No seismicity triggered by M 7.5 earthquake hundreds of kilometers away
Southern California's largest earthquake since 1952, M 7.5 on 28 June, appeared to trigger seismicity at several volcanic centers in California. It was centered roughly 200 km E of Los Angeles. In the following, David Hill describes post-earthquake activity at Long Valley caldera, and Stephen Walter discusses the USGS's seismic network, and the changes it detected at Lassen, Shasta, Medicine Lake, and the Geysers.
In recent years, the USGS northern California seismic network has relied upon Real-Time Processors (RTPs) to detect, record, and locate earthquakes. However, a film recorder (develocorder) collects data from 18 stations in volcanic areas, primarily to detect long-period earthquakes missed by RTPs. The film recorders proved useful in counting the post-M 7.5 earthquakes, most of which were too small to trigger the RTPs.
The film record was scanned for the 24 hours after the M 7.5 earthquake, noting the average coda duration for each identified event. Some events may have been missed because of seismogram saturation by the M 7.5 earthquake. Marked increases in microseismicity were observed at Lassen Peak, Medicine Lake caldera, and the Geysers (table 1). No earthquakes were observed at Shasta, but the lack of operating stations on the volcano limited the capability to observe small events.
Date | Lassen | Shasta | Medicine Lake | Geysers | ||||
Codas (seconds) | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 |
25 Apr 1992 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
28 Jun 1992 | 8 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 0 | 46 | 4 |
Film was also scanned for the 24 hours following the M 7.0 earthquake at 40.37°N, 124.32°W (near Cape Mendocino) on 25 April. Although smaller than the 28 June earthquake, its epicenter was only 20-25% as far from the volcanoes. Furthermore, both the 25 April main shock and a M 6.5 aftershock were felt at the volcanic centers, but no felt reports were received from these areas after the 28 June earthquake. Only the Geysers showed any possible triggered events after the 25 April shock. However, background seismicity at the Geysers is higher than at the other centers, and is influenced by fluid injection and withdrawal associated with intensive geothermal development.
Shasta report. The film record showed no earthquake activity beneath Shasta (~900 km NNW of the epicenter), although telemetry problems limited the ability to detect events below M 2. Of the six earthquakes in the 24 hours following the M 7.5 shock, two were large enough to be recorded by the RTP system. These were centered about 60 km SE of Shasta and about equidistant from Lassen (figure 1). Because the arrival times and S-P sequences of the other four events were similar to those of the two located shocks, it is likely that all had similar epicenters. Occasional M 2 earthquakes have previously occurred in this area, which includes several mapped N-trending normal faults with Quaternary movement. Three days after the M 7.5 earthquake, a M 2.0 shock occurred beneath Shasta's SE flank, followed by a M 2.7 event the next day. Both were centered at about 15 km depth, similar to most earthquakes beneath Shasta in the last decade.
Information Contacts: Stephen Walter and David Hill, MS 977, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA.
The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Shasta.
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
Earthquake swarm; maximum M 4.2
An earthquake swarm in the vicinity of Mt. Shasta began at 0202 on 1 August. The first event, M 4.2, was followed by six M 3-4 events in the next 45 minutes. Between 35 and 40 shocks (M greater than or equal to 2) were recorded on 1 August. The number of events declined slightly the next day and only about ten had been recorded by midday on 3 August. About 20 of the total had M greater than or equal to 3. Permanent seismographs were too distant for precise hypocenter determinations, but USGS personnel were bringing portable seismographs into the area.
An ash eruption, probably from Shasta, was sighted from a ship off the California coast in 1786.
Information Contacts: R. Lester, USGS, Menlo Park, CA.
Earthquakes decline to few a day
The number of earthquakes declined to only a few events per day (M greater than or equal to 2) by 11 August. However, on 12 August a M 4.3-4.5 shock was followed by several similar events (approximately M 4), and others in the M 3.5-4 range occurred on the 13th. Activity then declined again; on 23 August only 13 events of M 2-2.5 were recorded, and by the end of August only about six events greater than M 2 were being recorded daily.
Epicenters have been located along about 2 km of a pre-existing N-S-trending fault zone 28 km E of the summit. Uncertain crustal velocities for the area have made depth determinations difficult, but all events have been shallow, probably less than 5 km, and some may have been less that 1 km deep. No migration of events has been observed. New tensional fissures have been found in the epicentral area, but were not growing as of late August. Leveling, microearthquake studies, and gravity profiles are planned.
Information Contacts: R. Sherburne, California Division of Mines & Geology; A. Walter, USGS, Menlo Park, CA.
Daily seismcity declines; no evidence of volcanic activity
Seismic activity E of Mt. Shasta had declined by late September to about six locatable events per day, most stronger than M 2. Hypocenters extended E from surface fissures 28 km E of Shasta, along a pre-existing N-S-trending fault zone. Focal depths were very shallow near the surface fissures, but increased to 4-6 km along an inclined seismic zone dipping 35-45° E. The events have not been migrating, nor has there been any evidence of volcanic activity associated with the swarm.
