Global Volcanism Program

Aira

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Japan
Ryukyu Volcanic Arc
Caldera | Caldera
2024 CE

Country
Volcanic Region
Landform | Volc Type
Last Known Eruption

31.5772°N
130.6589°E
1,117 m
3,665 ft
282080

Latitude
Longitude
Summit
Elevation
Volcano
Number

Most Recent Weekly Report: 25 September-1 October 2024 Cite this Report

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 September. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images during dark hours. During a field survey on 26 September scientists observed no new changes to the geothermal area on the SE flank of Minamidake nor near Showa Crater compared to previous observations. Incandescence at Minamidake was barely visible with the naked eye. An eruptive event at 2001 on 26 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 27-30 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Most Recent Bulletin Report: July 2023 (BGVN 48:07) Cite this Report

Intermittent explosions, eruption plumes, and ashfall during January-June 2023

Aira caldera, located in the northern half of Kagoshima Bay, contains the active post-caldera Sakurajima volcano near the southern tip of Japan’s Kyushu Island. Eruptions date back to the 8th century and have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu’s largest cities, 10 km W from the summit. The Minamidake summit cone and crater has had persistent activity since 1955; the Showa crater on the E flank has also been intermittently active since 2006. The current eruption period began during late March 2017 and has more recently consisted of explosions, ash plumes, and ashfall (BGVN 48:01). This report covers activity during January through June 2023, characterized by intermittent explosions, eruption events, eruption plumes, and ashfall from both summit craters, according to monthly activity reports from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and satellite data.

Thermal activity remained at low levels during this reporting period; less than ten thermal anomalies were detected each month by the MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity) system (figure 139). Occasional thermal anomalies were visible in infrared satellite images mainly at the Minamidake crater (Vent A is located to the left and Vent B is located to the right) and during May, in the Showa crater on the E flank (figure 140).

Table 29. Number of monthly explosive events, days of ashfall, area of ash covered, and sulfur dioxide emissions from Sakurajima’s Minamidake crater at Aira during January-June 2023. Note that smaller ash events are not listed. Ashfall days were measured at Kagoshima Local Meteorological Observatory, and ashfall amounts represent material covering all the Kagoshima Prefecture. Data courtesy of JMA monthly reports.

Month	Explosive events	Days of ashfall	Ashfall amount (g/m³)	SO₂ emissions (tons/day)
Jan 2023	9	2	2	1,000-2,800
Feb 2023	11	7	6	1,900-3,500
Mar 2023	8	6	9	2,100-3,500
Apr 2023	0	4	3	1,800-2,700
May 2023	10	13	10	1,800-3,900
Jun 2023	2	8	3	1,400-1,900

Figure 139. Thermal activity at Sakurajima in the Aira caldera was relatively low during January through June 2023, according to this MIROVA graph (Log Radiative Power). Three anomalies were detected during January, six during February, seven during March, nine during April, six during May, and none during June. Courtesy of MIROVA.

Figure 140. Infrared (bands 12, 11, 8A) satellite images showed occasional thermal anomalies mainly at the Minamidake crater at Aira’s Sakurajima volcano on 1 January 2023 (top left), 20 February 2023 (top right), 1 May 2023 (bottom left), and 16 May 2023 (bottom right). Vent A is located to the left and Vent B is to the right of Vent A; both vents are part of the Minamidake crater. On 16 May the image showed a weak anomaly in the Showa crater to the E of the Minamidake crater. Courtesy of Copernicus Browser.

JMA reported that during January 2023, there were 14 eruptions, nine of which were explosion events. Accompanying eruption plumes rose 2.4 km above the crater rim. Large blocks were ejected 800-1,100 m from the Minamidake crater. Nighttime incandescence was observed in the Minamidake crater using a high-sensitivity surveillance camera. No eruptions in the Showa crater were reported, though there was a gradual increase in the amount of white gas-and-steam emissions beginning around mid-January. Seismicity consisted of 121 volcanic earthquakes, which was higher than the 78 earthquakes in December. The Kagoshima Local Meteorological Observatory reported a total of 2 g/m² of ashfall was observed over the course of two days of the month. According to field surveys, daily sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,000-2,800 tons/day (t/d); emissions have remained at comparable, elevated, levels since July 2022. Explosions were reported on 3 January at 1615, 8 January at 0642 and 1955, 18 January at 1215, 19 January at 0659, 21 January at 0307, and 28 January at 2342 where eruption plumes rose 1-2.4 km above the Minamidake crater and drifted SE and S. The explosion at 0307 on 21 January generated an eruption plume 1.6 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the crater rim; crater incandescence was also visible (figure 141). On 28 January at 2342 an explosion produced an eruption plume that rose 2-2.2 km above the Minamidake summit crater and drifted SE.

Figure 141. Webcam image of the explosion at the Minamidake summit crater of Aira’s Sakurajima at 0307 on 21 January 2023. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, January 2023).

There were 26 eruptions reported during February, 11 of which were explosion events. Eruption plumes rose 2.4 km above the crater rim. Large blocks were ejected 800-1,100 m from the Minamidake summit crater, and daily nighttime crater incandescence continued. Occasional eruptive activity was observed in the Showa crater starting on 8 February, which included four eruptions (figure 142). The last time activity was reported in the Showa crater was early April 2018, according to JMA. There were 130 volcanic earthquakes detected during the month. Sulfur dioxide emissions ranged from 1,900-3,500 t/d. On 8 February large blocks were ejected 300-500 m from the Showa crater and an accompanying eruption plume rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. Summit crater incandescence was also visible at night during 8 and 21-26 February at the Showa crater. Weak crater incandescence was also reported on 8 February at the Minamidake summit crater. Explosions were recorded at 1815 on 9 February, at 1007 on 11 February, at 1448 on 14 February, at 0851 on 16 February, at 0206 on 19 February, at 2025 on 20 February, at 0937 and at 1322 on 21 February, and at 0558 on 28 February. Volcanic plumes rose 300-2,000 m above the Minamidake crater and drifted N, E, S, SE, and NE. An explosion at 1448 on 14 February at the Minamidake summit crater ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the crater. The eruption plume rose 800-1,200 m above the crater and drifted S. A field survey conducted on 14 February showed that the ejected volcanic clasts measured up to 3 cm in diameter, though most were smaller in size, and were deposited in Arimura, Kagoshima City (3 km SE) (figure 143). An aerial survey conducted by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Air Group (JMSDF) on 21 February confirmed white gas-and-steam plumes rising from the N side of the Showa crater and water was visible at the bottom of the crater. Ashfall measurements showed that a total of 6 g/m² fell over seven days during the month at the Kagoshima Local Metrological Observatory.

Figure 142. Webcam images showing the initial white gas-and-steam plume rising above the Showa summit crater of Aira’s Sakurajima at 0701 on 12 January 2023, at 0701 on 18 January (top left and right), and at 0708 on 5 February 2023 (bottom left). The amount of white gas-and-steam emissions gradually increased from mid-January leading up to the eruption at 1052 on 8 February 2023 (bottom right). Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, February 2023).

Figure 143. Photo showing the size of the deposits found in Arimura, Kagoshima City, after an eruption on 14 February 2023 at the Minamidake summit crater of Aira’s Sakurajima. The maximum diameter of these clasts was about 3 cm. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, February 2023).

During March, 22 eruptions were reported, eight of which were explosion events. Volcanic plumes rose 2.8 km above the crater rim. There were four eruptions recorded at the Showa crater, for a total of eight eruptions during February and March. Large volcanic blocks were ejected 1,000-1,300 m from the Minamidake crater and nighttime incandescence remained visible at night, based on webcam images. Blocks ejected from the Showa crater traveled 500-800 m and accompanying eruption plumes rose 2.7 km above the crater rim. Nighttime crater incandescence was reported during 4-5 March at the Showa crater, based on webcam images. Seismicity included 97 volcanic earthquakes detected throughout the month. According to the Kagoshima Local Meteorological Observatory, a total of 9 g/m² ashfall was observed over six days of the month. A field survey reported that 2,100-3,500 t/d of sulfur dioxide was released during the month. An eruption was detected at the Showa crater at 1404 on 6 March, that ejected blocks 500-800 m from the crater, accompanied by an eruption plume that rose 2.7 km above the crater rim (figure 144). Explosions were detected at 0116 on 3 March, at 2157 on 4 March, at 1322 on 8 March, at 2228 on 11 March, at 0418 on 14 March, and at 0035 on 22 March. Eruption plumes rose 1-2.8 km above the Minamidake crater and drifted SE, NE, NW, S, and SW. At 0035 on 22 March an explosion generated an eruption plume that rose 1.2 km above the Minamidake crater and drifted SW. Material was ejected 1-1.3 km from the Minamidake crater.

Figure 144. Webcam image of an eruption plume rising 2.7 km above the Showa crater rim of Aira’s Sakurajima at 1412 on 6 March 2023. Photo has been color corrected. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, March 2023).

Two eruption events were reported in the Minamidake summit crater during April, neither of which were explosions; no eruptions occurred at the Showa crater. Eruption plumes rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and nighttime crater incandescence persisted nightly at the Minamidake crater. The number of volcanic earthquakes deceased to 38 and according to the Kagoshima Local Meteorological Observatory, a total of 3 g/m² of ash fell over a period of four days during the month. The amount of sulfur dioxide released during the month ranged 1,800-2,700 t/d. An eruption event at 0955 on 17 April generated an eruption plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim (figure 145).

Figure 145. Webcam image of an eruption plume rising 1.5 km above the Minamidake crater rim of Aira’s Sakurajima at 1004 on 17 April 2023. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, April 2023).

Eruptive activity during May consisted of 17 eruptions, 10 of which were explosion events. Volcanic plumes rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and large ejecta traveled 800-1,100 m from the Minamidake summit crater. Activity at the Showa crater was characterized by 11 eruption events and material was ejected 300-500 m from the crater. Nighttime crater incandescence was observed at both summit craters. The number of monthly volcanic earthquakes increased to 88 and the amount of ashfall recorded was 10 g/m² over a period of 13 days during the month. According to a field survey, the amount of sulfur dioxide released ranged 1,800-3,900 t/d.

Explosions were recorded at 0422 on 2 May, at 0241 and at 1025 on 3 May, at 1315 on 9 May, at 2027 on 17 May, at 0610 on 24 May, at 1327 on 25 May, at 0647 and 1441 on 26 May, and at 1520 on 28 May. Resulting eruption plumes rose 400-1,800 m above the Minamidake crater and drifted SW, W, and N. On 14 May an eruption plume was visible above the Showa crater at 0859 that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim (figure 146). An eruption event at the Minamidake summit crater occurred at 1327 on 25 May; the eruption plume rose 2.3 km above the crater rim (figure 147).

Figure 146. Webcam image showing an eruption plume rising 1.7 km above the Showa crater rim of Aira’s Sakurajima at 0903 on 14 May 2023. Photo has been color corrected. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, May 2023).

Figure 147. Webcam image showing an eruption plume rising 2.3 km above the Minamidake crater rim of Aira’s Sakurajima at 1331 on 25 May 2023. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, May 2023).

JMA reported four eruptions occurred during June, two of which were explosion events. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the Minamidake crater rim and large volcanic blocks were ejected 500-700 m from the crater rim. At the Showa crater, seven eruptions occurred, one of which was an explosion event. Eruption plumes rose 1.5 km above the Showa crater rim and large material was ejected 500 m from the crater rim. Nighttime incandescence was reported for both summit craters. There were 73 volcanic earthquakes detected during the month and a total of 3 g/m² of ashfall during eight days of the month. According to a field survey, the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions released ranged 1,400-1,900 t/d. On 5 June at 0012 an explosion generated an eruption plume that rose 400-1,000 m above the Minamidake crater and drifted SE. An explosion at the Minamidake crater occurred at 1401 on 7 June that generated an eruption plume that rose 2.5 km above the crater and drifted SE (figure 148). A single explosion was reported at the Showa crater at 0438 on 22 June. The eruption plume rose 600 m above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected 500 m from the crater rim. This is the first report of an explosion at the Showa crater since October 2017, according to JMA.

Figure 148. Webcam image of an explosion and the accompanying plume that rose 2.5 km above the Minamidake crater rim of Aira’s Sakurajima at 1410 on 7 June 2023. Photo has been color corrected. Courtesy of JMA monthly report (Sakurajima volcanic activity explanatory material, June 2023).

Information Contacts: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 1-3-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8122, Japan (URL: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.html); MIROVA (Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity), a collaborative project between the Universities of Turin and Florence (Italy) supported by the Centre for Volcanic Risk of the Italian Civil Protection Department (URL: http://www.mirovaweb.it/); Copernicus Browser, Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, European Space Agency (URL: https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/browser/).

Weekly Reports - Index

25 September-1 October 2024 Cite this Report

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 September-24 September 2024 Cite this Report

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-23 September. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images during dark hours, and there were occasional very small eruptive events. An explosion at 1332 on 16 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. During a field visit on 18 September sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,200 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 September-17 September 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-16 September. Crater incandescence was visible in webcam images during dark hours, and there were occasional very small eruptive events. An explosion at 1332 on 16 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 September-10 September 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 September. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images during dark hours. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 August-3 September 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 26 August-2 September. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images on most days during dark hours, though weather clouds prevented views during 28-30 August. During a field visit on 27 August sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,500 tons per day, slightly higher than the average value. At 1358 on 1 September an ash plume rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted N. Emissions were continuous until 1510 that same day, generating ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 August-27 August 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 19-26 August. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. Eruptive events at 0901 and 0926 on 21 August produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted N. An explosion at 1457 on 21 August generated an ash plume that rose as high as 2.7 km and drifted N and ejected large blocks 800-1,200 m from the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high that day, averaging 1,800 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 August-20 August 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 12-19 August. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An eruptive event at 0541 on 12 August produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high, averaging 1,500 tons per day (t/d) on 14 August. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1831 on 18 August rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 August-13 August 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) characterized as explosions and eruptive events during 5-12 August. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 0037 on 6 August produced an ash plume that rose 3 km above the crater rim and drifted SW and ejected large blocks 1.3-1.7 km from the crater rim. A large amount of ash fell in Kagoshima City (about 10 km W) within an hour after the explosion. An explosion at 2137 generated an ash plume that rose 800 m above the crater rim before merging into weather clouds and ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the crater rim. An ash plume from an explosion at 1444 on 7 August rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted S. Eruptive events at 0329 on 6 August, 1207 on 7 August, 2308 on 8 August, 1913 and 2239 on 9 August, and 0541 on 12 August produced ash plumes that rose 1.1-1.7 km above the crater rim and rose above the crater or drifted S and SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 July-6 August 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 July-6 August. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An explosion at 1646 on 29 July generated an ash plume that rose 4.4 km above the crater, and large blocks were ejected about 1,400 m WNW from the crater. An eruption at 0559 on 3 August generated an ash plume that rose 1,500 m above the summit. On 6 August multiple explosions generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3,000 m above the crater and drifted SW. Large blocks were ejected 1,300-1,700 m WNW from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 July-30 July 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible in webcam images. An eruptive event at 0249 on 23 July produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted N. Sulfur dioxide emissions were relatively low, averaging 800 tons per day (t/d) on 24 July, and lower than the average of 2,400 t/d on 5 July. Eruptive events at 1155 on 27 July and at 0208, 0514, and 1439 on 28 July produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted mainly N. An explosion at 1646 on 29 July generated a large ash plume that rose 4.4 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and ejected large blocks 1.3-1.7 km from the crater rim. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1856 on 29 July rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 July-23 July 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-22 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was sometimes visible and very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. An explosion at 1358 on 20 July produced an ash plume that rose 3.7 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 July-16 July 2024 Cite this Report

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-15 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible. An explosion at 2123 on 10 July produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted E, and also ejected large blocks up to 1.1 km from the vent. An explosion at 1819 on 14 July produced an ash plume that rose 4.5 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, with large blocks ejected up to 1.4 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 July-9 July 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 1-8 July. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible. An explosion at 2151 on 2 July produced an ash plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted NE, and also ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the vent. An explosion at 2208 on 4 July produced an ash plume that rose 900 m above the crater rim and drifted NE, with large blocks ejected 500-700 m from the vent. An eruptive event at 0513 on 8 July produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 June-2 July 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 24 June-1 July. Nighttime crater incandescence and very small eruptive events were recorded during 24-28 June. Weather clouds prevented visual observations on the other days. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 June-25 June 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 17-24 June. Nighttime crater incandescence was visible during 17-21 June and very small eruptive events occurred during the rest of the week. An explosion at 0002 on 20 June ejected large blocks 500-700 m above the crater rim and produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 June-18 June 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-17 June with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events occurred during the week. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 3,300 tons per day on 12 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 June-11 June 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 May-3 June with nighttime crater incandescence. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,000 tons per day on 30 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 May-4 June 2024 Cite this Report

