23 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Zhupanovsky | 1776 Oct | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1772 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1772 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1771 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1770 May | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1769 Feb 15 ± 45 days | 1769 Oct 15 ± 45 days | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ushishur | 1769 (after) | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Klyuchevskoy | 1767 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ekarma | 1767 | 1769 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Raikoke | 1765 ± 5 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sarychev Peak | 1765 ± 5 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Prevo Peak | 1765 ± 5 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1762 | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Chirinkotan | [1760 (?)] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Gorely | 1750 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 1750 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 1750 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Fuss Peak | [1742] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Koshelev | [1741] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Tolbachik | 1740 Dec | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1740 | Unknown | Confirmed | Historical Observations | |
Ichinsky | 1740 | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Historical Observations |
Tolbachik | 1739 Feb 1 ± 30 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1739 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1737 Sep 25 (?) | 1737 Nov 4 (?) | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Avachinsky | 1737 Aug | 1737 Aug | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Karymsky | 1730 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Klyuchevskoy | 1727 | 1731 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sinarka | 1725 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Klyuchevskoy | 1720 | 1721 | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Kharimkotan | 1713 | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chirpoi | 1712 Dec 31 ± 365 days | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Historical Observations |
Ushishur | 1710 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Historical Observations |
Nemo Peak | 1710 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Sheveluch | 1700 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | [1699 ± 1 years] | [Unknown] | Uncertain | ||
Klyuchevskoy | 1697 | 1698 | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Chikurachki | 1690 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Koshelev | 1690 ± 10 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1670 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 1652 ± 11 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Ebeko | 1650 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 1650 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Historical Observations |
Ebeko | 1600 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Alney-Chashakondzha | 1600 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sashiusudake [Baransky] | 1570 ± 30 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Karymsky | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Krasheninnikov | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kikhpinych | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 1550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Khangar | 1500 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sashiusudake [Baransky] | 1460 ± 30 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Karymsky | 1450 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 1430 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 1400 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 1400 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Kikhpinych | 1350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Krasheninnikov | 1350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Kostakan | 1350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Tephrochronology |
Kambalny | 1350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Nemo Peak | 1350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 1330 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 1300 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 1300 ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Tomariyama [Golovnin] | 1290 ± 20 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorny Institute | 1250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Fuss Peak | 1250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Kostakan | 1200 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 1200 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Karymsky | 1150 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 1150 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 1100 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 1050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Karymsky | 1050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 1034 ± 23 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 1030 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 1020 (?) ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorny Institute | 1000 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Tolbachik | 1000 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Khangar | 1000 ± 16 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Ksudach | 1000 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Zhupanovsky | 1000 ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kostakan | 1000 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 0970 (?) ± 80 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Karymsky | 0950 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Komarov | 0950 (after) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 0950 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 0950 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Bezymianny | 0950 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 0900 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Kikhpinych | 0900 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Avachinsky | 0900 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kizimen | 0850 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 0850 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Bezymianny | 0850 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kinenin | 0850 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Kikhpinych | 0830 ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kostakan | 0800 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 0800 ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0750 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 0750 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 0750 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Nemo Peak | 0750 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Ksudach | 0700 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kizimen | 0700 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 0700 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0700 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Bezymianny | 0700 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 0650 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Kikhpinych | 0650 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0650 ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 0630 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Opala | 0610 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 0600 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Bezymianny | 0600 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0580 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Kikhpinych | 0550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 0550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 0550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 0550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Klyuchevskoy | 0550 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0530 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 0500 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Tolbachik | 0450 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Komarov | 0450 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Tolbachik | 0400 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 0400 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Veer | 0390 ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 0380 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Kizimen | 0350 ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Ksudach | 0350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Diky Greben | 0350 ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 0350 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolmachev Dol | 0300 ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Bezymianny | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0250 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 0240 ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 0230 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 0200 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Uzon | 0200 ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0170 ± 20 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Bezymianny | 0150 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 0150 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0120 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 0100 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 0100 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Ichinsky | 0050 ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Tolbachik | 0050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Bezymianny | 0050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 0050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 0050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Iliinsky | 0050 (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Elbrus | 0050 ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0010 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Moyorodake [Medvezhia] | 0050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Zhupanovsky | 0050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kronotsky | 0050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 0100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Mutnovsky | 0100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 0150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 0150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 0200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 0200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 0200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Udokan Plateau | 0220 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Zhupanovsky | 0220 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 0250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0300 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Khodutka | 0300 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Khangar | 0350 BCE ± 30 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gorely | 0350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 0350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Ebeko | 0390 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 0450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Bezymianny | 0450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 0500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Titila | 0550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Nemo Peak | 0550 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gamchen | 0550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Vysoky | 0550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Taunshits | 0550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 0550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Bakening | 0550 BCE | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 0600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Alney-Chashakondzha | 0650 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Sheveluch | 0650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Maly Semyachik | 0650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 0650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Alney-Chashakondzha | 0660 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Tolbachik | 0700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 0700 BCE ± 850 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 0750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 0780 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Terpuk | 0800 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Tolbachik | 0800 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Zavaritsky | 0800 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Zavaritsky | 0850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Karymsky | 0850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Krasheninnikov | 0850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 0850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Khodutka | 0930 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Akademia Nauk | 0950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 0950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Krasheninnikov | 1000 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 1010 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Kizimen | 1010 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Klyuchevskoy | 1050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Krasheninnikov | 1050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Khodutka | 1050 BCE (in or before) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Bliznetsy | 1060 BCE ± 40 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Karymsky | 1100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 1150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Ichinsky | 1200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 1330 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Bezymianny | 1350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Krasheninnikov | 1350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 1350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Koshelev | 1350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Karymsky | 1400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 1500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 1500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Chikurachki | 1500 BCE ± 250 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Severny | 1550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Bezymianny | 1550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Opala | 1550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Koryaksky | 1550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Bakening | 1550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Uzon | 1550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Fuss Peak | 1590 BCE ± 70 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 1650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 1650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Krasheninnikov | 1650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gamchen | 1650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 1700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 1700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 1750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Chikurachki | 1750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Maly Semyachik | 1800 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Nemo Peak | 1850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Fuss Peak | 1850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 1950 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Koryaksky | 1950 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Chikurachki | 1950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 2000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 2000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Ostry | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Tolbachik | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Iliinsky | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Karymsky | 2050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 2100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 2100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 2150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 2150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 2200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 2200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Shisheika | 2240 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Gorely | 2250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Diky Greben | 2250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Karymsky | 2250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Maly Semyachik | 2250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 2250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Raususan [Mendeleev] | 2270 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Avachinsky | 2300 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Karymsky | 2350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Maly Semyachik | 2450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gorely | 2450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 2490 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 2500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 2530 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 2530 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 2620 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 2650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolmachev Dol | 2650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Udokan Plateau | 2670 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Khangar | 2700 BCE ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Bezymianny | 2750 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 2750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 2750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Kikhpinych | 2780 BCE ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Ichinsky | 2850 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Kikhpinych | 2850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Iliinsky | 2850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Sheveluch | 2900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 2900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 2900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 2950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Krasheninnikov | 2950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Ksudach | 3000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 3050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Zheltovsky | 3050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Diky Greben | 3050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Nemo Peak | 3050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Zhupanovsky | 3050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Fuss Peak | 3150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 3200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Karymsky | 3200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 3200 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Krasheninnikov | 3250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Avachinsky | 3400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Spokoiny | 3450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Karymsky | 3450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gorely | 3450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 3500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 3500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Opala | 3500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Maly Semyachik | 3500 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 3550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Barkhatnaya Sopka | 3550 BCE (after) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 3550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Nylgimelkin | 3550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Gorely | 3580 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Sheveluch | 3650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 3650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 3700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 3790 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Akademia Nauk | 3850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Fuss Peak | 3850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 3900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Klyuchevskoy | 3950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Gorely | 3950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 4050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Yavinsky | 4050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Koshelev | 4050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 4050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kizimen | 4050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 4100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 4150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Karymsky | 4150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Avachinsky | 4200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 4250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 4250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Gorny Institute | 4250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Gorely | 4300 