Further Reference. Bennett, J.H., et al., 1979, Stephens Pass earthquakes, Mount Shasta—August 1978; California Geology, February, 1979, p. 27-33.
Information Contacts: R. Sherburne, California Division of Mines & Geology.
No seismicity triggered by M 7.5 earthquake hundreds of kilometers away
Southern California's largest earthquake since 1952, M 7.5 on 28 June, appeared to trigger seismicity at several volcanic centers in California. It was centered roughly 200 km E of Los Angeles. In the following, David Hill describes post-earthquake activity at Long Valley caldera, and Stephen Walter discusses the USGS's seismic network, and the changes it detected at Lassen, Shasta, Medicine Lake, and the Geysers.
In recent years, the USGS northern California seismic network has relied upon Real-Time Processors (RTPs) to detect, record, and locate earthquakes. However, a film recorder (develocorder) collects data from 18 stations in volcanic areas, primarily to detect long-period earthquakes missed by RTPs. The film recorders proved useful in counting the post-M 7.5 earthquakes, most of which were too small to trigger the RTPs.
The film record was scanned for the 24 hours after the M 7.5 earthquake, noting the average coda duration for each identified event. Some events may have been missed because of seismogram saturation by the M 7.5 earthquake. Marked increases in microseismicity were observed at Lassen Peak, Medicine Lake caldera, and the Geysers (table 1). No earthquakes were observed at Shasta, but the lack of operating stations on the volcano limited the capability to observe small events.
Date | Lassen | Shasta | Medicine Lake | Geysers | ||||
Codas (seconds) | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 | <= 10 | > 10 |
25 Apr 1992 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
28 Jun 1992 | 8 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 0 | 46 | 4 |
Film was also scanned for the 24 hours following the M 7.0 earthquake at 40.37°N, 124.32°W (near Cape Mendocino) on 25 April. Although smaller than the 28 June earthquake, its epicenter was only 20-25% as far from the volcanoes. Furthermore, both the 25 April main shock and a M 6.5 aftershock were felt at the volcanic centers, but no felt reports were received from these areas after the 28 June earthquake. Only the Geysers showed any possible triggered events after the 25 April shock. However, background seismicity at the Geysers is higher than at the other centers, and is influenced by fluid injection and withdrawal associated with intensive geothermal development.
Shasta report. The film record showed no earthquake activity beneath Shasta (~900 km NNW of the epicenter), although telemetry problems limited the ability to detect events below M 2. Of the six earthquakes in the 24 hours following the M 7.5 shock, two were large enough to be recorded by the RTP system. These were centered about 60 km SE of Shasta and about equidistant from Lassen (figure 1). Because the arrival times and S-P sequences of the other four events were similar to those of the two located shocks, it is likely that all had similar epicenters. Occasional M 2 earthquakes have previously occurred in this area, which includes several mapped N-trending normal faults with Quaternary movement. Three days after the M 7.5 earthquake, a M 2.0 shock occurred beneath Shasta's SE flank, followed by a M 2.7 event the next day. Both were centered at about 15 km depth, similar to most earthquakes beneath Shasta in the last decade.
Information Contacts: Stephen Walter and David Hill, MS 977, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 USA.
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
Synonyms |
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Shasta Butte | ||||
Cones |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Cinder Cone | Pyroclastic cone | 1670 m | 41° 29' 0" N | 122° 17' 0" W |
Everitt Hill | Shield volcano | 1740 m | 41° 18' 0" N | 122° 13' 0" W |
Signal Butte | Cone | 1415 m | 41° 17' 0" N | 122° 10' 0" W |
Spring Hill | Cone | 1290 m | 41° 20' 0" N | 122° 19' 0" W |
Domes |
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Feature Name | Feature Type | Elevation | Latitude | Longitude |
Black Butte | Dome | 2080 m | 41° 22' 0" N | 122° 21' 0" W |
Gray Butte | Dome | 2475 m | 41° 21' 0" N | 122° 12' 0" W |
Mckenzie Butte | Dome | 1840 m | 41° 19' 0" N | 122° 12' 0" W |
Shastina | Dome | 3758 m | 41° 24' 0" N | 122° 13' 0" W |
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There is data available for 22 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods.
[ 1786 ] Discredited Eruption
The original ships map inspected by William Miesse, along with reviews and analysis by US Geological and Smithsonian volcanologists, showed that the "smoke" reported during a 1786 voyage by La Perouse was due to a grass fire along the California coast (see summary by Leman, 2019). Fieldwork in 2019 found no evidence of an eruption from that time period.