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 May-28 May 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-24 May with nighttime crater incandescence. A total of five eruptive events and two explosions were recorded. The first explosion, at 0121 on 20 May, produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted W. Large blocks were ejected 800-1,100 m from the vent. The second explosion, at 1718 on 22 May, generated an ash plume that rose 3 km and drifted NW. Large blocks were again ejected 800-1,100 m from the vent. Eruptive events at 1442, 1520, 1615, and 1710 on 20 May and at 0823, 2110, and 2230 on 24 May generated ash plumes that rose 1-1.3 km and drifted SE, S, and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 May-21 May 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 May with nighttime crater incandescence. An explosion at 1442 on 15 May generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and ejected blocks as far as 1.1 km from the crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions were elevated, averaging 700 tons per day on 17 May. Explosions at 1928 on 18 May and 0121 on 20 May produced ash plumes that rose 1.2 and 2.3 km, respectively, above the crater rim and drifted W. The explosions ejected blocks 0.5-1.1 km from the crater. An eruptive event at 1442 on 20 May generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 May-14 May 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-13 May with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events were recorded. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,000 tons per day on 7 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 May-7 May 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 April-6 May with nighttime crater incandescence. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 3 May. An explosion at 2131 on 5 May ejected blocks 600-900 m from the vent and produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim, drifted N, and merged into weather clouds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 1 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 April-30 April 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 April with nighttime crater incandescence. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,800 tons per day on 22 April. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 22-26 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 April-23 April 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-22 April with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 April-16 April 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-15 April with nighttime crater incandescence. An explosion at 2137 on 10 April produced an ash plume that rose 500 m above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 1.2 km from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 4,300 tons per day on 12 April. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during 12-15 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 March-2 April 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 March-1 April with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during the week. During an overflight on 27 March emissions obscured views of Minamidake Crater, though observers noted no changes at the either the Showa Crater geothermal area or around the flanks of both craters. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 March-26 March 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 March. An explosion at 1952 on 18 March produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and ejected large blocks 800-1,100 m from the vent. Very small eruptions and nighttime incandescence were observed at the summit crater during other days of the report period. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 March-19 March 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 11-18 March with nighttime crater incandescence. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 3,100 tons per day on 12 March. During an overflight on 13 March emissions obscured views of Minamidake Crater, though observers noted no changes at the either the Showa Crater geothermal area or around the flanks of both craters. An explosion at 0536 on 13 March produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted S and ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the vent. Eruptive events at 1345 on 13 March and at 0450 and 0538 on 15 March generated ash plumes that rose 1-2.9 km above the crater rim and drifted SE. An ash plume from an explosion at 2158 on 16 March rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted NE; large blocks were ejected 600-900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 March-12 March 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 March with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during 4-8 March. An explosion at 0359 on 9 March produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the crater rim and drifted SE, and ejected large blocks 1.3-1.7 km from the vent. Eruptive events at 1540 on 10 March and at 0532 on 11 March generated ash plumes that rose 1.2-1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted E. An ash plume from an explosion at 2132 on 11 March rose 1.4 km above the crater rim and drifted NE; large blocks were ejected 500-700 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 February-5 March 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 February-4 March with nighttime crater incandescence. Eruptive events at 0202 on 27 February and at 1429 on 2 March generated ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted E and rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and drifted SE, respectively. An explosion at 2149 on 2 March produced an ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted S and ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the vent. An explosion at 2026 on 3 March produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km and drifted SE and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 3,700 tons per day on 1 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 February-27 February 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 17-26 February with nighttime crater incandescence. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 17-23 February. An explosion at 1734 on 24 February generated an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim before entering weather clouds, and ejected blocks as far as 1.2 km away from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 February-20 February 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 12-19 February with nighttime crater incandescence. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,400 tons per day on 20 December. An explosion at 0659 on 14 February generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted N, and ejected blocks 300-500 m away from the vent. A larger explosion at 1833 on 14 February produced an ash plume that rose as high as 5 km above the summit that drifted E and NE and ejected large blocks as far as 1.3 km from the vent. Ash plumes had not risen that high since an explosion at 0538 on 9 August 2020. A large amount of ashfall completely covered roadways in some parts of the N part of the island based on 15 February field observations. Residents reported ashfall in Kagoshima, Aira, Kirishima, Kanoya, Soo, and parts of Miyazaki Prefecture. Eruptive events at 2220 on 16 February, and 1523, 1556, 1631, and 2359 on 17 February, generated ash plumes that rose 1-1.3 km above the summit and drifted E and SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 February-13 February 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7–13 February with nighttime crater incandescence. An eruptive event at 0917 on 8 February produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 January-30 January 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 January with nighttime crater incandescence. An eruptive event at 0014 on 27 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 January-23 January 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-22 January with nighttime crater incandescence. An explosion at 0505 on 18 January produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the crater rim and merged into weather clouds and ejected material 300-500 m from the crater rim. A small eruptive event occurred at Showa Crater on 21 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 January-16 January 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-15 January with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. An explosion at 1552 on 9 January produced an ash plume that rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted E and SE. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 12-15 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 January-9 January 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 1-8 January with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during the week. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 December-2 January 2024 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 December 2023-1 January 2024, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during the week. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 December-26 December 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 December, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded on 18 December. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,700 tons per day on 20 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 December-19 December 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 11-18 December, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded through the week. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 December-12 December 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 December, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Small eruptive events were recorded during 4-8 December. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,900 tons per day on 8 December. Explosions at 1028 and 1533 on 10 December produced ash plumes that rose 1.5-1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted N. An eruptive event at 1748 on that same day produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 November-5 December 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 November-5 December, with very small eruptions and crater incandescence observed nightly. One volcanic earthquake was recorded on 3 November, and another on 4 November. A field survey conducted on 30 November detected an extremely high SO2 rate of 4,200 tonnes per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 November-28 November 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-27 November, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Explosions at 1905 on 20 November and 0226 on 21 November produced ash plumes that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. Eruptive events on 22 November produced emissions that rose 1 km and drifted N and E. During an overflight of the crater on 24 November plumes obscured views of Minamidake Crater, though observers noted no changes at the geothermal area at Showa Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 November-21 November 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 November, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. An explosion at 2053 on 13 November produced an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,000 tons per day on 13 November. An explosion at 0629 on 17 November generated an ash plume that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted SE to SW and ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 November-14 November 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-14 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 2,700 tons per day measured on 6 November. A total of 15 explosions were recorded during 6-10 November, and a total of 8 during 10-13 November. At 2240 on 11 November an ash plume rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and SW, large blocks were ejected 400 m from the summit crater, and crater incandescence was observed. At 2053 on 13 November an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 November-7 November 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 October-6 November, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,300 tons per day on 2 November. There was a total of 10 eruptive events recorded during 30-31 October and 1-2 November. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted N, E, and SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 October-31 October 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 October, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. An eruptive period was recorded during 0346-0430 on 24 October; at 0346 a notable ash plume rose as high as 3.4 km above the crater rim and drifted E and ejected large blocks 1-1.3 km from the crater rim. At 0416 an ash plume rose 2.1 km above the crater rim and drifted E. A large amount of ashfall, likely from those events, was observed in Kurokami Town during a field survey later that day. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high on 25 October, averaging 2,200 tons per day. During an aerial observation on 25 October scientists noted that the N side of Showa Crater had slightly enlarged compared to the previous observations on 8 March. A high-temperature geothermal area on the Minamidake Crater floor was also visible. Periods of inflation were recorded in deformation data during 0000-1400 on 26 October and 0100-1600 on 28 October. An eruptive event at 0116 on 30 October produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 October-24 October 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-23 October, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high, averaging 4,200 tons per day on 16 October. During the week, there were a total of 11 eruptive events and 20 explosions, with a daily average of 1-5 explosions recorded during 16-21 October. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.6 km above the crater rim and drifted E, SE, and S, and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.2 km from the crater rim. A period of inflation began at around 0600 on 21 October, but ceased following an eruptive event during 0346-0430 on 24 October; the event produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 1.2 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 October-17 October 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-16 October, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. During the week there were a total of 18 eruptive events and 18 explosions. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.6 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected 800-900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 October-10 October 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 October, with incandescence at the crater observed nightly. An explosion at 2228 on 4 October produced an ash plume that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted S and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the crater. A very small eruptive event was recorded during 6-9 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 September-3 October 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 September-2 October and incandescence at the crater was observed nightly. Very small eruptive events were recorded during the week. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high, averaging 2,300 tons per day on 25 September. The geothermal areas on the SE flank of Minamidake and near the Showa Crater were observed during a field survey on 27 September. A very small eruptive event occurred at Showa on 28 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 September-26 September 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 September and incandescence at the crater was observed nightly. Very small eruptive events were recorded during the week. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,800 tons per day on 19 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 September-19 September 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 11-18 September and incandescence at the crater was observed nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,900 tons per day on 11 September. An explosion at 0018 on 11 September produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 300-500 m from the crater. An eruptive event at 1642 produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km. At 2211 on 13 September an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 1.7 km and drifted N and ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 September-12 September 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 September. Incandescence at Minamidake was observed nightly. Very small eruptive events occurred at both craters on 4 September. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high at 1,600 tons per day on that same day. An explosion on 1512 on 9 September produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the crater. Another explosion at 0018 on 11 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.1 km and ejected large blocks 300-500 m; an ash plume rose 1.3 km from an explosion at 1642 on that same day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 August-5 September 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 28 August-4 September. Incandescence at Minamidake was observed nightly. An explosion at 0640 on 31 August from the same crater ejected large blocks 400 m away and likely produced a plume that was obscured by weather clouds. Very small eruptive events continued to be detected during the rest of the week. A very small eruption at Showa Crater was also recorded on 4 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 August-29 August 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 August. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred at Minamidake and incandescence was observed at night. On 24 August sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high at 3,300 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 August-22 August 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-21 August. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred at Minamidake and nighttime incandescence was observed at that same crater. A very small eruptive event was recorded at Showa on 17 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 August-15 August 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at Minamidake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7-14 August. Flashes of incandescence at Minamidake were observed during the night on 7 August. An explosion at 0345 on 9 August ejected large blocks as far as 600 m from the vent and possibly produced an ash plume, though weather conditions prevented visual confirmation. An explosion at 2205 on 13 August produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted W. Large blocks were ejected 300-500 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 August-8 August 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 31 July-7 August. Nighttime incandescence at Minamidake was occasionally observed. Sulfur dioxide emissions measured during a field visit on 3 August averaged 1,800 tons per day. An eruptive event at Showa at 0542 on 4 August produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and drifted N, and ejected blocks 400 m from the crater. An explosion at the same crater at 2150 produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, and ejected blocks as far as 800 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 July-1 August 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 24-31 July. A very small eruption was reported on 24 July at Minamidake accompanied by occasional summit crater incandescence. An eruptive event at Showa at 0349 on 25 July produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks traveled up to 200 m from the vent. No incandescence was observed at this crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,600 tons per day on 26 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 July-25 July 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-24 July. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred at Minamidake and incandescence was observed at night. An eruptive event at Showa on 16 July produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted N. An explosion at the same crater at 2314 produced an ash plume that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted N, and also ejected blocks 300-500 m from the vent. Explosions at 1224 and 1232 on 17 July generated ash plumes that rose 2-2.5 km and drifted N, with blocks ejected 500-800 m from the vent. At 2044 on 17 July an ash plume from an explosion rose 1.2 km and drifted N. Sulfur dioxide emissions were very high, averaging 3,200 tons per day on 20 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 June-27 June 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 19-26 June. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred at Minamidake and incandescence was observed at night. An explosion at Showa at 0438 on 22 June produced an ash plume that rose 600 m above the crater rim and drifted E and ejected blocks 500-800 m from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions averaged 1,400 tons per day on 22 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 June-20 June 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-19 June. Ash plumes from Showa were recorded at 1412 on 16 June that rose 1.3 km above the rim and drifted S, with another at 0710 on 17 June that rose up to 1 km and drifted E. Crater incandescence was observed at Minamidake crater during the night of 18 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 June-13 June 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 5-12 June. Eruptive events at Showa were recorded at 0211, 0352, 0440, and 1436 on 5 June and generated ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and sometimes drifted E and SE. Explosions at Minamidake produced ash plumes that rose 1.5 and 2.5 km above the crater rim at 0012 on 5 June and 1401 on 7 June, respectively, and ejected blocks 500-700 m from the vent. Ash-and-gas emissions were continuous with plumes rising as high as 1.5 km and then declining to 800 m during 1401-1505 on 7 June, and drifting SE. Since the volcano is so active, JMA noted that only emissions above a certain threshold of density and height get reported; at 1505 the emission characteristics declined to below that threshold. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and the public was warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 May-6 June 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 May-5 June. On 29 May sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,900 tons per day. Crater incandescence was observed nightly at both craters during 29 May-2 June, and very small eruptive events periodically occurred. Eruptive events at Minamidake at 0237 and 0454 on 4 June produced ash plumes that rose about 1.1 km above the crater rim. An explosion at 0012 on 5 June generated an ash plume that rose 1 km and drifted SE, and ejected blocks 500-700 m from the crater. At Showa, eruptive events at 0211, 0352, 0440, and 1436 on 5 June generated ash plumes that rose 1.3-1.5 km above the crater rim and drifted SE and E, or rose straight up; blocks were ejected as far as 300 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 May-30 May 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 May. Crater incandescence was observed nightly at Minamidake, and during 25-29 May at Showa; incandescence at Showa had not been visible since 5 March. The only eruptive event at Showa during this period was at 1125 on 22 May, when material was ejected 200-300 m from the crater and an ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. At 0610 on 24 May an explosion at Minamidake ejected material 300-500 m from the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater and drifted to the SW. An eruptive event at 1327 on 25 May produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km. On 26 May two explosions (at 0647 and 1441) and an eruptive event (1311) generated ash plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km and drifted N and S. The explosion at 1441 ejected blocks 500-700 m from the vent. An explosion at 1520 on 28 May ejected material 600-900 m from the crater and produced an ash plume that rose 2.3 km from the summit . The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 May-23 May 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-22 May. Crater incandescence was observed nightly at Minamidake Crater. At 1429 on 17 May an eruptive event at Showa Crater produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted N. An explosion from Minamidake Crater at 2027 generated an ash plume that rose 400 m and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the crater; another eruptive event at 2051 produced an ash plume that rose as high as 1 km and drifted N. An explosion at Minamidake was recorded at 1519 on 18 May. Showa Crater sent an ash plume 1.5 km high at 1125 on 22 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 May-16 May 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing activity at both Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-15 May. Crater incandescence was observed nightly at Minamidake Crater. On 8 May sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high at 3,900 tons per day. At 1315 on 9 May an explosion at Minamidake generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SW, and ejected blocks 1.1 km from the vent. Eruptive events at 1527, 1724, and 1817 on 11 May produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.3 km and drifted NW and W. At Showa Crater eruptive events recorded at 1009, 1303, and 1401 on 8 May, at 0550, 0726, 2204, and 2321 on 11 May, at 1831 on 12 May, and at 0859 on 14 May produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and drifted in multiple directions. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high on 12 May, averaging 1,800 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 May-9 May 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported that Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) remained active during 1-8 May. Crater incandescence was observed nightly at Minamidake Crater. Three explosions at Minamidake during 2-3 May produced small shock waves and ash plumes. The explosion at 0422 on 2 May generated an ash plume that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted SW, and ejected blocks 500-700 m from the vent. The explosion at 0241 on 3 May produced an ash plume that rose 800 m and ejected blocks to 500-700 m from the vent. Later that morning, at 1025, an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 500 m and drifted W. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 2337 on 7 May rose 1 km. At Showa Crater very small eruptive events were recorded during 1-5 May, and three eruptive events on 8 May produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and drifted S and SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 April-2 May 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 24 April-2 May, with crater incandescence visible nightly. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during the week. On 28 April sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high at 1,800 tons per day. An explosion at 0422 on 2 May ejected large blocks 500-700 m from the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 April-25 April 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 17-24 April, with crater incandescence visible nightly. Two eruptive events on 17 April produced ash plumes that rose 1-1.5 km and drifted S. That same day sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high at 1,900 tons per day. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during 21-24 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 April-18 April 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-17 April, with crater incandescence visible nightly. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred during 10-14 April. Two eruptive events on 17 April produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 April-11 April 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 3-10 April, with crater incandescence visible nightly. Very small eruptive events occasionally occurred. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,700 tons per day on 4 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 March-4 April 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera's Sakurajima volcano) during 27 March-4 April with nightly crater incandescence. Five eruptive events were recorded during 27-31 March producing plumes that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. A few small eruptive events occasionally occurred during the rest of the week. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 March-28 March 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-27 March, with crater incandescence visible nightly. Two explosions recorded on 21 and 22 March produced ash plumes that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 1-1.3 km from the vent. Two eruptive events during 24-27 March produced volcanic plumes that rose 1.1 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 March-21 March 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 March, with crater Incandescence visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,100 tons per day on 13 March. On 14 March an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Three eruptive events were recorded during 17-20 February, producing volcanic plumes that rose as high as 1 km. No activity or crater incandescence was detected at Showa Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 March-14 March 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-13 March. Incandescence at Minamidake was visible nightly. Five eruptive events at Minamidake were recorded and explosions occurred on 8 and 11 March. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim, and during 10-13 March large blocks were ejected as far as 500 m from the vent. Seven eruptive events occurred at Showa during 6-10 March, producing ash plumes that rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim and ejecting large blocks 800 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 March-7 March 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 February-6 March. Incandescence was visible nightly at Minamidake and during 3-6 March at Showa. Explosions at Minamidake were recorded on 28 February and 1, 3, and 4 March, and non-explosive eruptive events were occasionally recorded. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the Minamidake Crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km from the vent. Non-explosive eruptive events were occasionally recorded at Showa during 27 February-2 March and four explosions occurred during 3-6 March. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.7 km above the Showa rim and large blocks were ejected 500-800 m from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions were extremely high at 3,500 tons per day on 2 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 February-28 February 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater and Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 February and incandescence at both craters was visible nightly. Very small eruptive events occurred at Showa Crater. Three explosions and three or four eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater during the week. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the Minamidake Crater rim and large blocks were ejected 600-900 m from the vent. During an overflight on 21 February scientists observed white plumes rising from a vent on the N inner crater wall at Showa Crater and they noted more voluminous emissions compared to the 12 October 2022 overflight. No notable changes at Minamidake Crater were observed. At 1230 on 26 February an eruptive event at Minamidake Crater produced a plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from both craters.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 February-21 February 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 February and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Five explosions and five eruptive events were recorded during the week. One of the explosions, at 1448 on 14 February, produced an ash plume that rose 2.4 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 1.1 km from the vent. Blocks 3 cm in diameter fell near the Arimura Lava Observatory in Arimura-cho, Kagoshima City, about 3 km SE. An explosion on 19 February produced an eruption plume that rose 1.2 km and ejected blocks that fell 1.1 km away. A very small eruptive event occurred at Showa Crater on 20 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 February-14 February 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 6-12 February and nightly crater incandescence. Three eruptive events and two explosions were recorded at Minamidake Crater. The first explosion, at 1815 on 9 November, generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and drifted N and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the crater rim. The second explosion, at 1007 on 11 February, produced an ash plume that rose 1.7 km and ejected large blocks 600-900 m from the crater rim. An ash plume from an eruptive event at 1323 on 12 February rose 1.7 km and drifted E.

A very small eruption at Showa Crater at 1052 on 8 February produced an ash plume that rose 800 m above the crater rim. This was the first eruption at Showa Crater since 3 April 2018. Ash plumes from events recorded at 1110 and 1425 rose as high as 1 km and drifted SE and SW, respectively, and blocks were ejected 200-300 m from the crater. Ashfall was reported in an area from Arimura-cho (4.5 km SE) to Furusato-cho (3 km S). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 February-7 February 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 January-6 February and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,000 tons per day on 30 January. An explosion at 1951 on 3 February produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 500 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 January-31 January 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 January and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Two explosions were recorded on 24 January, though weather clouds prevented visual confirmation. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,800 tons per day on 26 January. An explosion at 2342 on 28 January produced an ash plume that rose 2.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 700 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 January-24 January 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-23 January. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. An explosion at 1215 on 18 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.4 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks as far as 1.1 km. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 1,400 tons per day. An explosion at 0659 on 19 January generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km and ejected blocks 600-900 m and an explosion at 0307 on 21 January generated an ash plume that rose 1.6 km and ejected blocks as far as 1.1 km. Occasional very small eruptive events were recorded during 21-22 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 January-17 January 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-16 January. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Eruptive events at 0210 on 9 January and 1837 on 14 January produced plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,100 tons per day on 13 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 January-10 January 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 January. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly elevated at 1,000 tons per day on 4 January. One explosion on 3 January and two explosions on 8 January were recorded by the seismic network. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.1 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 December-3 January 2023 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 26 December 2022-2 January 2023. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly elevated at 1,700 tons per day on 27 December. Two explosions, on 27 and 29 December, produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks as far as 900 m from the vent. An explosion at 1423 on 2 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 December-27 December 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 19-26 December. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high at 1,500 tons per day on 19 December. An explosion at 0449 on 22 December ejected blocks 600-900 m from the vent. An explosion at 1954 on 24 December produced an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 1.1 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 December-20 December 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 12-19 December. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Two explosions on 14 December produced eruption plumes that rose as high as 1.7 km and disappeared into weather clouds. Blocks were ejected as far as 700 m. An explosion at 0805 on 17 December produced a plume that rose 700 m and into the clouds. Blocks were ejected 900 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 December-13 December 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 5-12 December consisting of a few eruptive events and three explosions. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. Explosions produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 1.1 km away. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,800 tons per day on 6 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 November-6 December 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) consisting of a few eruptive events and two explosions. Crater incandescence was visible nightly, sometimes characterized as incandescent flashes. An explosion at 0340 on 2 December produced an ash plume that rose as high as 3.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 1.1 km from the vent. The second explosion, recorded at 1929 on 3 December, produced an ash plume that rose as high as 3 km and ejected large blocks 1-1.3 km away. Webcam video of the event showed incandescent material ejected above the crater and lightning in the ash plume. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Treasure Official Channel

23 November-29 November 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during 21-28 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 700 tons per day on 21 November. An explosion on 21 November produced an ash plume that rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 500 m from the vent. Small eruptive events were recorded during 25-28 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 November-22 November 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during 14-21 November. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high on 14 November at 1,100 tons per day. Six eruptive events and four explosions (during 15-16 and 20-21 November) produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 900 m from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 November-15 November 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during 9-15 November. An eruptive event at 2130 on 10 November generated an eruption plume that rose to 1 km above the crater rim. An explosion at 2010 on 15 November produced an ash plume that rose 600 m above the crater and drifted SE. Seven volcanic earthquakes were detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 November-8 November 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence during 31 October-7 November. Six eruptive events and two explosions produced volcanic plumes that rose as high as 1.3 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks as far as 900 m from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high on 1 November at 1,900 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 October-1 November 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported ongoing eruptive activity at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and nighttime crater incandescence. Two eruptive events and one explosion were recorded during 24-28 October. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km from the vent. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 28-31 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 October-25 October 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that four eruptive events and seven explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 17-24 October. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km from the vent. Incandescence at the crater was visible nightly. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 October-18 October 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 eruptive events and four explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 10-17 October. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.7 km from the vent. Incandescence at the crater was visible nightly. No notable changes at the summit were visible during an overflight on 12 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions were characterized as extremely high on 14 October at 4,000 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 October-11 October 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nine eruptive events and one explosion at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 3-10 October. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected 600-900 m from the vent. Incandescence at the crater was visible nightly. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 September-4 October 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 11 eruptive events and five explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 26 September-3 October. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.7 km from the vent. Incandescence at the crater was visible nightly. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 September-27 September 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that six eruptive events and three explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 19-26 September. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 700 m from the vent. Incandescence at the crater was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high at 1,900 tons per day on 22 September. Nighttime incandescence at the crater was visible during 2-16 September. A notable eruptive event at 1335 on 23 September generated an ash plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and also drifted down-flank to the SE until 1600. A large amount of ashfall was deposited on the SE flank. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 September-20 September 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 12-19 September. Volcanic plumes produced by the explosions rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim and ballistics were ejected as far as 1.3 km from the vent. Sulfur dioxide emissions were high at 2,400 tons per day on 14 September. Nighttime incandescence at the crater was visible during 2-16 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 September-13 September 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 5-12 September. The seismic network recorded four eruptive events and seven explosions. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.3 km above the crater rim and ballistics were ejected as far as 1.3 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 August-6 September 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported low but continuing activity from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 August-5 September. Small eruptive events were recorded throughout the week, and crater incandescence was visible nightly. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 2,500 tons per day on 30 August, the same rate as the last measurement on 16 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 August-30 August 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported low but continuing activity from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 August. Small eruptive events were recorded throughout the week, and nighttime incandescence from the crater was visible during 26-29 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 August-23 August 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 0009 on 15 August an explosion at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high at 1,500 tons per day, measured during a field visit on 16 August. Two eruptive events were recorded during 19-22 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 August-16 August 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 8-15 August. The seismic network recorded 33 eruptive events and 12 explosions. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and material was ejected large ballistics as high as 1.7 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 August-9 August 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 1-8 August. The seismic network recorded 25 eruptive events and seven explosions. Volcanic plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and material was ejected material as high as 1.3 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 July-2 August 2022 Cite this Report

JMA lowered the Alert Level for Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano to 3 (on a 5-level scale) on 27 July, noting that after the larger eruption on 24 July material had not been ejected more than 2 km from the crater; residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater. During 25 July-1 August the seismic network recorded about 11 explosions and 19 eruptive events, producing plumes that rose as high as 2.2 km above the summit and ejected material far as 1.1 km. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. No deformation was detected.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 July-26 July 2022 Cite this Report

A notable eruption at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred on 24 July. The event was preceded by inflation first detected at around 0900 on 18 July. JMA warned residents that the inflation represented an intrusion of magma that could result in a large explosion. Sulfur dioxide emissions were at 1,900 tons per day, measured during a field visit on 22 July. Four eruptive events recorded between 23 July and 1500 on 24 July produced plumes that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim; the events did not change the rate of inflation. A larger eruptive event occurred at 2005 on 24 July that ejected bombs more than 2.4 km E, the first time material fell beyond 2 km from the crater since 4 June 2020. The event produced minor plumes that rose 300 m before mingling with weather clouds. The Alert Level was raised to 5 (the highest level on a 5-level scale) at 2050, signaling that residents should evacuate. According to a news article 51 people in 33 households living within a 3-km radius of both Minamidake and Showa craters left their homes. Ashfall was reported in Kagoshima City (about 10 km W). JMA noted that inflation ceased after the event. On 25 July JMA scientists conducted a field visit and confirmed that bombs were deposited more than 2.4 km from the vent and observed ashfall in an area from Shirahamacho to Kurokamicho. During 25-26 July a few small explosions and eruptive events generated plumes that rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and disappeared into the weather clouds. Deformation had stagnated.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); The Japan Times