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 4340 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 4350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 4350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 4400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Avachinsky | 4400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kizimen | 4450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 4450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Bolshoi Semiachik | 4450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gorely | 4450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 4460 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Maly Semyachik | 4500 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Gorely | 4500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 4530 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Tolbachik | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Cherpuk Group | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Tomariyama [Golovnin] | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Ksudach | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Iliinsky | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Koshelev | 4550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Avachinsky | 4550 BCE ± 200 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 4600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 4650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 4650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Maly Semyachik | 4650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 4700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 4700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 4750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 4750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Krasheninnikov | 4850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Fuss Peak | 4850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 1 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 4900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 4900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 4950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 5000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Mutnovsky | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Koryaksky | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Zhupanovsky | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Piip | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Bezymianny | 5050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 5150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Jom-Bolok | 5180 BCE ± 140 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Ksudach | 5200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 5250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 5250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Fuss Peak | 5250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 5300 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Bolshoi-Kekuknaysky | 5310 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Fuss Peak | 5340 BCE ± 30 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Mutnovsky | 5350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 5400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 5400 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Mutnovsky | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Avachinsky | 5450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Khangar | 5500 BCE ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 5500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 5500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Akademia Nauk | 5500 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 5500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Nemo Peak | 5550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tao-Rusyr Caldera | 5550 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Tolbachik | 5600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Ksudach | 5600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Avachinsky | 5600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Tolbachik | 5650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Ichinsky | 5650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 5650 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Khangar | 5700 BCE ± 16 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Iliinsky | 5700 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Diky Greben | 5700 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Avachinsky | 5700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Uzon | 5700 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Uzon | 5750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Maly Semyachik | 5750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Taunshits | 5800 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 5800 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Kizimen | 5800 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Mutnovsky | 5800 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 5850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Maly Semyachik | 5850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 5900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 5950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 5980 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Udokan Plateau | 5990 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 6000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 6000 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Mutnovsky | 6000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 6050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Zheltovsky | 6050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Gorely | 6050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Avachinsky | 6100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Sheveluch | 6100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ichinsky | 6150 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Maly Semyachik | 6150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 6200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Udokan Plateau | 6210 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Krasheninnikov | 6250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Bakening | 6300 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Chikurachki | 6310 BCE ± 70 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 6350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 6350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 6380 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 6400 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Khangar | 6400 BCE ± 75 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Kizimen | 6400 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Kurile Lake | 6440 BCE ± 25 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 7 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 6500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 6550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Kostakan | 6550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Bakening | 6550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Karymsky | 6600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 6600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Ushkovsky | 6670 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 6800 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Bolshoi Semiachik | 6800 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Ichinsky | 6950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Maly Semyachik | 6950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 7000 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sedanka Lava Field | 7050 BCE ± 1000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Bezymianny | 7050 BCE ± 2000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Nemo Peak | 7050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Zheltovsky | 7050 BCE ± 1000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Khangar | 7100 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 7150 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Gorely | 7250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 7250 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Udokan Plateau | 7290 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Sheveluch | 7300 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7400 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Gorely | 7400 BCE ± 150 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 0 | Tephrochronology |
Ushishur | 7450 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Moekeshiwan [Lvinaya Past] | 7480 BCE ± 50 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 6 | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) |
Sheveluch | 7500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Elovsky | 7550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Ushkovsky | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Mutnovsky | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Nemo Peak | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Kurile Lake | 7550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Maly Semyachik | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Bakening | 7550 BCE ± 500 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Chikurachki | 7550 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Tolbachik | 7600 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 7630 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7700 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7750 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 7850 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Ksudach | 7900 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Sheveluch | 7950 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Kizimen | 8050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 5 | Tephrochronology |
Krasheninnikov | 8050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (uncorrected) | |
Kostakan | 8050 BCE ± 1000 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Vilyuchinsky | 8050 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 8100 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 8200 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Khangar | 8250 BCE ± 100 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Radiocarbon (corrected) | |
Sheveluch | 8350 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 8450 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Sheveluch | 8500 BCE (?) | Unknown | Confirmed | 3 | Tephrochronology |
Chikurachki | 8500 BCE ± 950 years | Unknown | Confirmed | Tephrochronology | |
Chikurachki | 9360 BCE ± 80 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 2 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
Khangar | 9500 BCE ± 300 years | Unknown | Confirmed | 4 | Radiocarbon (corrected) |
There are 315 photos available for volcanoes in Russia.