1250 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1250 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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1200 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1200 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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0850 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0850 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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0150 (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0150 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 4 Events for Episode 1
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0050 (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0050 (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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0150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0150 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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0550 BCE ± 500 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0550 BCE ± 500 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1
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0650 BCE ± 800 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0650 BCE ± 800 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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0850 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0850 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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1150 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1150 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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2050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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2550 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2550 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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3050 BCE ± 1000 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3050 BCE ± 1000 years - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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4050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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6050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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6650 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6650 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 5 Events for Episode 1
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7250 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7250 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1
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7350 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption VEI: 0
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, north and west flanks | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7350 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, north and west flanks
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7420 BCE ± 300 years Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | Shastina and Black Butte | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7420 BCE ± 300 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 3 Events for Episode 1 at Shastina and Black Butte
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7650 BCE ± 100 years Confirmed Eruption VEI: 4
Episode 1 | Eruption | Summit, S flank (Red Banks), and Shastina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7650 BCE ± 100 years - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 7 Events for Episode 1 at Summit, S flank (Red Banks), and Shastina
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7750 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7750 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Isotopic: 14C (uncalibrated) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
List of 6 Events for Episode 1
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8050 BCE (?) Confirmed Eruption
Episode 1 | Eruption | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8050 BCE (?) - Unknown | Evidence from Correlation: Tephrochronology | |||||||||||||||||||
List of 2 Events for Episode 1
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There is no Deformation History data available for Shasta.
There is no Emissions History data available for Shasta.
Maps are not currently available due to technical issues.
The maps shown below have been scanned from the GVP map archives and include the volcano on this page. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Very small-scale maps (such as world maps) are not included.
The following 16 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections, and may be availble for research (contact the Rock and Ore Collections Manager). Catalog number links will open a window with more information.
Catalog Number | Sample Description | Lava Source | Collection Date |
---|---|---|---|
NMNH 111123-1441 | Hypersthene Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 111123-84 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 111123-84 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 111123-87 | Hypersthene Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 111123-87 | Hypersthene Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 112598 | Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 116140-1 | Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 2008 | Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 2010 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 2014 | Pumice | -- | -- |
NMNH 36977 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 36978 | Hypersthene Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 36979 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 38362 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 38363 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
NMNH 77152 | Hornblende Andesite | -- | -- |
Copernicus Browser | The Copernicus Browser replaced the Sentinel Hub Playground browser in 2023, to provide access to Earth observation archives from the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the main distribution platform for data from the EU Copernicus missions. |
MIROVA | Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) is a near real time volcanic hot-spot detection system based on the analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. In particular, MIROVA uses the Middle InfraRed Radiation (MIR), measured over target volcanoes, in order to detect, locate and measure the heat radiation sourced from volcanic activity. |
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts | Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. MODIS looks at every square km of the Earth every 48 hours, once during the day and once during the night, and the presence of two MODIS sensors in space allows at least four hot-spot observations every two days. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. There is a drop-down list with volcano names which allow users to 'zoom-in' and examine the distribution of hot-spots at a variety of spatial scales. |
WOVOdat
Single Volcano View Temporal Evolution of Unrest Side by Side Volcanoes |
WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. It is sponsored by the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) and presently hosted at the Earth Observatory of Singapore.
GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure The Global Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure Database GVMID, is aimed at documenting and improving capabilities of volcano monitoring from the ground and space. GVMID should provide a snapshot and baseline view of the techniques and instrumentation that are in place at various volcanoes, which can be use by volcano observatories as reference to setup new monitoring system or improving networks at a specific volcano. These data will allow identification of what monitoring gaps exist, which can be then targeted by remote sensing infrastructure and future instrument deployments. |
Volcanic Hazard Maps | The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a Volcanic Hazard Maps database designed to serve as a resource for hazard mappers (or other interested parties) to explore how common issues in hazard map development have been addressed at different volcanoes, in different countries, for different hazards, and for different intended audiences. In addition to the comprehensive, searchable Volcanic Hazard Maps Database, this website contains information about diversity of volcanic hazard maps, illustrated using examples from the database. This site is for educational purposes related to volcanic hazard maps. Hazard maps found on this website should not be used for emergency purposes. For the most recent, official hazard map for a particular volcano, please seek out the proper institutional authorities on the matter. |
IRIS seismic stations/networks | Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Services map showing the location of seismic stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 0.18° (about 20 km at mid-latitudes) from the given location of Shasta. Users can customize a variety of filters and options in the left panel. Note that if there are no stations are known the map will default to show the entire world with a "No data matched request" error notice. |
UNAVCO GPS/GNSS stations | Geodetic Data Services map from UNAVCO showing the location of GPS/GNSS stations from all available networks (permanent or temporary) within a radius of 20 km from the given location of Shasta. Users can customize the data search based on station or network names, location, and time window. Requires Adobe Flash Player. |
DECADE Data | The DECADE portal, still in the developmental stage, serves as an example of the proposed interoperability between The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program, the Mapping Gas Emissions (MaGa) Database, and the EarthChem Geochemical Portal. The Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) initiative seeks to use new and established technologies to determine accurate global fluxes of volcanic CO2 to the atmosphere, but installing CO2 monitoring networks on 20 of the world's 150 most actively degassing volcanoes. The group uses related laboratory-based studies (direct gas sampling and analysis, melt inclusions) to provide new data for direct degassing of deep earth carbon to the atmosphere. |
Large Eruptions of Shasta | Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE) database of the Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA). |
EarthChem | EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA). IEDA is a collaborative effort of EarthChem and the Marine Geoscience Data System (MGDS). |