13 July-19 July 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 11-18 July. Sulfur dioxide emissions were measured at 1,400 tons per day on 13 July. One explosion, recorded at 1852 on 17 July, produced an ash plume that rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and ejected material as high as 1.1 km above the summit. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 June-5 July 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 28 June-4 July. Two eruptive events and one explosion produced plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. An explosion, the first recorded since 28 January, was detected at 1221 on 27 June and ejected tephra 600-900 m above the crater rim. The sulfur dioxide rate was 800 tons per day on 30 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 June-28 June 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 20-27 June. At 1221 on 27 June an eruptive event produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 June-14 June 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 6-13 June. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 6-10 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 May-31 May 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small eruptive event was recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 May. Crater incandescence was visible at night during 23-27 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 May-24 May 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small eruptive event was recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-23 May. Crater incandescence was visible at night. At 0900 on 17 May an eruptive event produced a plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. That same day the sulfur dioxide rate was slightly high at 1,700 tons per day. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 May-17 May 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small eruptive event was recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-13 May. An eruptive event at 1141 on 15 May generated a plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 May-10 May 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that sulfur dioxide emissions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were slightly high at 500 tons per day on 2 May. At 1453 on 3 May an eruption produced a plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 6-9 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 April-3 May 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small eruptive event was recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) on 2 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 April-26 April 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 18-25 April. Crater incandescence was periodically visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high at 1,300 tons per day on 19 April but then dropped to 500 tons per day on 22 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 April-19 April 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 11-18 April. Crater incandescence was periodically visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 April-12 April 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 4-11 April. Very small eruptive events were recorded on 6 and 9 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 March-5 April 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 March through 4 April. After 2 April, incandescence was observed at night with a high-sensitivity surveillance camera. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 March-29 March 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 March-22 March 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-21 March. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was slightly high at 1,300 tons per day on 17 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 February-22 February 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1540 on 15 February an eruption at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and into weather clouds. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly high at 1,200 tons per day on 17 February. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 20 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 February-15 February 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nighttime crater incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 7-11 February. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 700 tons per day, slightly low. An eruptive event at 1620 on 13 February produced a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 February-8 February 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 31 January-4 February. Ejected incandescent material was visible at night during 4-7 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 January-1 February 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 24-31 January. Two explosions occurred on 28 January. One of them, recorded at 1319, produced an ash plume that rose 3.4 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks as high as 1.7 km. Ash fell in Arimura (4.5 km SE) and Kurokami (4 km E). JMA noted that until this event explosion plumes had not exceeded 3 km since 5 April 2021. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 January-25 January 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 17-24 January. Sulfur dioxide emissions were somewhat high on 17 January at 1,000 tons per day. Two explosions on 18 January produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and ejected ballistics 1-1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 January-18 January 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 10-17 January. Seismic data showed a decreasing number of volcanic earthquakes. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 January-11 January 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 3-10 January. An eruptive event at 0143 on 7 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.3 km and ejected bombs 600-900 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 December-4 January 2022 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 27 December 2021 to 3 January 2022. An eruptive event at 2324 on 28 December produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim. An eruptive event at 2105 on 1 January 2022 generated ash plumes that rose 1 km and ejected bombs 600-900 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 December-28 December 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 20-27 December. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 600 tons per day on 20 December. Two eruptive events during 20-24 December produced plumes that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim. Very small eruptive events were detected during 24-27 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 December-21 December 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were detected during 13-20 December. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was slightly high at 1,200 tons per day on 13 December. Crater incandescence was visible at night during 13-17 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 December-14 December 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 6-13 December. As many as five eruptive events generated plumes that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 December-7 December 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 29 November-6 December. An eruptive event at 1702 on 2 December generated a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 November-30 November 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 22-29 November. An eruptive event at 1509 on 25 November generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was slightly high at 1,200 tons per day on 26 November; sulfur dioxide emissions had been generally high since late September 2020. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 November-23 November 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 15-22 November. Three eruptive events were recorded during 15-19 November. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 700 tons per day on 16 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 November-16 November 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 8-15 November. Very small eruptions were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 November-9 November 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 1-8 November. An eruption at 2225 on 2 November produced a plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,000 tons per day on 4 November. Very small eruptions were detected during 5-8 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 October-2 November 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 25 October-1 November. Two very small eruptions were detected on 28 and 31 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 October-26 October 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 18-25 October. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,000 tons per day on 22 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 October-19 October 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 11-18 October. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 800 tons per day on 11 October. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 14 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 October-12 October 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 4-11 October. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 400 tons per day on 5 October. An explosion at 0517 on 8 October ejected material 600-900 m away from the crater and produced an eruption plume that was obscured by weather clouds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 September-5 October 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 27 September-4 October. The trend of inflation that was first detected on 13 September continued. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,500 tons per day on 28 September. A very small eruptive event occurred on 3 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 September-28 September 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible on most nights during 20-27 September. The trend of inflation first detected on 13 September had begun to slow down by 21 September. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,600 tons per day on 22 September. An eruptive event at 0110 on 23 September and two more during 24-27 September produced plumes that rose 1.1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 September-21 September 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1617 on 19 September produced an eruption plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was visible at night during 20-21 September. The report noted that inflation around the summit continued to be recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 September-14 September 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 6-10 September. Deformation data showed inflation beginning at around 0300 on 13 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 August-10 August 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 2-9 August. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 2-6 August. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was relatively elevated at 1,500 tons per day on 4 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 July-3 August 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 26 July-2 August. An eruptive event at 2009 on 28 July produced a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 2 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 July-27 July 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 19-26 July. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 19 July. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was relatively elevated at 1,000 tons per day on 21 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 July-13 July 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). Crater incandescence was visible at night during 9-12 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 June-6 July 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported nightly incandescence during 28 June-5 July from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). An eruptive event on 29 June produced an ash plume that rose 1 km before entering weather clouds. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was low at 600 tons per day on 30 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 June-22 June 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 14-21 June incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was elevated at 1,400 tons per day on 15 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 June-15 June 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-14 June incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was low at 900 tons per day on 9 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 June-8 June 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 31 May-7 June incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly and very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 2,700 tons per day on 2 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 May-1 June 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 24-31 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 May-25 May 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-24 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. A very small eruptive event was recorded on 23 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 May-18 May 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-17 May nightly incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 May-11 May 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-10 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There were four explosions and four non-explosive events during 3-7 May, producing ash plumes that rose as high has 2.5 km above the summit and ejecting bombs 0.8-1.1 km away from the crater. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 7-10 May. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,300 tons per day on 19 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 April-4 May 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 26 April-3 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There was a total of 10 explosions, producing ash plumes that rose as high has 2.4 km above the summit and ejected bombs 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 April-27 April 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 19-26 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There was a total of 16 explosions, producing ash plumes that rose as high as 2.3 km above the summit and ejected bombs 1-1.3 km away from the crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was somewhat high at 1,800 tons per day on 21 April. An explosion at 0109 on 25 April produced what was initially thought to be a pyroclastic flow, triggering JMA to warn residents beyond a 2-km radius to be cautious and vigilant. Scientists conducting field observations later that day did not observe pyroclastic flow deposits or damaged vegetation, and concluded that the plume phenomenon was generated by winds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale), and residents were warned to stay 2 km away from the crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 April-20 April 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 12-19 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There was a total of nine explosions and one eruptive event. Ash plumes rose 1-2 km above the summit and bombs were ejected 800-1,300 m away from the crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,400 tons per day on 12 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 April-13 April 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 0641 on 5 April and explosion at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced an ash plume that rose as high as 3 km above the crater rim and ejected material 800-1,000 m away from the crater. Five explosions were recorded during 9-12 April. The highest ash plume rose 2.1 km and bombs were ejected as far as 900 m from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible nightly. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 March-6 April 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 29-30 March explosions at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera's Sakurajima volcano) produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 600-900 m away. An explosion was recorded on 4 April. An explosion at 0641 on 5 April ejected bombs 800-1,100 m away from the crater and generated an ash plume that rose up to 3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 March-30 March 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22-26 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera's Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An explosion on 25 March produced an eruption plume that rose 1.4 km above the crater rim. On 27 March at 0236 an eruption generated an ash plume that rose 2.5-4 km above the crater rim and drifted NW, resulting in a large amount of ashfall in Kagoshima City (about 10 km W). Volcanic bombs were ejected 1-1.3 km away from the crater. An eruption on 29 March at 1557 produced an eruption plume that rose 2.2 km above the crater rim and drifted SE, resulting in a pyroclastic flow down the SE flank and ashfall in Kagoshima City and the Kagoshima Prefecture. An explosion on 30 March at 0433 generated an ash plume that rose 2.7 km above the crater and drifted E, ejecting bombs 600-900 m from the crater. Ashfall was again reported in Kagoshima City. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 March-23 March 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 15-22 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An explosion on 15 March produced an eruption plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 500-700 m away from the crater. The explosions on 20 March generated plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,800 tons per day on 12 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 March-16 March 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 8-15 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Seven explosions and 10 non-explosive events generated eruption plumes that rose 2.4-2.7 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 0.8-1.7 km away from the crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 2,300 tons per day on 10 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 March-9 March 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 1-8 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An explosion at 1810 on 1 March ejected bombs 600-900 m away from the crater; an eruption plume was not confirmed. That same day the sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,900 tons per day. An explosion on 5 March produced an eruption plume that rose 2.7 km above the summit and ejected bombs 800-1,100 m away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 February-2 March 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22 February-1 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Three explosions and four non-explosive events generated eruption plumes that rose as high as 2.6 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 0.6-1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 February-23 February 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 15-22 February incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An explosion on 16 February generated an eruption plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 1-1.3 km away from the crater. That same day the sulfur dioxide emission rate was extremely high, at 4,300 tons per day. An ash plume from an explosion at 2253 on 21 February rose 1.6 km and entered weather clouds. Large bombs were ejected 800-1,100 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 February-16 February 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 8-15 February incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. One explosion and five eruptive events generated eruption plumes that rose 1.4-1.5 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 800-1,100 km away from the crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,500 tons per day on 9 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 February-9 February 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 29 January-1 February incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. Seven explosions generated eruption plumes that rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 1,000-1,300 km away from the crater. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,100 tons per day on 2 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 January-2 February 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25 January-1 February incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible at night. Ten explosions generated eruption plumes that rose 1.8-2.3 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 800-1,100 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 January-26 January 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 18-25 January incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate slightly high, reaching 1,500 tons per day on 18 January. Two explosions, on 18 and 20 January, produced eruption plumes that rose 1.3-1.7 km above the crater rim and ejecting bombs 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 January-19 January 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 11-18 January incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high, reaching 2,100 tons per day on 13 January. Five explosions and three eruptive events were recorded, producing eruption plumes that rose 1.3-2 km above the crater rim and ejecting bombs 500-900 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 January-12 January 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 4-11 January incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high and reached extremely high levels of 5,000 tons per day on 6 January. An explosion at 1642 on 4 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and merged into weather clouds. An explosion at 1133 on 11 January generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 December-5 January 2021 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 28 December-4 January incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high. Four explosions were recorded during 28 December-1 January; an explosion at 1614 on 29 December generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km above the crater rim and ejecting bombs 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 2-4 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 December-29 December 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-28 December incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. The sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high, with 2,900 tons measured on 21 December. Six explosions were recorded, generating plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 0.6-1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 December-22 December 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported nightly incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-21 December and that the sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high. Four explosions were recorded during 16-18 December. One of the explosions, at 1959 on 17 December, generated a plume that rose 3 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. Another explosion, at 0439 on 18 December, produced a plume that rose 1.8 km and ejected bombs 1-1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 December-15 December 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-14 December incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly and the sulfur dioxide emission rate remained high. Three explosions during 7-11 December produced ash plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. An eruptive event at 0514 on 14 December produced a plume that rose 1.8 km and blended into weather clouds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 December-8 December 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 30 November-7 December incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was often visible nightly. An explosion on 2 December produced an eruption plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and blended into weather clouds. Volcanic bombs were ejected 1-1.3 km away from the crater. That same day the sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,500 tons per day. During 4-7 December two eruption plumes rose as high as 1.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 November-1 December 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 23-30 November incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Very small eruptive events were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 November-24 November 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 16-23 November incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. One explosion and two eruptive events produced plumes that rose 1.4-1.6 km above the crater rim. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,000 tons per day on 18 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 November-17 November 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 9-16 November incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Two explosions on 10 November produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim and ejected bombs 600-900 m away from the crater. An eruptive event at 0708 on 16 November generated a plume that rose 1.3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 November-10 November 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 2-9 November incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Two explosions during 1-2 November produced ash plumes that rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim. An explosion was recorded at 1504 on 7 November but the weather conditions prevented visual conformation. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,200 tons per day on 9 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 October-3 November 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 26 October-2 November incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An eruption at 0620 on 30 October produced a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 October-20 October 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 14-20 October incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. A small eruption was recorded on 13 October. During an overflight that same day scientists observed lava at the bottom of the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 October-13 October 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally recorded during 5-12 October. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 September-6 October 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally recorded during 29 September-3 October. Crater incandescence was visible at night. An eruptive event at 1635 on 3 October produced a plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 September-29 September 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally recorded during 14-21 September. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 2,000 tons per day on 25 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 September-22 September 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally recorded during 14-21 September. Crater incandescence was visible at night. An eruption at 0810 on 15 September generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 September-14 September 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally recorded during 7-14 September. Nighttime crater incandescence was noted during 9-10 and 12-13 September. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was elevated at 1,300 tons/day on 11 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 September-8 September 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 12 eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 31 August-7 September produced plumes that rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,400 tons/day on 31 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 August-1 September 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 17-28 August; the volcano was quiet during 29-31 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 August-18 August 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 10-17 August. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was just over 1,000 tons/day on 13 August. During an overflight on 14 August observers noted that emissions were rising from multiple vents in the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 August-11 August 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that the daily sulfur dioxide emission rate at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was 700 tons/day on 3 August. An explosion at 0538 on 9 August produced an ash plume that rose as high as 5 km above the crater rim; ejected blocks were not visually confirmed due to weather conditions. Ashfall was reported in areas N of the crater including Kagoshima City (about 10 km W), Kirishima City (20 km NE), Yusui Town (40 km N), and parts of the Miyazaki Prefecture and the Kumamoto Prefecture. After the explosion at 0538, smaller eruptions were intermittently detected through 10 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 July-14 July 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-10 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 July-7 July 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported very small eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 29 June-3 July; inclement weather prevented visual observations during 4-6 July. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,300 tons per day on 2 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 June-30 June 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22-26 June two eruptive events at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose as high as 1,300 m above the crater rim. An explosion at 1807 on 28 June ejected material 1,000-1,300 m away from the crater and produced a plume that rose 600 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 June-23 June 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events were recorded at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 19-22 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 June-16 June 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were four explosive events and one eruptive event at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 8-12 June. An explosion at 1119 on 10 June produced a plume that rose 3.2 km above the crater rim and ejected large rocks 1.3-1.7 km away from the crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions remained high. No observable activity was recorded during 13-15 June, though inclement weather obscured views. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 June-9 June 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 1-8 June incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was sometimes visible at night. An explosion at 0259 on 4 June produced a plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejected material almost 2 km away from the crater. Vibrations from the explosion were detected at the Seto Observatory, 4 km from the crater. During field surveys on 4 and 8 June deposits of tephra (up to 5 cm in diameter) were observed in areas 4-5 km E, and large blocks had fallen 3 km SW; craters created from the impact of the blocks were about 6 m in dimeter and 2 m deep. An explosion at 0130 on 5 June generated a plume that rose 3.7 km above the rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 May-2 June 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25 May-1 June incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible almost nightly. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was high. There were three explosive events and 18 eruptive events during 25-29 May with plumes rising as high as 3 km above the crater rim. Material was ejected 800-1,100 m away from the crater. An eruption at 1337 on 1 June generated an ash plume that rose to 3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 May-26 May 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 18-25 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There were 17 explosive events and five eruptive events with plumes rising as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim. Material was ejected 800-1,300 m away from the crater. The daily sulfur dioxide emission rate was high; it was just over 1,200 tons per day on 22 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 May-19 May 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 11-18 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There were 10 explosive events with plumes rising as high as 2 km above the crater rim. Material was ejected 600-900 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 May-12 May 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 4-11 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. There were four eruptive events with plumes rising as high as 2.3 km above the crater rim. Three explosions were recorded; an explosion at 0531 on 9 May produced an ash plume that rose 4.2 km and ejected material 600-900 m away from the crater. JMA noted that ash plumes had not risen higher than 4 km since 8 November 2019. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 April-5 May 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27 April-4 May incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. An explosion at 2246 on 27 April generated an ash plume that rose over 3 km above the crater rim and ejected blocks 600-900 m from the crater. An eruptive event at 1510 on 2 May produced a plume that rose 1.4 km above the rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 April-28 April 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-27 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The seismic network recorded 11 eruptive events and five explosions. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.1 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 April-21 April 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 13-20 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The seismic network occasionally recorded very small eruptive events and three explosions. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 1,700 and 2,000 tons/day on 14 and 17 April, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 April-14 April 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 6-13 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The seismic network recorded 16 eruptive events and 6 explosions. Ash plumes rose as high as 2 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 300-500 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 April-7 April 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 30 March-6 April incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. The seismic network recorded 22 eruptive events and one explosion (at 1558 on 4 April). The highest plume during the period rose to 3.8 km above the crater rim, visible at 1621 on 4 April. Material was ejected 500-900 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 March-31 March 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 23-30 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Twelve eruptive events were recorded along with three explosions during 23-27 March. An eruption at 1041 on 27 March produced an ash plume that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and ejcted material 800-1,100 m away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 March-24 March 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 16-23 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Occasional eruptive events were recorded along with seven explosions. Ash plumes rose 2.8-3 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 1.1-1.7 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 March-17 March 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 9-16 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Occasional eruptive events were recorded. An eruption at 1433 on 12 March generated an ash plume that rose 2.1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 March-10 March 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 2-9 March incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible nightly. Occasional eruptive events were recorded. An eruption at 0457 on 7 March generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 February-3 March 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25 February-2 March there were six explosions and three non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.6 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 600-1,300 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible every night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 February-25 February 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 17-25 February there were 34 explosions and 19 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 600-1,100 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible every night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was elevated at 1,900 tons/day on 20 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 February-18 February 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-17 February there were 13 explosions and seven non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 600-900 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 February-11 February 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-7 February there were 16 explosions and 21 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 1,000-1,300 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible at night. An explosion at 0126 on 10 February produced an ash plume that rose 1.4 km and ejected material as far as 1.8 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 January-4 February 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27 January-3 February there were 26 explosions and 33 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 700-1,300 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was very high at 4,700 tons/day on 31 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 January-28 January 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-27 January there were 27 explosions and nine non-explosive eruptive events detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 1-1.7 km away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was very high at 4,400 tons/day on 20 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 January-21 January 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported nighttime crater incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-20 January. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded by the seismic network. A total of 21 explosions were detected, with ash plumes rising as high as 2 km above the crater rim and large blocks ejected as far as 1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 January-14 January 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported nighttime crater incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-14 January. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded by the seismic network. Explosions were recorded during 6, 10, and 12-14 January; ash plumes rose 1.8-2.3 km above the crater rim and material was ejected as far as 1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 January-7 January 2020 Cite this Report