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo from Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes (http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Dan Miller (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1994 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by A. Samoluk, 1989 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by A. Tsvetkov.

Copyrighted photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 1992 (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1980 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Inst. Volcanic Geology & Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team, 1984 (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Adam Kirilenko, 2002.

Photo by Oleg Dirksen, 1996 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo courtesy of Alexandr Rybin (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-6313, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1972 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS004-E-11691, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk, 2007 (KVERT).

Photo by A. Samoluk, 1989 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1979 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by I.T. Kirsanov, 1974 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Phil Kyle, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1993 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, IUGG, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by G.S. Gorshkov, 1956 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk, published in Green and Short, 1971).

NASA International Space Station image ISS014-E-17165, 2007 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Andrei Tvsestov.

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-19216, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

NASA International Space Station image ISS020-E-9048, 2009 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1991 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by I. V. Yerov, 1956 (courtesy of G.S. Gorshkov, published in Green and Short, 1971).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by T. Vendelin (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Copyrighted photo by Vera Ponomareva (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Phil Austin, University of Southern Florida, 1992 (courtesy of Pavel Kepezhinskas).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo courtesy of Anatoli Khrenov, 1989 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1989 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Andrei Tsvetkov.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Pavel Kepezhinskas (University of Southern Florida).

Photo by A. Samoluk, 1990 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 1999 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2017 (https://www.planet.com/).

Copyrighted photo by Gennady Novikov, 2003 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Pavel Kepezhinskas, 1993 (University of Southern Florida).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by N. Smelov, 1974 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1998 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Leonid Kotenko, 2009 (Institute of Volcanology and Seismology).

Photo by V.A. Podtabachny (courtesy of Anatolii Khrenov, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Philippe Bourseiller (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2008 (SVERT).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 1995 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Copyrighted photo by Adam Kirilenko, 2003.

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-6512, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS006-E-52695, 2003 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1976 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Sergei Arzhannikov, 1997 (Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Phil Austin, University of Southern Florida, 1992 (courtesy of Pavel Kepezhinskas).

Copyrighted photo by Vera Ponomareva (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo courtesy of Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1976 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1977 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Jim Luhr, 1991 (Smithsonian Institution).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 2000 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1991 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Vera Ponomareva (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1985 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1976 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1971 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Phil Austin, University of Southern Florida, 1992 (courtesy of Pavel Kepezhinskas).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1985 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1987 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Copyrighted photo by Nikolai Smelov (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1982 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1987 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Dan Miller (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by E.Y. Zhdanova (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1994 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Philip Kyle, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, IVGG, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Image courtesy of Earth Sciences and Image Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov).

Photo by T. Vendelin, 1990 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS004-E-611695, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Copyrighted photo by Vikto Dvigalo (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team, 1986 (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Sergei Rasskazov, 1995 (Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences).

Photo by R. Bulgakov, 1990 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Photo by V.N. Nechaev, 1993 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by A.M. Chirkov, 1972 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1997 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1976 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-6518, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Inst. Volcanic Geology & Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by V.N. Nechaev (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Nikolay Seliverstov, 2001 (IV FED RAS; courtesy of Olga Girina, KVERT).

Photo by A. Ozerov, 1983 (courtesy of Yuri Doubik, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Andrei Tsvetkov.