JMA reported nighttime crater incandescence at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 December-6 January. Small eruptive events were occasionally recorded by the seismic network. An explosion on 6 January produced an ash plume that rose 1.7 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 1.1 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 December-31 December 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 23-27 December there were three explosions and one non-explosive eruptive event detected by the Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.3 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 600-900 m away from the crater. Crater incandescence was visible at night and minor eruptive activity continued during 27-30 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 December-24 December 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 16-23 December. There were 16 explosions and nine non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and material was ejected 0.5-1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 December-17 December 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 9-16 December. There were 15 explosions and 10 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose 2.4 km above the crater rim, although explosions at 0115 and 2109 on 10 December generated ash plumes that rose 3 km above the crater rim. Blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km away from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 December-10 December 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 2-9 December. There were 15 explosions and four non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose 2.3-2.6 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.7 km away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 November-3 December 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 25 November-2 December. There were 16 explosions and three non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km away. One of the explosions, recorded at 2010 on 28 November, produced an eruption plume that rose 3.3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 November-26 November 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 18-25 November. There were 17 explosions and four non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected as far as 1.7 km away. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 2,800 tons/day on 21 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 November-19 November 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 11-18 November. There were 27 explosions and 29 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and blocks were ejected 600-900 m away. An explosion at 0200 on 13 November generated an ash plume that rose 3.6 km and ejected large blocks that fell 1.7 km away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 November-12 November 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 5-11 November. There were 13 explosions and 25 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km away. Explosions at 1557 and 1615 on 7 November generated ash plumes that rose 3.8 and 3.5 km above the crater rim, respectively. An explosion at 1724 on 8 November generated an ash plume that rose 5.5 km above the crater rim and drifted E, and ejected large blocks that fell 500-800 m away. The last time plumes rose over 5 km from the active vents was on 26 July 2016 at Showa Crater and on 7 October 2000 at Minamidake Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 October-5 November 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 28 October-5 November. There were 32 explosions and 16 non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Eruption plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 October-29 October 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that two eruptive events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) recorded during 25-28 October generated plumes that rose 1.2 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 October-22 October 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible at night during 15-21 October. There were 14 explosions and seven non-explosive eruptive events detected by the seismic network. Eruption plumes rose as high as 3 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.3 km away. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,800 tons/day, on 15 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 October-15 October 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 7-15 October. There were 13 explosions detected by the seismic network and nine non-explosive eruptive events. Eruption plumes rose 2.3-2.7 km above the crater rim and large blocks were ejected as far as 1.7 km away. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,100 tons/day, on 11 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 October-8 October 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 30 September-7 October. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was high, at 2,000 tons/day, measured during fieldwork on 1 October. An explosion was recorded at 0055 on 4 October but weather clouds prevented visual confirmation. Two explosions during 6-7 October generated ash plumes that rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim and ejected large blocks 1.1 km away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 September-1 October 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 24-30 September. Very small eruptive events were recorded. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 September-24 September 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 17-24 September. There were 30 eruptive events, 11 of which were explosive. Plumes rose as high as 2.6 km above the crater rim, and material was ejected as far as 1.7 km from the crater. On 20 September one of the explosions produced an ash plume that rose 3.4 km above the crater rim before merging into weather clouds. Large blocks were ejected 500-700 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 September-17 September 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that inflation at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) began to be detected on 9 September and was similar to the deformation recorded just before a notable eruption on 16 June 2018. An eruption recorded at 0746 on 16 September produced an ash plume that rose 2.8 km above the crater rim and drifted SW. A series of eruptive events were recorded during 0830-1110. Deformation ceased after the events. An explosion at 0927 on 17 September generated an ash plume that rose 1 km and ejected blocks as far as 1.1 km. Two eruptive events later than day produced ash plumes that rose 1.6 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 September-10 September 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1549 on 3 September an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 1.9 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 900 m from the vent. Very small eruptive events were detected during 6-9 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 August-3 September 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 26 August-2 September very small eruptive events were detected at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), though none of them were explosive. Crater incandescence was visible in webcams at night during 1-2 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 August-27 August 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small eruptive events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occasionally occurred during 19-26 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 August-20 August 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 13-16 August crater incandescence at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible in webcams at night. A small eruptive event was recorded on 18 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 August-13 August 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 5-13 August very small eruptive events were detected at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), though none of them were explosive. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible in webcams at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 July-6 August 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 30 July-5 August very small eruptive events were detected at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), though none of them were explosive. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible in webcams at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 July-30 July 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 22 July an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose to 1.5 km above the crater rim. At 1725 and 1754 on 28 July ash plumes rose 3.5-3.8 km above the crater rim and causing ashfall in areas N of the crater including Kirishima (20 km NE), Shimizu Town, and parts of the Kumamoto Prefecture. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 July-23 July 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 19-22 July as many as four explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated ash plumes that rose at least to 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejected material 1.1 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 July-16 July 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 8-16 July very small eruptive events were detected at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), though none of them were explosive. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 July-9 July 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1044 on 4 July an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 3.2 km above the crater rim and ejected material 1.1 km from the vent. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 June-25 June 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 17-21 June very small eruptive events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded, as well as periodic crater incandescence through 24 June. An explosion recorded on 24 June generated a plume that rose 1.6 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 June-18 June 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that inflation at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) began at 0500 on 11 June. At 1431 an explosion ejected material 1.2 km from the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 2.2 km above the crater rim. An explosion at 0921 on 13 June was followed by some deflation. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 14-17 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 June-11 June 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-10 June very small eruptive events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded, as well as periodic crater incandescence. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 May-4 June 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27 May-3 June very small eruptive events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded as well as periodic crater incandescence. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 May-28 May 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22-23 May two explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose 1.6 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 900 m. Crater incandescence was periodically visible. Very small eruptive events were recorded during 24-27 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 May-21 May 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 13 May two explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose 1.8 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 1.3 km. Crater incandescence from the crater was visible. Very small non-explosive events were recorded by the seismic network during 17-20 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 May-14 May 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 7-13 May. Explosions on 7 and 13 May generated plumes that rose 1.6 and 2.9 km above the crater rim, respectively. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 May-7 May 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 29 April-7 May. Five explosions generated plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. The Tokyo VAAC noted that plumes drifted E, SE, and SW during 1-2, 4, and 6 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 April-30 April 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible at night during 22-29 April. Three events and one explosion during 22-26 April generated plumes that rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim. A small event was recorded on 27 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 April-23 April 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that the sulfur dioxide emission rate at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was somewhat high on 16 April at 1,600 tons/day. An explosion on 17 April generated a plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 900 m. During 19-22 April plumes from two events rose as high as 1.4 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 April-16 April 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 12-15 April. Two events and one explosion generated plumes that rose a maximum of 2.2 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 700 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 April-9 April 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 1-8 April. Two explosions on 7 April generated plumes that rose a maximum of 1.3 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 1.7 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 March-2 April 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25 March-1 April five events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced plumes that rose as high as 1.6 m above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 March-26 March 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 18-22 March there were two events and one explosion recorded at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). Plumes rose at least as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim. Small events occasionally occurred during 22-25 March; crater incandescence was visible at night on 24 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 March-19 March 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 11-18 March. There were nine events and four explosions detected during 11-15 March ejecting material as far as 1.3 km. One of the events, recorded at 2323 on 14 March generated an ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 1.1 km. During 16-18 March there were eight events and two explosions. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.7 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 March-12 March 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 4-11 March. Occasional small events and three explosions were detected during 8-11 March. Plumes rose as high as 1.9 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 February-5 March 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 25 February-4 March. There were four events and seven explosive events. Plumes rose as high as 2.3 km, and material as ejected as far as 1.1 km from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 February-26 February 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was occasionally visible during 18-25 February. At 0059 on 22 February an event generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and ejected material 600-900 m from the crater. During 22-25 February there were two events, one of which was explosive. Plumes rose as high as 1.2 km, and material as ejected as far as 900 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 February-19 February 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 12-18 February incandescence was visible from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), and two events and two explosions were recorded. One of the explosions occurred at 0624 on 14 February, producing a plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejecting material 500-700 m from the crater. An explosion on 17 February generated a plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim and ejected material 1-1.3 km from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 February-12 February 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 4-12 February. At 1919 on 7 February an event generated a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim and ejected material 1.3-1.7 km from the crater. During 8-12 February there were four events, three of which were explosive. Plumes rose as high as 1.9 km, and boulders were ejected as far as 900 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 January-5 February 2019 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was visible during 28 January-1 February. An explosion at 1400 on 1 February produced an ash plume that rose 600 m above the crater rim. During a field survey that same day the sulfur dioxide emission rate was high at 3,000 tons/day, an increase from the previous measurement of 1,800 tons/day recorded on 22 January. An explosion at 0228 on 3 February produced an ash plume that rose 1 km and ejected tephra 800-1,100 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 December-18 December 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were seven events and an additional five explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-17 December, with ash plumes rising as high as 2 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 700 m. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 December-11 December 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at least two events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 3-10 December, producing plumes that rose as high as 1.1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 November-4 December 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nine events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 26 November-3 December, producing ash plumes that rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim. Incandescence was periodically visible at night. An explosion at 0218 on 1 December generated a plume that rose 2.5 km and ejected tephra 1.1 km from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 November-27 November 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that four events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were recorded during 19-22 November, producing ash plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. Material was ejected 500-700 m from the crater. Occasional, very small events occurred during 22-26 November. Crater incandescence was visible at night during 20-21 November, for the first time since 20 September, and continued through 26 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 November-20 November 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was recorded at 0043 on 14 November, producing a large ash cloud that rose over 4 km above the crater rim. Incandescent material was ejected more than 1 km from the crater. The report noted that this was the first occurrence of an ash plume rising above 4 km since 16 July 2018. Two events occurred during 16-19 November with the larger plume rising 1.6 km into the clouds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 November-13 November 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that the sulfur dioxide emission rate at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was high at 1,100 tons/day on 6 November, an increase from the previous measurement of 1,000 tons/day recorded on 23 October. Very small eruptive events were occasionally recorded during 9-12 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 October-6 November 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1022 on 30 October an event at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Two explosions occurred during 2-5 November; the larger of the two sent a plume to 2.6 km and ejected material as far as 700 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 October-30 October 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22-26 October seven events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced eruption plumes that rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. Small scale events were occasionally detected through 29 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 October-23 October 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that occasional, very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 12-19 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions were slightly less than 400 tons per day on 17 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 October-16 October 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported occasional, very small events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-15 October. Sulfur dioxide emissions decreased from 3,400 tons/day on 4 October to 600 tons/day on 10 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 October-9 October 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred during 1-5 October; no explosions had been detected since 23 September. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 400 tons per day on 1 October, and then increased to 3,400 tons per day on 4 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 September-2 October 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that occasional, very small, events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25 September-1 October generated plumes that rose 400 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 September-25 September 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were eight events and an additional five explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 September, with ash plumes rising as high as 2.1 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.1 km. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 September-18 September 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 13 events and also 13 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-18 September, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.1 km. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 September-11 September 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were two events and four explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 3-10 September, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. An explosion at 0304 on 9 September ejected material as far as 700 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 August-4 September 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 14 events and 15 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 27 August-3 September, with ash plumes rising as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.3 km. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. The sulfur dioxide emission rate was 1,500 tons/day on 27 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 August-28 August 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were three events and 12 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20-27 August, with ash plumes rising as high as 2.1 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.3 km. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 August-21 August 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were four events and nine explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-20 August, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 900 m. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 August-14 August 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were five events and three explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 6-13 August, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 900 m. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 August-7 August 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were eight events and seven explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 30 July-6 August, with ash plumes rising as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 700 m. Crater incandescence was seldom visible at night. Sulfur dioxide emissions were very high at 3,200 tons per day on 2 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 July-31 July 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were four events and 11 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 23-30 July, with ash plumes rising as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.3 km. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible at night. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 2,100 tons per day on 26 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 July-24 July 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1336 on 17 July an event at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced a plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 1,300 tons per day that same day. Occasional small events were recorded during 20-23 July, and crater incandescence was visible on 22 and 23 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 July-17 July 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were nine events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-17 July generating plumes that rose as high as 2.3 km above the crater rim. At 1538 on 16 July an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 4.6 km, and ejected material as far as 1.7 km E. Crater incandescence was visible at night during 16-17 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 July-10 July 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were two events and three explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 July, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.3 km above the crater rim and material ejected as far as 1.1 km. Crater incandescence was sometimes visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 June-3 July 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 29 June a very small eruption occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). An explosion at 2319 on 1 July produced an ash plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim and ejected material 500 m away. Crater incandescence was visible at night on 2 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 June-26 June 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were four events and one explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 June, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.9 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was visible at night on 18 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 June-19 June 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were eight events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 11-15 June, with ash plumes rising as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. An explosive event at 0719 on 16 June 2018 generated an ash plume that rose 4.7 km (the first time that a plume rose over 4 km since 2 May 2017) and ejecting tephra as far as 1.1 km. A pyroclastic flow traveled down the SW flank. The last pyroclastic flow originated at the Showa Crater on 1 April 2018. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 June-12 June 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were eight events and five explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 June. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. Ash plumes rose up to 2 km above the crater rim, except an event at 1135 on 10 June produced a plume that rose 3.5 km. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.3 km from the crater during 8-11 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 May-5 June 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 12 events and four explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 28 May-4 June. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.1 km from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 May-29 May 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 21 events and 19 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 May. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.3 km from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 3.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 May-22 May 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 13 events and 20 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 14-21 May. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.1 km from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 2.7 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 May-15 May 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-11 May there were 12 events, three of which were explosions, at Minamidake crater (at Aira caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). Tephra was ejected as far as 700 m from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 2.8 km (9,200 ft) above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 May-8 May 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were seven events and 15 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 1-7 May. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.3 km from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 2.8 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 April-1 May 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were nine events and 30 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 20 April-1 May. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.3 km from the crater, and ash plumes rose as high as 3.3 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was visible at night on 20, 23, 26, and 30 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 April-24 April 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were eight events and 13 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 16-23 April. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.1 km from the crater, and plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim. At 0038 on 22 April an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 3.3 km and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km. Crater incandescence was visible on most nights. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 April-17 April 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were four events and nine explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 9-16 April. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.3 km from the crater, and plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was visible on most nights. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 April-10 April 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were two events and 10 explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 2-9 April. Tephra was ejected as far as 1.1 km from the crater, and plumes rose as high as 3.4 km above the crater rim. An event at Showa Crater generated a plume that rose 1.3 km. An explosion at 0909 on 9 April at Minamidake crater ejected large boulders 1.3 km, and produced a plume that rose 1 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 March-3 April 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 16 events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 26 March-2 April, 12 of which were explosive. Tephra was ejected as far as 900 m from the crater. At 1541 on 26 March an explosion generated an ash plume that rose 3.4 km above the crater rim. An explosion recorded at 0740 on 1 April produced an ash plume that rose 3 km. Crater incandescence was visible the morning of 27 March and at night during 30 March-1 April.

During 30 March-2 April there were three events at Showa crater. An event at 1611 on 1 April ejected tephra 300-500 m from the crater, and produced a very small pyroclastic flow (the first since 3 June 2016) that traveled 800 m E. A plume rose 1.7 km above the crater rim, up into weather clouds. The previous eruption at Showa crater occurred on 8 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 March-27 March 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were 20 events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 19-26 March, two of which were explosive. The first explosive event, at 0138 on 21 March, generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim and into weather clouds. At 0228 on 26 March the second explosive event ejected tephra as far as 900 m from the crater and produced a plume that rose 2.8 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 March-20 March 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 12-19 March there were seven events and six explosions at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). Some of the explosions ejected tephra as far as 1.1 km and generated ash plumes that rose 1.7-2.3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 March-13 March 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 5 March at 2026 an event at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim, into the clouds. Two explosions were detected on 10 March; one of the events, at 2312, generated ash plumes that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim and ejected material as far as 1.3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 February-6 March 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 26 February-5 March, two of which were explosive. An explosive event at 0031 on 27 February ejected tephra as far as 700 m and generated a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 February-27 February 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 0820 on 19 February an explosion at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated a plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. An event at 1639 on 24 February produced a plume that rose 800 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 February-20 February 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 13-16 and 19 February. An explosive event at 0820 on 19 February generated a plume that rose 1.5 km above the crater rim up into meteorological clouds. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 February-13 February 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 7-9 February. Crater incandescence from the summit crater was visible during 8-10 February. An event at 2201 on 11 February generated a plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 January-6 February 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) on 1 and 3 February. Crater incandescence from the summit crater was visible during 2-3 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 January-30 January 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 January. Crater incandescence from the summit crater was visible during the morning of 29 January. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 January-23 January 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that two of the nine events at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were explosive during 15-22 January. Plumes rose as high as 2.5 km above the crater rim, and material was ejected as far as 500 m from the crater. During field observations on 16 January scientists measured a high amount of sulfur dioxide emissions at 2,600 tons/day; the last measurement was 1,800 tons/day on 25 December 2017. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 January-16 January 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosive event occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1020 on 10 January, ejecting material 500-700 m from the crater. Weather clouds obscured views of the emissions. There were three events, two of which were explosive, detected during 12-15 January. The explosions ejected material as far as 500 m from the crater and produced plumes that rose as high as 1.5 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 January-9 January 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 28 December 2017-4 January 2018. An event at 1744 on 6 January ejected material from Minamidake Crater as far as 900 m from the crater. An event at Showa Crater on 8 January at 0359 ejected material as far as 800 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 December-2 January 2018 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake and Showa craters (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 25-28 December. An event at 0414 on 25 December ejected material from Minamidake Crater as far as 300 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 December-26 December 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-25 December. An event at 0514 on 25 December ejected material as far as 500 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 December-19 December 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that very small events occurred at Minamidake Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) on 14 and 18 December, and at Showa Crater on 16 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 December-12 December 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred at 1845 on 4 December and generated an ash plume that rose 1.4 km above the crater rim. Very small events occurred at Minamidake Crater during 7 and 9-10 December, and at Showa Crater on 10 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 November-5 December 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred at 1637 on 27 November, and generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim. Nighttime crater incandescence was sometimes visible during 27 November-1 December. Very small events occurred at Minamidake Crater on 1 December, and at Showa Crater during 2-3 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 November-28 November 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that events at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were occasionally detected during 20-27 November. Crater incandescence was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 November-21 November 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) detected at 2207 on 13 November, ejected material as far as 1.3 km. The explosion vibrated structures in Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures. Poor weather conditions prevented views of a plume. An explosion at Showa Crater at 0955 on 14 November produced a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. Another explosion at Minamidake occurred at 2343 on 14 November, generating a plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. Sulfur dioxide flux measured that same day was 1,400 tons per day, up from 400 tons per day on 10 November. Very small events at Minamidake were occasionally detected during 17-20 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 November-14 November 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) detected at 1025 on 7 November generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim. A very small event occurred at the same crater on 13 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 November-7 November 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that sulfur dioxide flux at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano was just under 800 tons per day on 30 October. An explosion at Minamidake summit crater at 1221 on 31 October generated an ash plume that rose 1 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 October-31 October 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that sulfur dioxide flux at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano was high at 1,000 and 1,400 tons per day on 23 and 27 October, respectively. Very small events at Minamidake summit crater were detected during 24-25 and 29-30 October. A thermally anomalous area on the SE flank, near Showa Crater, was identified on 25 October using a thermal camera. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 October-24 October 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small event at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was detected on 17 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 October-17 October 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-16 October there were 18 events detected at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), two of which were explosive. Plumes rose as high as 1.9 km above the crater rim, and material was ejected as far as 800 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 October-10 October 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 2-10 October there were 19 events detected at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), three of which were explosive. Plumes rose as high as 1.6 km above the crater rim. An explosion on 5 October ejected material as far as 800 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 September-3 October 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 0055 on 29 September an explosive event at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) produced a plume that rose 2.8 km above the crater rim, and ejected material as far as 1,300 m. Two of eight events were explosive during 30 September-2 October; plumes rose 2.8 km and material was ejected 1,300 m away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 September-26 September 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 29 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) detected during 19-22 September sometimes produced plumes that rose 1.8 km. At 0445 on 24 September an eruption plume rose 1 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 September-19 September 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 4-11 September there were 52 events detected at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano), seven of which were explosive and ejected material as far as 500 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.4 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was observed most nights. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 September-12 September 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 30 explosive events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 4-11 September ejected material as far as 800 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was observed most nights. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 August-5 September 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that six explosive events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 28 August-4 September ejected material as far as 800 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 2.2 km above the crater rim. Crater incandescence was observed at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 August-29 August 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 17 explosive events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 21-28 August ejected material as far as 800 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.4 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 August-22 August 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported 26 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 18-21 August, one of which was explosive. Material was ejected as high and as far as 500 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.7 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 August-15 August 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported 44 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 10-14 August, one of which was explosive. Material was ejected as high as 500 m and as far as 300 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 1.8 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 July-1 August 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported two events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 24-28 July. One of the events generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 July-11 July 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported a very small eruption at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) on 3 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 June-4 July 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1811 and 1904 on 27 June generated ash plumes that rose 1 km above the crater rim. Weak incandescence from the crater was noted on 30 June. During 30 June-3 July there were five events, one of which was explosive. Material was ejected as far away as 500 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 June-20 June 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an event at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1208 on 15 June generated an ash plume that rose 2.8 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 June-13 June 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported four events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 5-12 June, one of which was explosive. Material was ejected 800 m away the crater rim. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.2 km on 6 June and 1.9 km on 10 June. A very small event occurred at Minamidake summit crater on 5 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 May-6 June 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported 15 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 May, two of which were explosive. Material was ejected as high as 800 m above the crater rim. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.4 km on 31 May and 3 km on 2 June. Very small events occurred at Minamidake summit crater during 4-5 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 May-30 May 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported 22 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 22-29 May, seven of which were explosive. The explosions ejected material as high as 800 m above the crater rim, and as far away as 500 m. Ash plumes rose as high as 3.3 km on 23 May and 3.4 km on 29 May. Crater incandescence was detected on 25 May. A very small event occurred at Minamidake summit crater on 26 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 May-23 May 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were detected during 15-18 May. One of the events, an explosion at 2302 on 17 May, generated a large ash plume that rose 3 km above the crater rim and ejected material 500-800 m from the crater. That same day at 1526 an explosion at Minamidake summit crater produced an ash plume that rose 1.1 km above the crater. At 0058 on 19 May a plume rose 1.4 km above Showa Crater's rim. Very small events occasionally occurred at Minamidake summit crater during 19-22 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 May-16 May 2017 Cite this Report

According to JMA, fieldwork at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano revealed that the sulfur dioxide flux rose from 300 tons on 28 April to 1,700 tons on 8 May; the last time sulfur dioxide flux was above 1,000 tons was 23 June 2015. At 1312 on 12 May an explosion at Showa Crater generated a plume that rose 700 m above the crater rim, into a weather cloud. Four events were detected during 13-15 May; one of the events, an explosion at Showa Crater on 14 May, produced a plume that rose 2.3 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 May-9 May 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nine events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were detected during 1-8 May. One of the events was explosive, generating an ash plume that rose 4 km above the crater rim and ejecting material 300-500 m from the crater. Ashfall was reported in the cities of Kagoshima (3 km NW), Hioki (25 km WNW), and Ichikikushikino (40 km NW). Nighttime crater incandescence was noted on 2 and 5 May. An event at 1213 on 5 May at Minamidake summit crater produced a plume that rose 500 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 April-2 May 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that there were less than 10 small events at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 26-27 April, the first eruptions at that crater since 26 July 2016. During 28 April-1 May there were 16 events, of which two were explosive, ejecting tephra up to 800 m from the crater. One of the explosive events, at 1101 on 28 April, generated an ash plume that rose 3.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 April-18 April 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a very small eruption at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred on 16 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 April-11 April 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion from the Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) at 1004 on 4 April generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim. During field work later that day, scientists observed ashfall in Sakurajima Koike-cho in Kagoshima (3 km NW). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 March-4 April 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported very small eruptions at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 28-29 March. Based on JMA notices and satellite-image analyses, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 4 April an ash plume rose to an altitude of 8 km (26,200 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 March-28 March 2017 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) detected at 1803 on 25 March generated a pyroclastic flow that traveled 1.1 km down the S flank. An explosion at 2228 produced an ash plume that rose 1.4 km above the crater rim. Ash fell in the vicinity of the volcano and as far as 4.5 km E. Based on JMA notices and satellite-image analyses, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes drifted SE and E that same day.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 August-23 August 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that small-scale explosions occasionally occurred at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) during 15-19 August. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 August-16 August 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-13 and 15 August small-scale explosions occurred at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 August-9 August 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 4 August a small-scale explosion occurred at Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) ejecting material as high as 400 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 July-2 August 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 26 July an explosive eruption at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) ejected tephra 800 m away from the crater and generated an ash plume that rose 5 km above the crater rim. Significant amounts of ash fell in the W and SW parts of the island and in multiple areas of Kagoshima (10-12 km W). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 June-5 July 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a small-scale explosion at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred at 1336 on 29 June. An explosion at 0413 on 2 July generated an ash plume that rose 1.2 km above the crater rim, and ejected tephra as far as 800 m from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 June-7 June 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 3 June explosions at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 1.3 km above the crater rim, and a small pyroclastic flow that traveled 400 m SE. Tephra was ejected 800 m from the crater. A small-scale explosion occurred at Minamidake summit crater that same day; an ash plume rose 1.5 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 May-24 May 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano remained vigorously active. During 16-23 May the seismic network detected 15 explosions at Showa Crater, generating ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km above the crater rim (on 16 May). A small-scale explosion occurred at Minamidake summit crater on 18 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 May-17 May 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at the Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 3.7 km above the crater rim. During 13-16 May explosions from Showa Crater generated an ash plume that rose as high as 3.5 km above the crater rim. On 13 May the Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 May-10 May 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 8 May explosions from Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) generated an ash plume that rose 3.3 km above the crater rim and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 April-26 April 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a small-scale explosion at the Minamidake summit crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was detected on 20 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 April-19 April 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 11-15 April the seismic network at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano detected seven eruptions at Showa Crater. An event at 1924 on 17 April generated an ash plume that rose 2.2 km above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 April-12 April 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 4-8 April the seismic network at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano detected four explosions at Showa Crater, generating ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km above the crater rim. One of the explosions, recorded at 1333 on 6 April, produced an ash plume that rose 3.5 km. An explosion at 1922 on 8 April generated an ash plume that rose 3.7 km and ejected cinders as far as 1.3 km away. Small-scale explosions occurred at Minamidake summit crater on 5, 6, and 9 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 March-5 April 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 1 April an explosion at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano generated an ash plume that rose 2 km above Showa's crater rim. An explosion at Minamidake summit crater also produced an ash plume which rose 800 m above its crater rim. Three of five explosions detected at Showa during 1-4 April generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km, and ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Reports of falling tephra, 2 cm in diameter, came from a town 3 km away. At 0608 on 3 April an ash plume from an explosion rose 700 m above Minamidake. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 March-29 March 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion at 0159 on 24 March from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 800 m, and generated an ash plume that rose 2.1 km above the crater rim. At 0825 on 25 March an explosion at Minamidake summit crater produced an ash plume that rose 2 km above the crater rim. Two explosions at Showa Crater, detected at 0248 and 1044 on 26 March, sent ash plumes as high as 2.7 km and ejected tephra 1.3 km away onto the flanks. Tephra 8 mm in diameter fell 4 km away. Ash from an explosion at Minamidake rose as high as 2 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 March-22 March 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that small-scale explosions from Minamidake Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano were detected during 14-15 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 March-15 March 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that at 1820 on 8 March an explosion from Minamidake Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano generated a plume that rose 1.9 km above the crater rim. During an overflight on 11 March scientists observed a white plume rising 500 m above Minamidake. Later that day, at 2007, an explosion produced a plume that rose 1.7 km.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 March-8 March 2016 Cite this Report

During 29 February-4 March JMA reported that two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 500 m. At 0038 on 4 March an explosion at Minamidake summit crater generated an ash plume that rose 1.6 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 February-23 February 2016 Cite this Report

During 15-22 February JMA reported that six explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. A small-scale eruption occurred from Minamidake summit crater on 20 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 February-16 February 2016 Cite this Report

During 8-15 February JMA reported that 11 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Based on JMA reports and satellite data, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10-12 February ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, W, S, and SE. On 14 February a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 February-9 February 2016 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosive eruption at Showa Crater (at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) began at 1856 on 5 February and generated an ash plume that rose 1.3-1.8 km above the crater rim. Lightning was observed in the ash cloud, and incandescent tephra was ejected as far as 1.8 km onto the flanks. The Alert Level was raised to 3 (on a 5-level scale); it had previously been lowered to 2 on 25 November 2015. During an overflight the next day scientists did not see any significant changes to the crater; a plume obscured views of Minamidake summit crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions were 100 tons/day, which was the same level measured on 3 February.

Explosions were detected on 8 February. Based on JMA reports and satellite data, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8-9 February ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.3 km (5,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 November-10 November 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 2-6 November two small-scale eruptions occurred at Showa Crater, at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 October-3 November 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 30 October and 2 November small-scale events occurred at Showa Crater, at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 October-20 October 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 13-16 October small scale explosions occurred at Showa Crater, at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 September-6 October 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 28 September-2 October emissions rose from both Showa Crater and Minami-Dake Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 September-29 September 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-28 September emissions rose from both Showa Crater and Minami-Dake Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. An explosion at Minami-Dake Crater at 0233 on 28 September generated a plume that rose 2.7 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 September-22 September 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that small explosions occasionally occurred at Minamidake Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima during 14-21 September. On 16 and 18 September an explosion from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 800 m, and incandescence from the crater was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 September-8 September 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 30 explosions during 31 August-7 September from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater that was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 August-1 September 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that small-scale explosions from Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) were detected during 28-29 August. An ash plume rose 800 m above the crater on 29 August. Small explosions occurred at Minamidake Crater on 30 August. The Alert Level was lowered to 3 (on a 5-level scale) on 1 September.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 August-25 August 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a small-scale explosion from Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred on 19 August. In a report from 21 August JMA noted that the possibility of larger-scale eruption had decreased since 15 August. Deformation data during 15-16 August suggested a dike intrusion beneath Minamidake Crater, centered 1-3 km below sea level, with an estimated volume of 2 million cubic meters. Small-scale explosions at Showa Crater occurred on 21 and 23 August. The Alert Level remained at 4 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 August-18 August 2015 Cite this Report

On 15 August JMA reported an increase in the frequency of volcanic earthquakes detected under Minami-Dake Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) and that inflation became more rapid. This activity suggested an increase in the possibility of larger-scale explosions, prompting JMA to raise the Alert Level to 4 (on a 5-level scale). Elevated activity continued to be detected through 18 August.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 August-11 August 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that explosions at Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) occurred twice during 3-7 August, ejecting tephra as far as 500 m away from the crater. An explosion on 8 August ejected tephra 800 m away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 July-28 July 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-24 July a small-scale, non-explosive event at Showa Crater (Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano) was recorded, and incandescence from the crater was visible on 23 July. An explosion on 25 July ejected tephra as far as 800 m away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 July-21 July 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported five explosions during 13-21 July from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 500 m, and incandescence from the crater that was occasionally visible. A small-scale eruption occurred from Minami-Dake Crater on 16 July. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 July-14 July 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 6-13 July small-scale explosions occurred at Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. One larger explosion ejected ballistics 200-300 m above the crater. Incandescence from the crater was occasionally visible at night. Rumbling was occasionally heard several tens of kilometers away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 July-7 July 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 14 explosions during 29 June-6 July from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater that was occasionally visible. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 June-30 June 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 26 explosions during 22-29 June from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater that was visible during 22-23 and 27 June. A small-scale eruption occurred from Minami-Dake Crater on 22 June. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 June-23 June 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 15 explosions during 15-22 June from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 800 m, and incandescence from the crater that was occasionally visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 June-16 June 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that incandescence from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano was visible at night on 13 June. An explosion occurred at 1007 on 15 June but inclement weather prevented visual observations. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 June-9 June 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 14 explosions during 1-5 June from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater that was occasionally visible at night. Explosive eruptions on 4 June generated small-scale pyroclastic flows that descended the E flank of Showa Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 May-2 June 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 18 explosions during 25-29 May and 24 during 29 May-1 June from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater was occasionally visible at night. On 29 May and 1 June explosions generated large ash plumes that rose 3.3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 May-26 May 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 19 explosions during 18-25 May from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m, and incandescence from the crater was occasionally visible at night. During 21-22 May explosions generated ash plumes that rose 3-4.3 km above the crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 May-19 May 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 31 explosions during 11-18 May from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano, some that ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 11 May. The next day a very small explosion at Minami-Dake Crater generated a 200-m-high plume. Three larger explosions from Showa Crater, at 2104 and 2200 on 13 May, and 0416 on 14 May, generated ash plumes that rose as high as 3.5 km. Tephra, about 2 cm in diameter, and ashfall reported in Kagoshima Kurokami was attributed to the explosion at 2104 on 13 May. During 15-18 May ash plumes rose as high as 3 km twice, except from an explosion at 1732 on 17 May, an event that produced a 3.8-km-high ash plume. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a 5-level scale).

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 May-12 May 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 105 explosions during 1-11 May from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano tephra was ejected as far as 1,800 m. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night. Explosions occurred at 2309 on 4 May, and at 1049 and 1126 on 8 May. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions measured during fieldwork conducted on 8 May were 2,300 tons per day (400 tons per day was measured on 16 April). An explosion at 2021 on 10 May generated a large ash plume that rose 3.2 km.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 April-5 May 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 12 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 27 April-1 May. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night. An explosion at 0720 on 27 April generated a large ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the crater. The next day an explosive eruption was detected by the seismic network for 40 minutes. A very small pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m down the SE flank of Showa Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 29 April-5 May generated plumes which rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 April-28 April 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 29 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 20-24 April. Nine of the explosions generated ash plumes that rose 3 km above the crater rim; one explosion, on 24 April, produced an ash plume that rose 4 km. Incandescence from the crater was visible on one night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 22-28 April generated plumes which rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.9 km (5,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, E, NE, and N.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 April-21 April 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported 23 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 13-17 April. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 14 April. An explosion at 1355 on 17 April generated a large ash plume that rose 3 km above the crater, and a second explosion ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m. Inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 15-18 and 20-21 April generated plumes which rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.6 km (4,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 April-14 April 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 15 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 6-10 April. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 7 and 9 April, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 8-13 April generated plumes which rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) and drifted E and SE during 10-11 April.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 April-7 April 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 20 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 30 March-3 April. Incandescence from the crater was periodically visible at night, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 1-2, 5, and 7 April generated plumes which rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.4 km (5,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE. Pilots observed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) on 1 April and 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 7 April.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 March-24 March 2015 Cite this Report

Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 18-25 March; plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, E, and NE during 18-19 and 21-25 March. JMA reported that 19 explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 20-23 March. Incandescence from the crater was periodically visible at night, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 March-17 March 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 13-16 March. Incandescence from the crater was periodically visible at night, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-17 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.3 km (6,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and N.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 March-10 March 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that seven explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 2-6 March. Incandescence from the crater was periodically visible at night, and inflation continued to be detected. During a field survey conducted on 4 March scientists observed deposits of tephra, up to 2 cm in diameter, in an area 3 km S of Showa Crater. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-5 and 7-8 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 February-3 March 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that eight explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 23-27 February. An explosion on 24 February generated an ash plume that rose 3.3 km. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 25 and 27 February, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 25-28 February and 2-3 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 February-24 February 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 16-20 February. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 19 February, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-24 February plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 February-17 February 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 36 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 9-13 February. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night during 9-11 February, and inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-17 February plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 17 February pilots observed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 February-10 February 2015 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 January-3 February plumes from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.3 km (5,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. On 1 February pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.3 km (9,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. JMA reported that nine explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 26-30 January. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night, and inflation continued to be detected. An explosion on 30 January caused tephra fall (2 cm in diameter) in Kagoshima Kurokami (3.5 km E). The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 January-3 February 2015 Cite this Report

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 January-27 January 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that three explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 800 m during 19-23 January. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 22 January. Inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 23 January plumes rose to altitudes of 3-4.9 km (10,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. During 24-27 January plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, NE, and N.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 January-20 January 2015 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15 and 17-20 January plumes from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). JMA reported that five explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 16-19 January. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 16 January. Inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 January-13 January 2015 Cite this Report

JMA reported that four explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 5-9 January. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night during 7-8 January. Inflation continued to be detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-8, 10, and 12-13 January plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, SW, and NW. On 8 and 10 January pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 December-6 January 2015 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-6 January plumes from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and S. During 3-5 January pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4 km (6,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. On 6 January JMA reported that inflation at Sakurajima had been detected during the previous few days. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 December-16 December 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that four explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 8-12 December. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night during 11-12 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported plumes during 11, 13, and 15-16 December that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NE. On 11 December a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 December-9 December 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that three explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 5-8 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4 and 6-8 December plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 November-2 December 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that periodic, small-scale explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima were detected during 25-28 November. Weak incandescence from the crater was visible during 25-26 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 27-30 November plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.9 km (5,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. An eruption on 2 December generated a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 November-25 November 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 17-21 November. Weak incandescence from the crater was visible during 18-19 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 19 November an explosion produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. An eruption on 23 November generated a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 November-18 November 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that three explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 800 m during 10-14 November. Incandescence from the crater was visible during 12-13 November. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 12-17 November plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 November-11 November 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nine explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 4-7 November. An explosive eruption on 7 November generated an ash plume that rose 3.5 km. An eruption later that day from Minami-Dake Crater produced a plume that rose 1.4 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 5-8 November plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-4.6 km (7,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, E, and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 October-4 November 2014 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano on 1 November. Explosions on 2 November generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3 m (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. During 3-4 November ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-3.7 km (10,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 October-28 October 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano were detected during 20-24 October; an explosion on 24 October generated a plume that rose 3.2 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 24 October ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3-4.6 km (10,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. During 25-26 October plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-2.7 km (8,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. On 28 October plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 October-21 October 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that three explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 14-17 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 16, 18, and 21 October ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and NE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 October-14 October 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that six explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 6-10 October. Incandescence from Showa Crater was visible at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9-10 October plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 October-7 October 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that five explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater during 29 September-3 October. Incandescence from Showa Crater was visible at night during 2-3 October. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 2-7 October plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. On 2 October a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 September-30 September 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 12 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 26-29 September. Incandescence from Showa Crater was visible at night during 26-27 September. An explosion on 28 September produced a dense ash plume that rose 3 km. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24-30 September plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-4 km (6,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, S, SE, and E. On 27 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 September-23 September 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 24 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 16-19 September. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 17-23 September plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. During 17-18 and 23 September pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 September-16 September 2014 Cite this Report

During 8-16 September JMA maintained Alert Level 3 for Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. Volcanic earthquakes and tremor were detected during this time period. There were 12 explosions that ejected tephra up to 1,300 m above Showa crater. Sustained eruptions from the crater were recorded on 10 and 11 September and nighttime incandescence was detected during 11-16 September.

During 10-16 September JMA reported ash eruptions, causing the Tokyo VAAC to issue regular advisories; however, ash was not visible in satellite images.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 September-9 September 2014 Cite this Report

During 1-9 September JMA maintained Alert Level 3 for Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. There were 23 explosions recorded from Showa crater from 1 to 4 September; during 5-7 September there were 18 explosions.

During 3-7 September JMA reported ash eruptions, causing the Tokyo VAAC to issue regular advisories; however, ash was not visible in satellite images. At 0437 on 9 September, ash was visible in satellite images and reached 3,300 m (11,000 ft) a.s.l. drifting S. On 2 and 3 September, ballistics reached 1,300-1,800 m above the crater. Nighttime incandescence was detected during 4-5 September from Showa crater. Volcanic earthquakes and tremor were detected during 1-8 September.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 August-2 September 2014 Cite this Report

During 27 August-2 September JMA reported 42 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano that ejected ballistics 800-1300 m from the crater. The explosions were accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor. On 30-31 August clear incandescence was visible by high-sensitivity camera at night, with a “smoke” plume rising 3 km above the crater on the 31st. The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 13-17 August with plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.2-4 km (4,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, N, and SE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 August-26 August 2014 Cite this Report

During 20-26 August JMA reported 17 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano that were accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor, and which ejected ballistics 500-800 m away. On 20-24 August clear incandescence was visible using high-sensitivity camera at night. On 20-26 August the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions with plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and N, though volcanic ash could not be identified in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 August-19 August 2014 Cite this Report

During 11-15 August JMA reported 14 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano that ejected ballistics 800-1300 m away. During 15-18 August were four more explosions with similar ballistic ejections. The explosions were accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor. On most days faint to clear incandescence was visible using a high-sensitivity camera at night. On 13-17 August the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions with plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and N, though volcanic ash could not be identified in satellite data. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 August-12 August 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported an explosion from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano on 6 August that ejected ballistics 300-500 m from Showa crater and a plume that rose 500 m above the crater. On 10 August three explosions ejected ballistics 500-800 m from Showa crater accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor. On 6-11 August, incandescence was clearly visible at night by high-sensitivity camera. The Tokyo VAAC reported that plumes from explosions on 6, 8-10 August rose to an altitude of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, N, E, SE, and S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 July-5 August 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported an explosion from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano on 30 July that ejected ballistics 300-500 m from Showa crater and six other explosions on 31 July accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and volcanic tremor. In general, explosions, volcanic tremor and volcanic earthquakes decreased 1-4 August. On 31 July-4 August, incandescence was clearly visible by high-sensitivity camera at night. The Tokyo VAAC reported that a plume from the 30 July explosion rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 July-29 July 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported three explosive eruptions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano on 22, 25, and 27 July that ejected ballistics 300-800 m away. In general, the eruptions were accompanied by volcanic earthquakes and increasing volcanic tremor. On 28 July a very small eruption cloud rose 200 m above Minami-Dake Crater. The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 23, 25, and 27 July plumes rose to an altitude of 1.5-2.5 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NE. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 July-22 July 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that seven explosive eruptions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 14-22 July ejected ballistics 500-800 m from Showa crater. In general, volcanic earthquakes decreased and tremor increased. The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-20 July plumes rose to an altitude of 2-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE; on 22 July a plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 July-15 July 2014 Cite this Report

During 11-14 July, JMA reported four large explosions that ejected deposits 800-1,300 m from Showa crater. Volcanic earthquakes decreased and tremor continued. The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 3-14 July plumes rose to altitudes of 2-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, SE, and E. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 June-1 July 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 23-27 June six explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. During 27-30 June there were four explosions. A significant explosion on 29 June lasted for 17 minutes.The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 25 June-1 July plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.9 km (4,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, SE, and E. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 June-24 June 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 13-23 June, 4-10 explosions occurred each day from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano. Tephra ejected from these events landed as far as 1,800 m away. A significant explosion on 19 June lasted for 17 minutes; the plume rose ~3,000 m above the crater rim and tephra was ejected to a distance of 1,300-1,800 m. Field surveys conducted on 12 June determined an SO₂ flux of 270 tons/day (previous measurement of 2,300 tons/day was measured on 9 May). During this reporting period there was no activity from Minamidake summit crater.

The Tokyo VAAC reported that volcanic ash was visible in satellite images at 0541 on 23 June. The plume reached 1,830 m (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) via the Volcano Research Center; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 June-10 June 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 19-23 May two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra that landed as far as 1,300 m away. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night during 19-20 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 6 and 9 June plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-5.5 km (7,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NW on 9 June.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 May-3 June 2014 Cite this Report

Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 31 May explosions from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano generated plumes that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 May-27 May 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 19-23 May two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night during 19-20 May. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-25 May plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-4 km (8,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and N.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 May-20 May 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that an explosion from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano at 2229 on 12 May ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater and produced a plume that rose 1.6 km above the crater rim. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night during 13-14 May.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 May-13 May 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that a small non-explosive eruption from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano occurred during 7-9 May. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night. A very small eruption at Minamidake Crater at 1151 on 8 May produced a plume that rose 400 m above the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10 and 12 May plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-5.5 km (8,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SE, and E. On 13 May a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 April-6 May 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 28 April-2 May four explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 500 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night during 28-30 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 April-3 May and on 5 May plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and SW. On 30 April a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 April-29 April 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that seven explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 22-25 April ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-24 and 26 April plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, and SE. On 26 April a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted WNW. An explosion was reported on 29 April.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 April-15 April 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-11 April two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 800 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected during the night of 10 April. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 10 and 12 April plumes rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SE on 10 April.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 April-8 April 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 31 March-4 April two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was occasionally detected at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that. During 2 and 5-7 April plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, and E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 March-1 April 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 20 explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano during 24-28 March ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night on 25 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion on 26 March. During 27-29 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, N, and NW.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 March-25 March 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 17-20 March five explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night during 17-18 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 20-25 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, SW, N, and NE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 March-18 March 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-14 March two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night. Volcanologists conducting a field survey on 10 March noted that sulfur dioxide emissions were 190 tons per day, lower than the 1,900 tons per day they measured on 4 March. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 12 and 15-17 March. On 12 March pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.8 km (4,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. During 15-18 March plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. Pilots observed ash plumes drifting SE at an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. on 16 March, and drifting SE at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 18 March.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 March-11 March 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-7 March six explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 5-11 March. Plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. Pilots observed ash drifting SE at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 6 March, SE at an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. on 9 March, and NE at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. on 11 March.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 February-4 March 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 24-28 February two explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected during 24-26 February. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 27-28 February and 2-4 March. Plumes rose to altitudes of 1.2-4 km (4,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, NE, SE, and S during 28 February and 2-4 March. A pilot observed ash drifting at an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 2 March.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 February-25 February 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 17-21 February three explosions from Showa Crater at Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 19-20 and 22-25 February generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, SE, and S. A pilot observed ash on 20 February.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 February-18 February 2014 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 12-18 February from Aira Caldera’s Sakurajima volcano generated ash plumes on most days that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, and N. On 12 February a pilot observed an ash plume drifting E at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. JMA reported that during 14-17 February two explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 800 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 February-11 February 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-7 February five explosions from Sakurajima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was detected at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported explosions during 6, 8-9, and 11 February. On 8 February a pilot observed an ash plume drifting at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. Ash plumes rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. on 9 February and 2.1 (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 11 February.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 January-4 February 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27-31 January five explosions from Sakurajima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 29 January and during 31 January-2 February and on 4 February ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.9 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 January-28 January 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-24 January three explosions from Sakurajima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. An explosion on 22 January generated a small pyroclastic flow that traveled 500 m SE, and tephrafall to the S. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 January a plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. That same day pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3.7-4.9 km (12,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and ESE. On 24 January a pilot observed an ash plume drifting NE at an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 January-21 January 2014 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion from Sakurajima on 17 January generated plumes that rose to altitude of 2.4-2.7 km (8,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 January-14 January 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 6-10 January two explosions from Sakurajima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion on 9 January generated a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. A pilot observed an ash plume drifting SE on 14 January.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 January-7 January 2014 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 30 December 2013-6 January 2014 no explosions occurred from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater; weak incandescence from the crater was visible at night during 30-31 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion on 7 January generated a plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 December-24 December 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 19 December an explosion from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5). The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-19 and 21-23 December explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 December-17 December 2013 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-17 December explosions at Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. JMA reported that six explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 13-16 December. A six-minute-long explosion was detected on 14 December. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 December-10 December 2013 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-8 December explosions at Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. JMA reported that six explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 6-9 December. Incandescence from the crater was occasionally detected. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 November-3 December 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that three explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 800 m during 29 November-2 December. On 29 November an explosion ejected tephra, up to 1 cm in diameter, 4 km away. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 29-30 November, and 1 and 4 December, explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 November-26 November 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that five explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 800 m during 18-22 November. Incandescence was occasionally detected by a high resolution camera at night. A very small eruption from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 22 November, producing an ash plume that rose 100 m. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 20-21 and 23-26 November, explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.9 km (4,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, E, and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 November-12 November 2013 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-8 and 10-11 November, explosions from Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. On 8 November a pilot observed an ash plume drifting at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 October-5 November 2013 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 October-5 November, explosions from Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) and 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes rose vertically or drifted N, NW, NE, S, SW, and SE.