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1975 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo courtesy of Maria Pevzner (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo courtesy of G.S. Gorshkov, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk (published in Green and Short, 1971).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1986 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by A. Obsyannikov, 1991 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS004-E-11700, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Copyrighted photo by Leopold Sulerzhitsky (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1991 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by T. Vendelin (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg (Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1972 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Adam Kirilenko, 2002.

Photo by Andrei Tsvetkov.

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1972 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team, 1980 (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Pavel Kepezhinskas (University of Southern Florida).

Satellite image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel Data, 2019.

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Phillip Kyle, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-6511, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo from Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes (http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo courtesy of Anatolii Khrenov, 1988 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Phil Austin, University of Southern Florida, 1992 (courtesy of Pavel Kepezhinskas).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1976 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Sergei Arzhannikov, 1997 (Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences).

Photo by A.Y. Antonov (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Adam Kirilenko, 2003.

NASA International Space Station image ISS005-E-6514, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Photo by Phil Kyle, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, IUGG, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Inst. Volcanic Geology & Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Maxim Portnyagin (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Dan Miller (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1996 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by A. Samoluk, 1990 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 2000 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Phil Austin, University of Southern Florida, 1992 (courtesy of Pavel Kepezhinskas).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2004 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1988 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by A. Korablev, 1993 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Photo by Andrei Tsvetkov, 1977.

Copyrighted photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 1999 (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Dirksen, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo courtesy of Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team, 1989.

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1977 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Anatolii Khrenov, 1975 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2017 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by A. Samoluk, 1990 (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Photo by E.Y. Zhdanova (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo courtesy of Anatoli Khrenov, 1981 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Phil Kyle, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, IUGG, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1975 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by T. Vendelin, 1990, (courtesy of Genrich Steinberg, Institute for Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk).

Coyrighted photo by Oleg Dirksen (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1974 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by V.N. Nechaev, 1991 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by B.V. Ivanov, 1990 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Belousov, 1987 (Institute of Volcanology, Kamchatka, Russia).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Inst. Volcanic Geology & Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Copyrighted photo by Philip Kyle (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Oleg Dirksen, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1983 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Sergei Konyaev (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1980 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

NASA Space Shuttle image STS112-E-5671, 2002 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).

Copyrighted photo by Maxim Portnyagin (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by B.V. Ivanov, 1990 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1985 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2017 (https://www.planet.com/).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1972 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Andrey Neroda (Pacific Oceanographic Institute FEB RAS), 2010.

Photo by Oleg Volynets, 1971 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2004 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

From the collection of Maurice and Katia Krafft.

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2017 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Oleg Volynets (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by E.Y. Zhdanova (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1975 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Copyrighted photo by Adam Kirilenko, 2000 (Holocene Kamchatka Volcanoes, www.kamchatka.ginras.ru).

Copyrighted photo by Oleg Dirksen (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by R. Bulgakov, 1990 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Photo by Sergei Rasskazov, 1995 (Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Sciences).

Photo by A.M. Chirkov, 1972 (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Nikolai Smelov, 1996 (courtesy of Vera Ponomareva, Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk, 2007 (KVERT).

Photo by Yu. Demyanchuk, 2007 (KVERT).

Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).

Photo by Vera Ponomareva, 1975 (Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry, Petropavlovsk).

Copyrighted photo by Philippe Bourseiller (Holocene Kamchataka volcanoes; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm).

Photo by Kamchatka Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (courtesy of Dan Miller, U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Yuri Doubik, 1983 (Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka, 2000 (Hokkaido University).

Photo by Alexander Rybin, 2001 (Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalin).

Copyrighted photo by Maria Pevzner, 2005 (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow).

Photo by Dan Miller, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).

Photo by Sakharnii (courtesy of Oleg Volynets, Institute of Volcanology, Petropavlovsk).
This is a compilation of Russia volcano information sources, such as official monitoring or other government agencies.
Volcanic Ash Advisory Center | |
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Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) | |
- Tokyo VAAC Notices and Archive |