JMA reported that seven explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 1-5 November. On 4 and 5 November, incandescence was detected by a high resolution camera at night. The Alert Level remained at 3 (on a scale of 1-5).

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 October-29 October 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24-29 October explosions from Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes rose vertically or drifted N, NW, S, and SE. On 29 October a pilot observed an ash plume drifting SE at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

JMA reported that 11 explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,800 m during 25-28 October. Explosions on 28 and 29 October generated ash plumes that rose to altitude of 3.2-3.5 km (10,500-11,500 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 October-22 October 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that seven explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 15-18 October. An explosion on 15 October was followed by 3-cm-sized tephra falling in areas 3.5 km SW. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-22 October explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, S, and SE. On 21 October an ash plume rose vertically to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 September-24 September 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 18 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 17-20 September. Incandescence from the crater was visible some nights. Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-20 and 22-23 September explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l., and drifted SW, W, and NW.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 September-17 September 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 16 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 9-13 September. Incandescence from the crater was visible some nights. An explosion at 1326 on 12 September generated an ash plume that rose 3.3 km.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-18 September explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.3 km (6,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l., and drifted in multiple directions on most days. On 12 and 14 September pilots observed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l., and drifted SE and W, respectively.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 September-10 September 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 15 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 2-6 September. Incandescence from the crater was visible some nights. An explosion at 1100 on 4 September generated an ash plume that rose 2.8 km and drifted S, causing ashfall in areas downwind including Arimuracho (4 km SSE). Tephra 4 cm in diameter was confirmed in an area 3 km S, and tephra 1 cm in diameter was reported 10 km SSE.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-10 September explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-4.3 km (8,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l., and most days drifted N, NE, E, S, and SW. On 6 and 8 September pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3-4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l.; plumes drifted NE on 8 September.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 August-3 September 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 34 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m during 26-30 August. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night on 26 August. An explosion on 29 August at 0927 generated an ash plume that rose 3 km and caused ashfall in areas from Miyazaki (80 km NW) to Kagoshima (12 km W). Tephra 1 cm in diameter was confirmed in an area 4 km E.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 August-3 September explosions generated plumes most days that rose to altitudes of 1.5-4 km (5,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, and NW. On 31 August a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and traveled NE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 August-27 August 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-27 August explosions from Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. During 24 and 26-27 August pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and traveled SE and E. JMA reported that six explosions from Showa Crater during 23-26 August ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m. Incandescence from the crater was visible during 25-26 August.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 August-20 August 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 24 explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 12-19 August and ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km. Incandescence from the crater was observed on 14 August. A very small eruption from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 16 August, producing an ash plume that rose 200 m.

An explosion from Showa Crater on 18 August generated a large ash plume that rose 5 km above the crater and drifted NW. A small pyroclastic flow traveled SE. According to news sources, the 50-minute-long eruption produced ashfall in the central and northern parts of Kagoshima (10 km W), causing train delays and poor visibility for car drivers. The event was the 500th explosion this year.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Agence France-Presse (AFP)

7 August-13 August 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-11 and 13 August explosions from Sakura-jima generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, S, and NW. On 8, 10 and 13 August pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l., and traveled SE, S, and vertically, respectively. JMA reported that seven explosions at Showa Crater were detected during 9-12 August and ejected tephra as far as 800 m. A 50-minute-long eruption on 9 August generated an ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the crater.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 July-6 August 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 29 July-2 August and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km. Incandescence from the crater was observed on 1 August. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 31 July-6 August explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. On 31 July and 4 August pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 July-30 July 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 10 explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 22-26 July, and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km. Explosions at 1635 and 2333 on 22 July generated ash plumes that rose 3.2 and 3 km above the crater rim, respectively. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24-30 July explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. During 24-27 and 29 July pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.7-5.5 km (9,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 July-23 July 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that five explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 16-19 July, and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km. A large plume rose 3.5 km above the crater on 16 July. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night during 18-19 July. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-21 July explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-4.3 km (8,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, E, SE, and S. Ash was sometimes detected in satellite images. On 19 July a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 July-16 July 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 17 explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 8-15 July; incandescence from the crater was occasionally observed at night. Explosions during 10-11 July generated ash plumes that rose 3-3.4 km above the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10-16 July explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.6 km (5,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, ENE, and E. Ash was detected in satellite images. During 10 and 14-15 July pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-4 km (5,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 July-9 July 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that two explosions at Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 5-8 July; cloud cover prevented visual observations of the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8-9 July explosions generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 June-2 July 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25-28 June Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had four explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 26 June explosions were detected. Explosions on 1 July generated plumes that rose over 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 June-25 June 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-24 June Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had five explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 20 June explosions were detected, and on 21 June a pilot observed ash. On 23 and 25 June explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 23 June a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 June-18 June 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-14 June Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had four explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. One of the explosions on 13 June generated an ash plume that rose 3.3 km above the crater rim. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 16 June plumes rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 May-4 June 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27-31 May Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had four explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. A small pyroclastic flow traveled 700 m down the E flank. A pyroclastic flow also occurred in the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 30 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. An explosion was detected on 1 June, and on 2 June an explosion produced an ash plume that rose 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 May-28 May 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-24 May Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had eight explosions, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-26 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SW, and W. On 24 May a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

15 May-21 May 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 13-17 May Sakura-jima's Showa Crater had 13 explosions ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15, 17-18, and 20-21 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and W. On 21 May a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 May-14 May 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-10 May eight explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on most days during 8-14 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-4.3 km (7,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. During 9 and 13-14 May pilots observed ash plumes rising to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting N, NW, and W.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 May-7 May 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-6 April explosions from Sakura-jima generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. A pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 3 April. Another ash plume observed by a pilot rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S on 5 May.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 April-30 April 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 22-25 April four explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes drifted NE and SE at altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. during 24-25 April. Explosions on 26 and during 28-29 April produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 April-23 April 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 17 April an eruption from Sakura-jima produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. JMA reported that three large eruptions from Showa Crater occurred during 19-22 April and ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was detected at night.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 April-16 April 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that occasional very small eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred during 8-12 April. Crater incandescence was detected at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 13 April an eruption produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 April-9 April 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 1-5 April three explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected at night. Based on a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an ash plume drifted N on 4 April.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 March-2 April 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 28 March-1 April generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. JMA reported that during 29 March-1 April four explosions from Showa Crater ejected tephra at most 1.3 km from the crater.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 March-26 March 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 18-22 March nine explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 20-22 and 25 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. A pilot observed an ash plume that drifted E at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. on 20 March.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 March-19 March 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 16 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 11-15 March, ejecting tephra that fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was detected at night.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 13 and 15-19 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, NE, and N. On 15 and 17 March pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 March-12 March 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that nine explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 4-8 March, and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was clearly detected at night.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 6-12 March generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and NE. Pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.6 km (4,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. during 7-11 March and drifted S and E.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 February-5 March 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 27 February-3 March and 5 March generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E. A pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. on 28 February. JMA reported that 10 explosions from Showa Crater were detected during 1-4 March, and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 February-26 February 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that 13 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected during 18-22 February, and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was clearly detected at night.

Based on information from JMA, explosions from Showa Crater during 20-26 February generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and NE. According to the Tokyo VAAC, a pilot observed an ash plume that drifted ENE at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 25 February.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 February-19 February 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 12-15 February 16 explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra fell at most 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was clearly detected at night.

Based on information from JMA, explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 13-18 February generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. The Tokyo VAAC reported that pilots observed ash plumes at altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. during 13 and 15-16 February.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 February-12 February 2013 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 6-12 February generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, E, and NE. The Tokyo VAAC reported that pilots observed ash plumes at altitudes of 2.4-3.4 km (8,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. on 8 and 11 February.

JMA reported that during 8-12 February 34 explosions from Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra fell at most 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was clearly detected at night.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 January-5 February 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 28 January-1 February explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was occasionally detected.

The Tokyo VAAC reported that pilots observed ash plumes at altitudes of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. during 30-31 January. Based on information from JMA, explosions during 31 January-5 February generated plumes on most days that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 January-29 January 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 21-25 January explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Crater incandescence was detected on 21 January.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 23-29 January generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Pilots observed ash plumes drifting SE at altitudes of 3 and 2.4 km (10,000 and 8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 27 and 28 January, respectively.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 January-22 January 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 15-18 January explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. A very small eruption occurred at Minami-dake Crater on 15 January.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 16-21 January often generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. A pilot reported that an ash plume drifted SE at an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 19 January.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 January-15 January 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 7-11 January explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Very small eruptions occurred at Minami-dake Crater during 10-11 January.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 9-15 January generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, SE, and S. Pilots reported that ash plumes drifted E at an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. on 12 January and drifted SE at altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 15 January.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 January-8 January 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 28 December-4 January explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Very small eruptions occurred at Minami-dake Crater on 30 December and 4 January.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 2 and 5-8 January generated plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 December-1 January 2013 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25-28 December explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. A small pyroclastic flow traveled 500 m E. Very small eruptions periodically occurred at Minami-dake Crater.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 December-18 December 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 10-14 December explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Very small eruptions occurred at Minami-dake Crater periodically. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 12-18 December often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. Pilots reported that ash plumes rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 13 and 16 December.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 December-11 December 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-7 December explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. A very small eruption occurred at Minami-dake Crater on 6 December. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 5-10 December often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.3 km (4,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, and E. A pilot reported that an ash plume drifted E at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 7 December.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 November-4 December 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 26-30 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Very small eruptions at Minami-dake Crater occasionally occurred. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 29 November-4 December produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, E, SE, and S. A pilot reported that an ash plume drifted SE at an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

21 November-27 November 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 19-22 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Very small eruptions at Minami-dake Crater occurred during 19-20 November. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 21-23, 25, and 27 November often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

14 November-20 November 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 12-16 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Incandescence from Showa was observed during 12-13 November, and a very small eruption at Minami-dake Crater occurred on 16 November.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 14-20 November often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 November-13 November 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 5-9 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Very small eruptions at Minami-dake Crater occurred during 8-9 November. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 7-12 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E. During 8-9 November pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-4 km (8,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

31 October-6 November 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 29 October-2 November explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. A small explosion from Minami-dake Crater occurred during 29-30 October. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 2-5 and 7 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, E, and SE. On 5 November a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

24 October-30 October 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 15-29 October explosions ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. A small explosion from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 29 October. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 24-27 and 29-30 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, SE, and S. During 24-25 and 29 October pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

17 October-23 October 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 15-19 October explosions ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 17-21 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and S. During 21-23 October pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

10 October-16 October 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 12 and 14-15 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, and SE. On 12 October a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. JMA reported that during 12-15 October explosions ejected tephra as far as 800 m from the crater.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

3 October-9 October 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 3-9 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, S, SE, and E. JMA reported that during 5-9 October explosions ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. An explosion produced a small pyroclastic flow that traveled 300 m down the E side of Showa Crater.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

26 September-2 October 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 24-28 September explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 26 September-2 October often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, S, SE, and E. During 26-27 September pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

19 September-25 September 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 15-21 September explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 19-20 and 22-24 September often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes sometimes drifted NE, E, SE, S, and SW. On 19 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

12 September-18 September 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 13-15 and 17-18 September often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.7 km (7,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes sometimes drifted NW, N, and NE. On 14 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

5 September-11 September 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 3-7 September six explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 6-11 September often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes sometimes drifted N, NE, and SE. On 10 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

29 August-4 September 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 27-31 August five explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Gas measurements taken on 20 and 22 August showed elevated sulfur dioxide emissions compared to the previous week. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 29-30 August and 1-4 September often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes sometimes drifted N and NE. Pilots observed ash plumes during 1-2 September that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

22 August-28 August 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-24 August eight explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater were detected and ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Gas measurements taken on 20 and 22 August showed elevated sulfur dioxide emissions compared to the previous week. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 22-26 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, and W. Explosions were detected on 28 August.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

15 August-21 August 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 17-20 August explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 17-21 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.4 km (8,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NW. Pilots observed ash plumes during 18-20 August that rose to altitudes of 2.1-4.3 km (7,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, and W.

According to a news report, the total amount of ash emitted from Sakura-jima from January to July was more than two times larger than all of 2011, when a record number of eruptions had occurred.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 August-14 August 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 6-10 August nine explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 8-14 August often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NE. A pilot observed an ash plume on 8 August.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 August-7 August 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 30 July-3 August three explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 800 m from the crater. A small explosion from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 31 July. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 1 and 3-7 July often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and NW.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 July-31 July 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 24-27 July twenty explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. An explosion on 26 July produced a large ash plume. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 25-26 and 28-31 July produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, NW, and N. Pilots observed ash plumes during 25-26 and 29 July that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.4 km (8,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 July-24 July 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 20-23 July eight explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Incandescence from the crater was visible at night during 22-23 July. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions during 18-24 July produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Pilots observed ash plumes on 22 and 24 July that rose to altitudes of 2.4-6.1 km (8,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. JMA reported that an explosion on 24 July from Minami-dake Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,700 m from the crater.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 July-17 July 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater on 13, 15, and 17 July ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion on 10 July produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N. Explosions during 16-17 July produced plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, N, NW, and W.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 July-10 July 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 2-6 July explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported multiple explosions during 4-10 July; plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and N. A pilot observed an ash plume on 4 July that rose to an altitude of 2.4 (8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

27 June-3 July 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 25-29 June large explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred ten times and ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported multiple explosions during 27 June-1 July. The explosions sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, and NW. A pilot observed an ash plume on 28 June that rose to an altitude of 1.8 (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

20 June-26 June 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 20 and 22 June explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.7 km (8,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. A pilot observed an ash plume on 20 June that rose to an altitude of 3.7 (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. JMA reported that during 22-25 June large explosive eruptions from Showa Crater occurred five times and ejected tephra as far as 1,300 m from the crater. According to VAAC reports on 26 June, explosions were detected and an ash plume rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

13 June-19 June 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 11-15 June large explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred five times and ejected tephra as far as 800 m from the crater. A small eruption from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 13 June.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13-15 and 17-19 June explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted multiple directions. A pilot observed an ash plume on 19 June that rose to an altitude of 3.4 (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

6 June-12 June 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 4-8 June explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred 11 times and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. A small pyroclastic flow traveled 200 m down the E flank.

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-7 and 9-11 June explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted multiple directions. Pilots observed ash plumes during 6-7 June that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, E, and NE. Explosions were detected on 8 and 12 June.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

30 May-5 June 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 1-4 June seven explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater ejected ballistics 800-1,300 m from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 May-5 June explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and NW. Pilots observed ash plumes during 3-4 June that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.4 (9,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 May-29 May 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported eight explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater during 21-25 May and a small eruption from Minami-dake Crater on 23 May. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-24 and 26-28 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.6 km (6,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, E, and NE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

16 May-22 May 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-20 and 22 May explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted multiple directions. Pilots observed ash plumes during 16-17 May that rose to altitudes of 2.7-4 km (9,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Explosions were detected during 21-22 May.

JMA reported that during 18-21 May explosive eruptions from Showa Crater occurred multiple times and ejected tephra as far as 1.8 km from the crater. Incandescence from the crater was observed at night. Very small eruptions from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 18 and 19 May, and a small pyroclastic flow traveled 300 m down the Showa crater flanks on 21 May.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

9 May-15 May 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 11-15 May explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred nine times and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9 and 11-15 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, E, and N. A pilot observed an ash plume on 12 May that rose to an altitude of 2.1 (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

2 May-8 May 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that during 1-7 May explosive eruptions from Sakura-jima's Showa Crater occurred 17 times and ejected tephra as far as 1.3 km from the crater. Very small eruptions from Minami-dake Crater occurred on 3 and 5 May. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 3-4 and 6-8 May explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E. Ash was observed in satellite imagery on 3 May. A pilot observed an ash plume on 7 May that rose to an altitude of 2.4 (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 April-1 May 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24 April-1 May explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. A pilot observed an ash plume on 26 April that rose to an altitude of 2.7 (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 April-17 April 2012 Cite this Report

On 6, 8, and 10 April a visitor to Sakura-jima observed and photographed several Vulcanian explosions from Showa crater and noted that the crater was approximately 20% wider from N to S that in the beginning of 2010.

Source: Richard Roscoe, Photo Volcanica

21 March-27 March 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-22 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 March-20 March 2012 Cite this Report

JMA reported that on 12 March an explosion from Sakura-jima's Showa crater ejected tephra that landed as far as 2 km from the crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 14-21 March explosions often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NW, and SE. Pilots observed ash plumes during 18-20 March that rose to altitudes of 1.2-4 km (4,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

7 March-13 March 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-9 and 11-13 March explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. Pilots observed ash plumes during 9 and 11-13 March that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 February-6 March 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 29 February-7 March explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, E, and SE. A pilot observed an ash plume on 5 March. Another pilot report on 6 March noted a plume drifting SE at an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 February-28 February 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 and 24 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 February-21 February 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15-16 and 18-21 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 February-14 February 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8-14 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1-3 km (3,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 11 February an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l., drifted E, and later dissipated. A pilot observation indicated an ash plume rising to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifting NE on 11 February.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 February-7 February 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-7 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.7 km (4,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 5 and 6 February pilots observed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 January-31 January 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 25-27 and 29-30 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 29 January a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 January-24 January 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-24 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. On 20 January a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 January-17 January 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-17 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. On 14 January a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 January-10 January 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-10 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. On 7 January an ash plume rose to an altitude 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, then later dissipated.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 December-3 January 2012 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 and 30 December-3 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 December-27 December 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-27 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, S, and NE. Satellite imagery on 23 December showed ash emissions that later dissipated. On 27 December observations from satellite images and a pilot report showed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 9 km E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 December-20 December 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 14-20 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and S. On 15 December satellite imagery showed ash emissions that later dissipated. A pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) and drifted 32 km S on 18 December.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 December-13 December 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-13 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.0-2.7 km (3,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, S, and NE. Satellite imagery and a pilot report showed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l and drifted 46 km SW on 9 December and 37 km S on 13 December.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 November-6 December 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 November and 2-6 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.0 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, W, NW. Satellite imagery and a pilot report on 30 November showed an ash plume at an altitude 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l and drifted 37 km SE. On 5 December a pilot report and satellite imagery showed an ash plume at an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l and drifted 74 km S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 November-29 November 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23 and 25-29 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, S, E, and NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 November-22 November 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-17 and 19-22 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, E, and N. Satellite imagery on 16 and 21 November showed ash emissions that later dissipated. On 19 November a pilot reported an ash plume at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 November-15 November 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9-12 and 14-15 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, S, and SE. On 14 November a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. Satellite imagery during 14-15 November showed ash emissions that later dissipated.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 November-8 November 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 2-3 and 5-7 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, N, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 October-1 November 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 26 October-1 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, W, SW, S, and SE. Satellite imagery on 26 October detected ash plumes that later dissipated. A pilot observed an ash plume on 31 October that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 October-25 October 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 20-25 October explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, E, and SE. Pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 3 and 1.5 km (10,000 and 5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 and 25 October, respectively. The plumes drifted SE on both days.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 October-18 October 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 12-13 and 15-18 October explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 18 October a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 October-11 October 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 5-11 October explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, N, SE, and S. During 6-8 October pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 September-4 October 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 September-3 October explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. On 30 September and during 1-2 October pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and mostly drifted NE, E, and ESE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 September-27 September 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-27 September explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, S, and W. On 22 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 September-20 September 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 14-20 September explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, W, and NW. On 14 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 September-13 September 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9-13 September explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and N. On 9 September a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 August-6 September 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 31 August-6 September explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, and SE. According to a news article, the 660th explosive eruption in 2010 occurred on 3 September. The article also noted that as of 2 September, 607 grams of ash per square meter had fallen in Kagoshima (10 km W), compared to 753 grams for all of 2010, when the volcano had a record-high 896 explosive eruptions.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); The Japan Times

24 August-30 August 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-30 August explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, NW, N, and NE. On 30 August a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 August-23 August 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 17-22 August explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. On 18 August, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 August-16 August 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10-16 August explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. On 12 August, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 August-9 August 2011 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 3 August an ash plume from Sakura-jima observed by a pilot rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. Based on information from JMA, plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, and NE during 3 and 5-9 August.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 July-2 August 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 27 July-2 August plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. During 28-30 July and 1 August, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted SW, S, SE, and W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 July-26 July 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 20-22 and 25 July plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted S, SE, and ENE. On 20, 22, and 26 July, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 July-19 July 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13-19 July plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted W, NW, and N. On 18 July, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. Explosions were reported the next day.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 July-12 July 2011 Cite this Report

According to pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 7 and 10 July ash plumes rose from Sakura-jima to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Reports from JMA stated that plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 8, 10, and 12 July.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 June-5 July 2011 Cite this Report

According to pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes rose from Sakura-jima to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l on 28 and 30 July. Reports from JMA stated that plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. during 30 June-1 July. An explosion was noted on 4 July.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 June-28 June 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22, 25, and 28 June plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N and NE. During 27-28 June, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 June-14 June 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8-9 and 14 June explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. During 8-9 and 13-14 June, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.7 km (8,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 June-7 June 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 2-6 June explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted S on 2 June. On 2 and 4 June, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.7 km (8,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 May-31 May 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 25-30 May explosions from Sakura-jima frequently produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted N, NW, E, SE, and S. On 27 May, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 May-24 May 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 18-22 May explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted in multiple directions. On 21 May, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 May-17 May 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-18 May explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted SE and S. During 11, 13-14, and 17 May, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 May-10 May 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-10 May explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes sometimes drifted NW, NE, E, SE, and S. On 4 and 9 May, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 April-3 May 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 27-30 April and 2-3 May explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, SE, and S. On 29 April and 2 May, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 April-26 April 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-25 April explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and occasionally drifted N, NE, E, and SE. On 21 and 25 April, pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3.4 km (9,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 April-19 April 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13-19 April explosions from Sakura-jima mostly generated ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 April-12 April 2011 Cite this Report

On 6, 9, and 12 April, pilots observed ash plumes from Sakura-jima that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes on 9 April drifted SE and plumes on 12 April drifted S. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-12 April explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and occasionally drifted NE, E, SE, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 March-5 April 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1 and 3-5 April explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-4 km (5,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and occasionally drifted E. A video of activity from 4 April showed incandescence emanating from the crater and a few explosions that ejected incandescent material onto the flanks. On 5 April, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Volcano Sakura-jima

23 March-29 March 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-26 and 29 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and occasionally drifted E, SE, and S. On 26 March, a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 March-22 March 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-19 and 21-22 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. Explosions were reported on 20 March.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 March-15 March 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9-15 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.1 km (4,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, N, NE, E, and SE. On 12 March, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. Another ash plume also observed by a pilot rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 15 March.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 March-8 March 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 2-5 and 8 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.8 km (4,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. During 2-4 and 5 March, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Some plumes drifted N and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 February-1 March 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23 February-2 March explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. On 23 and 26 February, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 3 and 4 km (10,000 and 13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and NW, respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 February-22 February 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-17 and 19-22 February explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Some plumes drifted W, SW, and ESE. During 21-22 February, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-2.7 km (8,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 February-15 February 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 9 and 11-15 February explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (5,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E. On 10, 13, and 15 February, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 February-8 February 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-8 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and NE. During 3-4 and 7 February, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. According to a news article, an eruption on 8 February produced a gas-and-ash plume that rose 2 km. A large amount of ashfall prompted local authorities to temporarily ban residents from driving near the area.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Arirang News

26 January-1 February 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 26 January-1 February explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 31 January, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 January-25 January 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 19 and 21-23 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 22 January, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 January-18 January 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13 and 16-18 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. On 17 January, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.1 km (4,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 January-11 January 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-8 January explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 8 January, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 December-4 January 2011 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 2 January a plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. An explosion was noted the next day. An explosion on 5 January produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 December-28 December 2010 Cite this Report

Based on pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 22-23, 25, and 27 December ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 December-21 December 2010 Cite this Report

Based on pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 18 December ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.4-4.9 km (8,000-16,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. The next day satellite imagery showed that the ash had dissipated.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 December-14 December 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and analysis of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 8 December an eruption from Sakura-jima produced an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. During 11-12 December explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 12 December a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 December-7 December 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 1-7 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, W, NW, and N. During 2 and 4-5 December, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.6 km (5,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 November-30 November 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24 November-1 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.8 km (4,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. During 24 and 28-29 November, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 November-23 November 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 17, 19-21, and 23 November ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, NE, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 November-16 November 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10-16 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. During 15-16 November, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 November-9 November 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 3-5 and 7-9 November explosions from Sakura-jima produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.3 km (5,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, ESE, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 October-2 November 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption from Sakura-jima on 31 October produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. On 2 November a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 October-26 October 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 20 October.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 October-19 October 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 13-16 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. During 15-16 October pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (5,000-6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 October-12 October 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 7-10 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, NE, SE, and S. On 8 October a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 September-5 October 2010 Cite this Report

Based on a pilot observation, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 1 October an ash plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 September-28 September 2010 Cite this Report

Based on a pilot observation, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 September an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 September-21 September 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an eruption from Sakura-jima on 15 September. That same day a pilot observed an ash plume at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. On 16 September a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

8 September-14 September 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 8 and 10 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-1.8 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Some of the plumes drifted E and NE. On 9 September a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 September-7 September 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 1-5 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Some of the plumes drifted N, NW, and W. During 2-4 September pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. An explosion also occurred on 7 September.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 August-31 August 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 26-31 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.1 km (4,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. Some of the plumes drifted N and NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 August-24 August 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 18, 21, and 23 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and NW. On 19 and 24 August pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 August-10 August 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 4-9 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, NW, and N. Pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 7, 9, and 10 August.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 July-3 August 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion on 29 July. Explosions during 31 July-1 August and 3 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SW. On 2 July a pilot observed an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 July-27 July 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 21-27 July explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.2-4.6 km (4,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. Most plumes rose vertically while others drifted N and NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 July-20 July 2010 Cite this Report

Based on JMA notices, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima on 14 and 20 July. During 15-18 July pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, N, and NW. Plumes on 20 July rose as high as 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW and N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 July-13 July 2010 Cite this Report

Based on pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 7 and 9 July ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NE. The VAAC also noted that the JMA reported explosions during 11-13 July.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 June-6 July 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 June-1 July and 4-6 July explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.6 km (5,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 June-29 June 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-29 June explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.7 km (6,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 June-22 June 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-22 June explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. According to a news article, the JMA noted that two eruptions on 20 June brought the total number of eruptions in 2010 to 550, setting a new annual record. The total number of eruptions in 2009, the previous high at Sakura-jima, was 548.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); The Japan Times

9 June-15 June 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima during 12-14 June. Details of possible resulting plumes were not reported. On 15 June an ash plume at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. was reported by a pilot.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 June-8 June 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 3 June an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 May-25 May 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 21 May an explosion from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude higher than 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 May-18 May 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 14 May an explosion from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 May-11 May 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-6 and 8-9 May explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.7 km (7,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 April-4 May 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 April-5 May explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted NE, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 April-27 April 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 14-26 April explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes identified in satellite imagery. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-3.7 km (5,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted in multiple directions.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 April-13 April 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-13 April explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes identified in satellite imagery. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and sometimes drifted NW, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 March-6 April 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 31 March-6 April explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes identified on satellite imagery. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, SE, E, and NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 March-30 March 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24-30 March explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes identified on satellite imagery. Those plumes, along with ash plumes occasionally seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 March-23 March 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 17-23 March plumes from Sakura-jima identified on satellite imagery, and ash plumes seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 March-16 March 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 10-16 March multiple explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE. Pilots reported that on 11 and 16 March ash plumes rose as high as 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 March-9 March 2010 Cite this Report

During 3-9 March, the Tokyo VAAC reported multiple explosions from Sakura-jima based on information from JMA. During 3, 5-6, and 8-9 March, plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, and SE. Pilots reported on 8 and 9 March that ash plumes rose as high as 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 February-2 March 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24 February-2 March explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes identified in satellite imagery and seen by pilots. The plumes, occasionally containing ash, rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 February-23 February 2010 Cite this Report

The Tokyo VAAC reported that during 17-23 February plumes from Sakura-jima identified on satellite imagery, and ash plumes seen by pilots, rose to altitudes of 1.5-4 km (5,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 February-16 February 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-16 February multiple explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, E, SE, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 February-9 February 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 3-9 February multiple explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-3 km (5,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and N. On 5, 6, and 7 February, pilots reported that ash plumes sometimes drifted SE and S at altitudes of 1.5-3.4 km (5,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. An eruption on 8 February produced an estimated 1-km-high lava fountain, and an ash plume with abundant lightning. Incandescent material fell onto the flanks.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Kago-Net

27 January-2 February 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 27 January-2 February multiple explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, E, and NE. During 27-29 January and 1-2 February, pilots reported that ash plumes sometimes drifted SE and S at altitudes of 1.2-3 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 January-26 January 2010 Cite this Report

During 26 December 2009-9 January 2010, a visitor to Sakura-jima observed and photographed Strombolian and Vulcanian explosions from Showa crater. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 20-26 January multiple explosions often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. On 23 January, a pilot reported that an ash plume drifted SE at an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Richard Roscoe, Photo Volcanica

13 January-19 January 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 13-19 January multiple explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 16 and 18 January, pilots reported that ash plumes drifted SE at altitudes of 2.4-3 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 January-12 January 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-12 January multiple explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E. On 10 January a pilot reported that an ash plume drifted SE at an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 December-5 January 2010 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 December-5 January multiple explosions from Sakura-jima often produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. During 31 December-4 January pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.4-5.5 km (8,000-18,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 December-29 December 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 23-29 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. During 23-25 and 27 December, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.7-4.6 km (9,000-15,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 December-22 December 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 16-17 and 20-22 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, and S. On 19 and 22 December, pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 December-15 December 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 9-15 December produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, and S. On 14 December, a pilot reported that an ash plume drifted S at an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 December-8 December 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 2-8 December produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. On 4 and 8 December, pilots 30-65 km S of Kagoshima airport reported ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 November-1 December 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 26 November and 1 December produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW and E. Ash was seen in satellite imagery on 26 November.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 November-24 November 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 18 and 23 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 November-17 November 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 11-13 and 15-17 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 November-10 November 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 4-10 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted in multiple directions. Pilots reported ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. on 5 November and to an altitude of 1.2 km (4,000 ft) a.s.l. on 9 November. Plumes drifted E and N, respectively. According to a news article, Sakura-jima exploded for the 400 th time in 2009 on 5 November.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); The Japan Times

28 October-3 November 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 28 October-3 November produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Some plumes drifted W, SW, S, SE, and NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 October-27 October 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 21-22, 24-25, and 27-28 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.4 km (5,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Some plumes drifted W, SW, S, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 October-20 October 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 13-20 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, S, SE, and E. On 15 October, a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 October-13 October 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 7-12 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, S, and SE. An explosion was also detected on 13 October.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 September-6 October 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 30 September-6 October produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-4.3 km (6,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted E, N, and W.

The JMA reported that explosions from Showa crater on 2 October ejected incandescent tephra 800 m away from the rim. On 3 October, Minami-dake crater exploded violently, producing an ash plume that rose 3 km above the crater. Ballistics were ejected 1.7 km away. The most recent previous explosion from the Minami-dake crater occurred on 22 February.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

23 September-29 September 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 23, 25, and 27-29 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, W, and NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 September-22 September 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 16, 18-19, and 21 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SW, W, NW, and NE. A pilot reported ash on 19 September.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 September-15 September 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 9-15 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S, SE, and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 September-8 September 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 2-8 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, SW, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

26 August-1 September 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 26-29 August and 1 September produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.4 km (4,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted N, NE, and E. An explosion was reported on 31 August but no information about a possible resulting plume was reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 August-25 August 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 19-25 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes occasionally drifted N, E, and SE. A pilot reported that on 24 August an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted less than 20 km S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 August-18 August 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported eruptions and explosions from Sakura-jima during 12-17 August. Plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. during 14-17 August and occasionally drifted E or N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

5 August-11 August 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruptions and explosions from Sakura-jima during 5-10 August produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Pilots reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-4 km (6,000-13,000 ft) a.s.l. during 7 and 9-10 August. Plumes drifted in multiple directions.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 July-4 August 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima during 31 July-4 August. Plumes rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. on all days except 1 August.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 July-28 July 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 July explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. On 23 July and 27 July pilots observed ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1 and 3 km (7,000 and 10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SW, respectively. Explosions were reported during 24-25 and 28 July.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

15 July-21 July 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, analyses of satellite imagery, and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15-21 July explosions from Sakura-jima's Showa crater occasionally produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes were observed drifting SW, N, and NE. On 19 July, JMA raised the Alert Level from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-5). They noted increased frequency of explosive eruptions since late June, and shock waves that were detected on 18 and 19 July.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 July-14 July 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 8 and 10-15 July explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NE and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 July-7 July 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 2-4 and 6-7 July explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted N, NE, E, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 June-30 June 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 24-30 June explosions from Sakura-jima sometimes produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NE, E, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

10 June-16 June 2009 Cite this Report

Based on a pilot observation, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 12 June an ash plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. The JMA reported that during 14-16 June eruptions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-2.7 km (8,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SE and E on 14 and 15 June.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 June-9 June 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 7 June an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose vertically to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. An eruption on 9 June resulted in a plume that rose to an attitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 May-2 June 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 30 May an explosion from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. On 31 May, an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. The next day, eruptions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. Some plumes drifted S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 May-26 May 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 26 May an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 May-19 May 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 19 May an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 May-12 May 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 9 May eruptions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. On 12 May, an ash plume drifted E at an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

29 April-5 May 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 3-4 May eruptions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.7 km (8,000-12,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 April-28 April 2009 Cite this Report

On 24 April, JMA lowered the Alert Level for Sakura-jima from 3 to 2 (on a scale of 1-5). No large eruptions occurred after 11 April, seismicity was low, and deformation was not detected.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

8 April-14 April 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 8 April an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. JMA reported that on 9 April a Vulcanian explosion from Showa crater on the E flank ejected bombs as far away as 1.3 km. A plume rose to an altitude of 4.8 km (15,700 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW; JMA stated that the plume altitude was the highest altitude a plume reached since June 2006. A pyroclastic flow traveled 1 km E. According to a news article, heavy ashfall was reported in Kagoshima City (about 10 km W), the first ashfall reported there since October 2002. On 10 April, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruptions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.7 km (7,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W and S.

Sources: Asahi; Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

1 April-7 April 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 5-7 April explosions and eruptions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitude of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SE on 5 April and S on 7 April.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 March-31 March 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion from Sakura-jima on 26 March produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. JMA reported occasional weak eruptions during 27-30 March.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 March-24 March 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima on 20 and 23 March. Additional information on possible resultant plumes was not reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 March-17 March 2009 Cite this Report

On 14 March, JMA reported two Vulcanian explosions from Sakura-jima to heights of 400-500 m above an unspecified crater; ejected bombs landed as far away as 800 m. Both the summit crater and Showa crater on the E flank had recently been active. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption on 17 March produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

4 March-10 March 2009 Cite this Report

During 7-10 March, JMA reported that 12 Vulcanian explosions occurred from Showa Crater, on the E flank of Sakura-jima. Some explosions were seen from JMA's Kagoshima Observatory; observers reported that ejected bombs landed as far away as 800 m from the crater and plumes rose to an altitude of 2.9 km (9,500 ft) a.s.l. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption on 7 March, and explosions during 8-10 March, produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.7 km (6,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted N and S during 8-10 March. [Correction: Ejected bombs landed as far away as 1,800 m from the crater.]

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

25 February-3 March 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima during 28 February-1 March. On 1 March, plumes rose to altitudes of 1.8-3 km (6,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. JMA raised the Alert Level from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-5). During 1-2 March, three Vulcanian explosions occurred from Showa Crater, ejecting bombs that landed as far away as 1.3 km on 2 March. Deformation was also detected. The Tokyo VAAC reported that eruptions or explosions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.7-3 km (9,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 2 and 4 March, and an explosion occurred on 3 March.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

18 February-24 February 2009 Cite this Report

JMA lowered the Alert Level for Sakura-jima from 3 to 2 (on a scale of 1-5) on 19 February because deformation was absent, seismicity was low, and no eruptions occurred after 5 February. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 February an explosion produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

11 February-17 February 2009 Cite this Report

Based on analysis of satellite imagery and pilot observations, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 11-12 February ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.2-1.5 km (4,000-5,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 February-10 February 2009 Cite this Report

JMA reported that Sakura-jima erupted explosively eight times during 1-2 February; bombs were deposited as far away as 800 m from the Showa crater (on the E slope of Minami-dake, or "south mountain," at an elevation of about 800 m). JMA raised the Alert Level from 2 to 3 on 2 February. Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 4-5 February explosions and eruptions produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. On 9 February a pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

28 January-3 February 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 28 January and 1-3 February explosions and eruptions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE, S, and SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 January-20 January 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 15 January an explosion from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 January-13 January 2009 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 9 January an eruption from Sakura-jima produced a plume that rose to an altitude of more than 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 October-7 October 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 3 October an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 September-9 September 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 7 September an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose straight up to an altitude greater than 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 August-26 August 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 23 August. The altitude and direction of a possible resultant plume were not reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 August-12 August 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 10 August an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude greater than 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 July-29 July 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 25-28 July ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.4-4.3 km (8,000-14,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N, NE, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 July-15 July 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and satellite data, the Tokyo VAAC reported ash plumes from Sakura-jima on 10 and 13 July that rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 July-8 July 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 5 July. A resultant plume rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 June-1 July 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 28 June. The altitude and direction of a possible resultant plume were not reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

11 June-17 June 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 12-13 June explosions from Sakura-jima produced ash plumes to an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted NW, NE, and SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 June-10 June 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 9 June eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S. Explosions were reported on 10 and 11 June.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

28 May-3 June 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 May-1 June eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.1-3 km (7,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NW, NE, E, and S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 May-27 May 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 22 May an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE. An explosion was reported on 24 May.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 May-20 May 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 15-21 May eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-3.4 km (6,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted N, NE, SE, S, and SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 May-13 May 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 8 May an eruption plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft) a.s.l. The plume drifted E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 April-6 May 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and observations of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 6-7 May eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.4 km (8,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 April-29 April 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. The plumes drifted SE on 27 April and W on 30 April.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 April-22 April 2008 Cite this Report

Based on pilot reports and observations of satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 100 km E on 19 April. The next day, the JMA reported that a plume rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 April-15 April 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima during 11-15 April produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 2.1-3.4 km (7,000-11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW, NE, and SE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 February-12 February 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 6 February produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.1 km (4,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 January-5 February 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 3 February produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.5-2.7 km (5,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery. On 5 February, a pilot reported an ash plume at an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 January-8 January 2008 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported explosions from Sakura-jima on 2 and 7 January. Details of possible resultant ash plumes were unknown.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 December-25 December 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted S during 23-24 December.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 October-30 October 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E on 29 October.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 August-7 August 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 4 August. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 June-26 June 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruption plumes from Sakura-jima rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N during 20-21 June. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 June-19 June 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 16 June. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 June-12 June 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose straight up to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. on 8, 10, and 11 June. The 10 June plume drifted S. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 May-5 June 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose straight up to altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. during 31 May-1 June. During 4-5 June, plumes again rose to the same altitudes as during 31 May-1 June and drifted W, NW, and E. Ash was not detected on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 May-29 May 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.8-2.1 km (6,000-7,000 ft) a.s.l. during 23-24 and 26-28 May. Plumes drifted E and SE and rose straight up.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 May-22 May 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and a pilot report, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sakura-jima rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.7 km (4,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. during 16 and 20-22 May. Plumes drifted NW on 16 May and rose straight up during 20-22 May.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 March-20 March 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sakura-jima reached an altitude greater than 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l. on 20 March.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 February-20 February 2007 Cite this Report

Based on satellite imagery and pilot reports, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sakura-jima reached an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) a.s.l. on 15 February.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 February-13 February 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 10 February. The altitude and direction of a resultant plume were not reported. On 13 February, an explosion produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

27 December-2 January 2007 Cite this Report

Based on information from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the Tokyo VAAC reported an eruption from Sakura-jima on 2 January. The resultant plume reached an altitude of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 December-19 December 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an explosion from Sakura-jima on 13 December.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 December-12 December 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported an eruption from Sakura-jima on 12 December. The resultant plume reached an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

22 November-28 November 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 22 November produced eruption plumes that reached an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W. On 26 November, plumes reached an unreported altitude.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 November-7 November 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 4 and 5 November eruption plumes from Sakura-jima reached altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted NE, SE, and E.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

25 October-31 October 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 25 and 27 October, ash plumes from Sakura-jima reached altitudes of 2.1-2.4 km (7,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. Plumes drifted SW and NE, respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 October-24 October 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions from Sakura-jima on 21 October produced plumes that rose straight up to 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

4 October-10 October 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and satellite imagery, the Tokyo VAAC reported eruptions at Sakura-jima on 7, 8, and 10 October. Plumes rose to 1.8-2.4 km (6,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted W, S, and SW, respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 September-26 September 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported eruptions at Sakura-jima on 20 and 21 September. A plume from the second eruption rose to 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 September-19 September 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption at Sakura-jima on 19 September generated a plume that rose straight up to ~3 km (~10,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 September-12 September 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima produced an eruption cloud on 6 September.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 August-5 September 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruptions at Sakura-jima on 3 and 4 September generated plumes that rose to ~2.7 km (~9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted mainly NW and N, respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

23 August-29 August 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that eruptions at Sakura-jima on 22, 23, and 26 August generated plumes that rose to ~2.4 km (~8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted mainly SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

9 August-15 August 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption at Sakura-jima on 9 August generated a plume that rose straight up to ~2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

2 August-8 August 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 2 August generated a plume that rose to ~2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 June-20 June 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA and pilot reports, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes from Sakura-jima reached altitudes of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. during 14, 16, and 19 June.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 June-13 June 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that ash plumes continuing from Sakura-jima reached altitudes of 3.4 km (11,000 ft) a.s.l. during 7-12 June. JMA issued a Volcanic Advisory on 12 June.

On June 10, the Sakura-jima Volcano Research Center reported an increase in low-frequency earthquakes since mid-March and in small tremors with a less than 2 minute duration since mid-May 2006. A thermal anomaly at the volcano grew in size after February 2006.

Sources: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Associated Press; Sakura-jima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University

31 May-6 June 2006 Cite this Report

On 4 and 5 June, intermittent eruptions at Sakura-jima, from an upper E-flank vent, near or within the 1946 vent, produced ash clouds that reached unknown heights. No ash was visible on satellite imagery. This was the first reported Sakura-jima eruption from a vent outside the summit crater in 58 years. The 1946 vent was the source of major lava flows that reached the E and S coasts of the former island.

Sources: Reuters; Yukio Hayakawa, Gunma University

26 April-2 May 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 28 April produced an ash plume that rose to 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. An explosion on 1 May produced a plume that rose to an unknown height.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 April-25 April 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 19 April generated a plume that rose to ~2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 February-7 February 2006 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 5 February produced a plume that reached a height of ~1.8 km (6,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 December-13 December 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 9 December produced a plume to a height of ~2.7 km (9,000 ft) a.s.l. that drifted S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

31 August-6 September 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption occurred at Sakura-jima on 2 September at 0927. The resultant ash plume reached a height of ~2.1 km (7,000) ft a.s.l. and drifted NW.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

20 July-26 July 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions occurred at Sakura-jima on 21 and 22 July. The heights of the resultant plumes were not reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

13 July-19 July 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima produced a plume to ~1.8 km (~5,900 ft) a.s.l. that drifted N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

6 July-12 July 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions occurred at Sakura-jima on 8 and 10 July. The heights of the resultant plumes were not reported.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

1 June-7 June 2005 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 2 June at 0736 produced an ash cloud to an unknown height.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

30 June-6 July 2004 Cite this Report

On 2 July an explosion at Sakura-jima produced a S-drifting ash cloud to a height of ~1.5 km a.s.l. Another explosion later that day produced an ash cloud to an unknown height.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

16 June-22 June 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an explosion at Sakura-jima on 20 June at 1523 produced an ash cloud to an unknown height.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

19 May-25 May 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, during 19-24 May several explosions at Sakura-jima produced ash clouds. The highest reported ash cloud reached ~2.4 km a.s.l. on 24 May.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

12 May-18 May 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions at Sakura-jima occurred on 15 May at 1107 and on 17 May at 1946, sending ash plumes to heights of ~1.8 km and 2.1 km a.s.l., respectively. A pilot reported ash on 18 May, at a height of ~1.2 km a.s.l., ~23 km S of the Amori region.

Sources: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Itar-Tass News; Associated Press

28 April-4 May 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption at Sakura-jima on 28 April at 1820 produced a plume to a height of ~2.4 km a.s.l. that drifted SE. No ash was visible on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

21 April-27 April 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption of Sakura-jima on 25 April produced an ash plume that rose to a height of ~2.4 km a.s.l. and extended N.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

14 April-20 April 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from the Japanese Meterological Agency, the Tokyo VAAC reported that an eruption of Sakura-jima on 17 April produced a gas-and-ash plume that rose to ~3 km a.s.l. and extended W.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

24 March-30 March 2004 Cite this Report

Based on information from the Japanese Meteorological Agency, the Tokyo VAAC reported that explosions at Sakura-jima on 26 March at 1715 and 27 March at 0607 produced plumes that extended S and rose to ~2.5 km a.s.l. and ~2 km a.s.l., respectively.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

18 February-24 February 2004 Cite this Report

On 19 and 20 February, explosions at Sakura-jima produced ash clouds that rose to unknown heights. No ash was visible on satellite imagery.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

7 January-13 January 2004 Cite this Report

According to the Tokyo VAAC, an eruption occurred at Sakura-jima on 12 January around 1430 that produced an ash cloud that rose above 2 km a.s.l.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

3 December-9 December 2003 Cite this Report

Based on information from the JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 3 December at 2025 ash was emitted from Sakura-jima, rose to ~2.5 km a.s.l., and extended to the S.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)

17 July-23 July 2002 Cite this Report

Surface observations from Kagoshima airport revealed that on 22 July an ash cloud from Sakura-jima rose to 2.1-2.4 km a.s.l. Ash was visible extending to the SW on satellite imagery. Ash was also observed on 23 July at an unknown altitude.

Source: US Air Force Weather Agency

Bulletin Reports - Index

Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.

03/1969 (CSLP 26-69) Eruption from Minami-dake rises 1,500 m and causes ashfall

07/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Lava mass observed in early May; explosion on 12 June

08/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Weak explosion from Minamidake summit crater on 7 July

09/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Multiple explosions in August from Minamidake

10/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Explosions on 6 and 10 September

11/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Large explosion on 14 October; significant activity in late October

12/1970 (CSLP 60-70) Summit crater explosions send ash up to 2,100 m

01/1971 (CSLP 60-70) More December explosions; 19 total during 1970

02/1971 (CSLP 60-70) Incandescent lava lakes clearly visible in both craters

03/1971 (CSLP 60-70) Explosions continue in February

06/1971 (CSLP 60-70) Four moderate explosions in April

09/1972 (CSLP 60-72) Explosions from the summit crater cause ashfall

10/1972 (CSLP 60-72) Large explosion from Minami-dake on 2 October

11/1972 (CSLP 60-72) Frequent explosions in late October and early November, some to 4 km altitude

01/1973 (CSLP 60-72) Frequent explosions in November and December 1972

11/1973 (CSLP 139-73) Minami-dake summit crater quite active throughout 1973

01/1974 (CSLP 139-73) Frequent explosions in late November 1973

07/1974 (CSLP 88-74) Number of explosions increases to 93 in June

08/1974 (CSLP 88-74) Explosions continue; ashfall up to 70 km away

10/1975 (NSEB 01:01) Typical explosive eruptions

05/1976 (NSEB 01:08) Two notable explosions eject tephra, damaging automobiles and crops

06/1976 (NSEB 01:09) Sixteen explosions during 1-5 June

09/1976 (NSEB 01:12) Daily explosions during June-September; frequent ashfall

11/1976 (NSEB 01:14) Frequent small explosions and earthquakes; some heavy ashfall

12/1976 (NSEB 01:15) Continued frequent small explosions and ashfall

02/1977 (NSEB 02:02) Summit explosions continue; lapilli-fall breaks car windows

03/1977 (NSEB 02:03) Explosive activity continues

04/1977 (NSEB 02:04) Only four explosions observed in March

05/1977 (NSEB 02:05) Three explosions in April; one causes minor ashfall

06/1977 (NSEB 02:06) More frequent explosions in May

07/1977 (NSEB 02:07) Explosions send columns up to 2.7 km height

08/1977 (NSEB 02:08) Explosions accompanied by ashfall, scoria ejection, and other activity

09/1977 (NSEB 02:09) Minor ashfalls from explosions; falling scoria starts forest fire

10/1977 (NSEB 02:10) Explosions accompanied by airshocks and scoria ejection

11/1977 (NSEB 02:11) Explosion on 28 November breaks 60 windows in buildings on the S flank

12/1977 (NSEB 02:12) Explosion air shocks break about 100 windows 3 km south of the summit

01/1978 (SEAN 03:01) Strong explosive activity in December and January

02/1978 (SEAN 03:02) Lava mass in crater continues to rise

03/1978 (SEAN 03:03) Fewer explosions in February

05/1978 (SEAN 03:05) Frequent summit crater explosions in March and April

06/1978 (SEAN 03:06) Earthquake swarms and explosions in mid and late May

07/1978 (SEAN 03:07) Frequent explosions continue

08/1978 (SEAN 03:08) Continuing earthquake swarms and explosions

09/1978 (SEAN 03:09) Frequent explosions and continuous ash emission

11/1978 (SEAN 03:11) Explosions persist, but no damage reported

12/1978 (SEAN 03:12) Only one explosion in November; ash ejection between explosions ends

01/1979 (SEAN 04:01) Number of explosions increase; lapilli cracks airplane windows

02/1979 (SEAN 04:02) Explosions continue, but less tephra than last autumn

03/1979 (SEAN 04:03) New dome emplacement in December

04/1979 (SEAN 04:04) Number of explosions drops

05/1979 (SEAN 04:05) Lava dome growing; explosions persist

06/1979 (SEAN 04:06) First explosion-free month in 6 years

07/1979 (SEAN 04:07) Second explosion-free month

08/1979 (SEAN 04:08) No new explosions; activity since 1972 summarized

09/1979 (SEAN 04:09) Explosions resume after 110-day hiatus

10/1979 (SEAN 04:10) Explosions continue

11/1979 (SEAN 04:11) Explosion frequency doubles; aircraft damaged

12/1979 (SEAN 04:12) Frequent explosions continue; tephra cracks another airplane windshield

01/1980 (SEAN 05:01) Explosions continue; activity since 1955 summarized

04/1980 (SEAN 05:04) Explosions and incandescent tephra

05/1980 (SEAN 05:05) Largest number of explosions/month in five years

06/1980 (SEAN 05:06) Activity declines. Explosions/month tabulated since 1955

07/1980 (SEAN 05:07) More frequent explosions

08/1980 (SEAN 05:08) More frequent explosions

09/1980 (SEAN 05:09) Explosions continue

11/1980 (SEAN 05:11) Lapilli and air shocks break windows

12/1980 (SEAN 05:12) Explosions continue; 1980 activity summarized

01/1981 (SEAN 06:01) Earthquake swarm followed by glow and explosions

02/1981 (SEAN 06:02) Fewer explosions

03/1981 (SEAN 06:03) Explosions; two incandescent columns

04/1981 (SEAN 06:04) Fewer explosions

05/1981 (SEAN 06:05) Explosions; ash ejection: B-type earthquakes

06/1981 (SEAN 06:06) Fewer explosions

07/1981 (SEAN 06:07) Explosions decline; seismic and eruptive activity since 1978 summarized

08/1981 (SEAN 06:08) Explosions increase

09/1981 (SEAN 06:09) Frequent explosions, mud-like ejection

10/1981 (SEAN 06:10) Frequent explosions, two incandescent columns

11/1981 (SEAN 06:11) More frequent explosions; tephra breaks windshields

12/1981 (SEAN 06:12) Notable explosions of 1981 tabulated

01/1982 (SEAN 07:01) Frequent explosions continue

03/1982 (SEAN 07:03) Frequent explosions; B-type earthquakes

04/1982 (SEAN 07:04) Explosion rate declines; gas damages crops

05/1982 (SEAN 07:05) Incandescent tephra, ashfall

06/1982 (SEAN 07:06) Frequent explosions; tephra cause minor damage

08/1982 (SEAN 07:08) Explosive activity increases then declines; debris flow

11/1982 (SEAN 07:11) Explosions decline, but plane encounters plume

12/1982 (SEAN 07:12) Frequent explosive activity, ash ejection; little ash

01/1983 (SEAN 08:01) Increased explosive activity, ash ejection

02/1983 (SEAN 08:02) Increased explosive activity; rain-caused debris flows

04/1983 (SEAN 08:04) Explosion rate, seismicity decline; lapilli ejected

05/1983 (SEAN 08:05) Explosions and large plumes; windshields broken

07/1983 (SEAN 08:07) Explosions, tephra emission, and seismicity

12/1983 (SEAN 08:12) Tephra from strong explosions damage cars and buildings

01/1984 (SEAN 09:01) Lapilli damage car windshields; air shock breaks windows; 1983 explosions and ashfalls tabulated

03/1984 (SEAN 09:03) Tephra causes minor damage

05/1984 (SEAN 09:05) Explosive activity continues at high level; debris flows

12/1984 (SEAN 09:12) Summary of 1984 explosions and damage

01/1985 (SEAN 10:01) Explosions with strong air shocks; 1984 activity summary

02/1985 (SEAN 10:02) Explosion lofts lapilli that break 43 windshields

03/1985 (SEAN 10:03) Strong explosions; lapilli cause damage

04/1985 (SEAN 10:04) Vigorous explosions; pyroclastic flow

06/1985 (SEAN 10:06) Explosive activity and eathquakes decline

07/1985 (SEAN 10:07) Frequent explosions; tephra damages nearby towns

10/1985 (SEAN 10:10) Explosive activity declines then increases

11/1985 (SEAN 10:11) Vigorous explosions continue

12/1985 (SEAN 10:12) Eruption plumes on 24th and 31st

01/1986 (SEAN 11:01) Explosions cause damage; data on 30 years of activity

02/1986 (SEAN 11:02) Plumes detected on NOAA satellite images

03/1986 (SEAN 11:03) Less frequent explosions; earthquake swarms

04/1986 (SEAN 11:04) Explosions increase in April

05/1986 (SEAN 11:05) Fewer explosions

06/1986 (SEAN 11:06) Airliner lands safely after flying through ash cloud

07/1986 (SEAN 11:07) Explosions; heavy ashfall

08/1986 (SEAN 11:08) More explosions; earthquake swarms

09/1986 (SEAN 11:09) Explosions and earthquake swarms

11/1986 (SEAN 11:11) Ash and block eruptions; 2.5 m block injures six people

01/1987 (SEAN 12:01) Lapilli damages car windshields

04/1987 (SEAN 12:04) Fewer summit explosions

05/1987 (SEAN 12:05) Minor ash eruptions but no recorded explosions

06/1987 (SEAN 12:06) Explosions and ash emission continue; gas damages trees

07/1987 (SEAN 12:07) Explosions, ash emission continues

08/1987 (SEAN 12:08) Explosions continue

09/1987 (SEAN 12:09) Explosions damage windshields, roofs

10/1987 (SEAN 12:10) Explosions continue; ash plumes; felt airshocks

12/1987 (SEAN 12:12) Large explosions break windows; blocks burn cars

01/1988 (SEAN 13:01) More explosions; windows cracked

02/1988 (SEAN 13:02) More frequent explosions break windows

03/1988 (SEAN 13:03) Strong explosions

04/1988 (SEAN 13:04) Explosions and air shocks; ash accumulation declines

05/1988 (SEAN 13:05) Continued explosions and ash emission

06/1988 (SEAN 13:06) Largest one-day ash accumulation since 1969

07/1988 (SEAN 13:07) Explosions continue

08/1988 (SEAN 13:08) Explosions decrease

10/1988 (SEAN 13:10) Continued explosions, tephra emission, and seismicity

11/1988 (SEAN 13:11) Continued explosions but lighter ashfall

01/1989 (SEAN 14:01) Explosions and ashfall decrease

02/1989 (SEAN 14:02) Monthly ashfall decreases; two explosions

03/1989 (SEAN 14:03) Ash emission; earthquake swarm

04/1989 (SEAN 14:04) Summit explosions diminish

06/1989 (SEAN 14:06) Ash emission but no recorded explosions

08/1989 (SEAN 14:08) First recorded explosion since April

09/1989 (SEAN 14:09) Frequent minor ash emission; two larger explosions

10/1989 (SEAN 14:10) Explosions increase

11/1989 (SEAN 14:11) Explosions eject ash

12/1989 (SEAN 14:12) 1989 activity summarized

02/1990 (BGVN 15:02) Explosions continue; largest ejects ash to 3,000 m

05/1990 (BGVN 15:05) Explosions and ash emissions, structural damage

06/1990 (BGVN 15:06) Continued explosions and ash accumulation

07/1990 (BGVN 15:07) Continued explosions; no damage

08/1990 (BGVN 15:08) Continued vigorous explosions

09/1990 (BGVN 15:09) Several ash emissions but no recorded explosions

10/1990 (BGVN 15:10) Explosions decline, but non-explosive ash emission continues

11/1990 (BGVN 15:11) Windows broken by tephra from strong explosions

12/1990 (BGVN 15:12) Strong explosions; 4,000-m ash cloud

01/1991 (BGVN 16:01) Continued explosions but no damage

02/1991 (BGVN 16:02) Continued explosions but no damage

03/1991 (BGVN 16:03) Most explosions since 1988; no damage

04/1991 (BGVN 16:04) Continued vigorous explosions

05/1991 (BGVN 16:05) Frequent explosions continue

06/1991 (BGVN 16:06) Explosions remain frequent; tephra from one explosion damages houses and cars

07/1991 (BGVN 16:07) Frequent explosions; aircraft windshield damaged

08/1991 (BGVN 16:08) Explosions continue

09/1991 (BGVN 16:09) Continued explosions but decreased ashfall

10/1991 (BGVN 16:10) Fewer explosions

11/1991 (BGVN 16:11) Continued explosions

12/1991 (BGVN 16:12) More frequent explosions and stronger seismicity

01/1992 (BGVN 17:01) Monthly explosion total largest since 1985; increased seismicity

02/1992 (BGVN 17:02) Fewer explosions, but tephra cracks car windshields; seismicity remains high

03/1992 (BGVN 17:03) Fewer explosions but stronger seismicity

04/1992 (BGVN 17:04) Explosions; continued strong seismicity

05/1992 (BGVN 17:05) Explosions and seismic swarms continue

06/1992 (BGVN 17:06) Explosions and seismicity less frequent

07/1992 (BGVN 17:07) Occasional seismically recorded explosions and frequent quiet ash emissions

08/1992 (BGVN 17:08) Seismically recorded explosions halt briefly, but quiet ash emission continues

09/1992 (BGVN 17:09) Explosions and quiet ash emissions

10/1992 (BGVN 17:10) Increased explosive activity feeds ash plumes and incandescent columns

11/1992 (BGVN 17:11) Explosions and ash emission continue

12/1992 (BGVN 17:12) Continued explosions; no damage

01/1993 (BGVN 18:01) Continued explosions; no damage

02/1993 (BGVN 18:02) Explosions continue; three earthquake swarms

03/1993 (BGVN 18:03) 40-hour-long earthquake swarm

04/1993 (BGVN 18:04) Explosive activity continues; windshield damaged

05/1993 (BGVN 18:05) Few quiet ash eruptions; no explosions

06/1993 (BGVN 18:06) Several quiet ash eruptions; no explosions for 99 days

08/1993 (BGVN 18:08) Longest non-eruptive period since 1972

10/1993 (BGVN 18:10) Explosions resume after 201 explosion-free days

11/1993 (BGVN 18:11) Explosive activity continues since late October resumption

12/1993 (BGVN 18:12) Explosive activity increases, but produces no damage

01/1994 (BGVN 19:01) Explosive activity decreases from December levels; no damage

02/1994 (BGVN 19:02) Explosions continue; one windshield cracked

04/1994 (BGVN 19:04) No earthquake swarms and only one explosion

05/1994 (BGVN 19:05) Explosive eruptions resume

06/1994 (BGVN 19:06) Frequent explosions; ashfall

07/1994 (BGVN 19:07) Volcanism continues; 14 explosive eruptions

08/1994 (BGVN 19:08) Number of eruptions and amount of ashfall increase

09/1994 (BGVN 19:09) Eruptive activity decreases

10/1994 (BGVN 19:10) Explosive eruptive activity continues but causes no damage

11/1994 (BGVN 19:11) Explosive activity continues; summary of aviation hazards and mitigation efforts

12/1994 (BGVN 19:12) Explosive ash eruptions continue

01/1995 (BGVN 20:01) Explosive eruptions cause ashfall but no damage

03/1995 (BGVN 20:03) Explosive eruptions send plumes 3-4 km above the summit

05/1995 (BGVN 20:05) Explosive ash eruptions continue

07/1995 (BGVN 20:07) Only one explosive eruption during July

08/1995 (BGVN 20:08) Explosive activity 23-25 August, dense ash cloud closes a highway

09/1995 (BGVN 20:09) Explosions continue, but at much lower levels compared to August

10/1995 (BGVN 20:10) Explosive activity continues

12/1995 (BGVN 20:11) Explosive eruptions continue to generate ash plumes

01/1996 (BGVN 21:01) Explosive eruptions and ashfalls continue

02/1996 (BGVN 21:02) Explosive ash eruptions continue

03/1996 (BGVN 21:03) Frequent explosive ash eruptions continue

05/1996 (BGVN 21:05) Explosive activity continues, decreased activity in May

06/1996 (BGVN 21:06) Explosive activity continues, but at decreased levels in June

07/1996 (BGVN 21:07) Minor activity continues

10/1996 (BGVN 21:10) Seven explosive eruptions in September and October from Minami-dake

01/1997 (BGVN 22:01) Four explosive eruptions from Minami-dake in December and January

09/1997 (BGVN 22:09) Relatively quiet but an 11 May explosion sent bombs hundreds of meters down the flanks

01/1998 (BGVN 23:01) Increased number of explosions during December-January

02/1998 (BGVN 23:02) Several explosions during January-February

04/1998 (BGVN 23:04) Amid ongoing explosions, a 19 May seismic swarm yields 220 earthquakes in 4 hours

05/1999 (BGVN 24:05) 1998-99 summary report; recent tephra deposits comprise about 3 x 10⁵ tons/month

08/1999 (BGVN 24:08) Larger than normal eruptions in late July and early August

02/2000 (BGVN 25:02) Frequent explosive eruptions continue from Minami-dake

10/2000 (BGVN 25:10) Explosion, lapilli and ash fall; pilot encounters ash cloud on 7 October

04/2003 (BGVN 28:04) Ash plume observed in July 2002; plume photo from 17 April 2003

05/2004 (BGVN 29:05) Frequent eruptions and ash plumes; 15 May plume noted by news media

06/2006 (BGVN 31:06) First eruption outside of the summit crater in 58 years

04/2007 (BGVN 32:04) Eruption from E-slope Showa crater on 4 June 2007

03/2009 (BGVN 34:03) Recent (2007-2009) explosive eruptions and intermittent plumes

08/2009 (BGVN 34:08) May-October 2009, ongoing explosive eruptions

10/2011 (BGVN 36:10) During 2011, pyroclastic flows, frequent ash plumes, and lava emission

05/2012 (BGVN 37:05) Explosions during November 2011-July 2012; ash and health

01/2014 (BGVN 39:01) Frequent explosions during 2012-13; ashfall on Kagoshima City

11/2015 (BGVN 40:11) Explosions continue in 2014, averaging more than one eruption per day

02/2018 (BGVN 43:02) Explosions gradually decrease in frequency during 2015-2016

07/2018 (BGVN 43:07) Activity resumed in March 2017 and remained relatively low through the year

08/2018 (BGVN 43:08) Activity increased at Minamidake and decreased at Showa crater in early 2018

01/2019 (BGVN 44:01) Ash plumes continue at the Minamidake crater from July through December 2018

07/2019 (BGVN 44:07) Explosions with ejecta and ash plumes continue weekly during January-June 2019

01/2020 (BGVN 45:01) Ongoing explosions with ejecta and ash plumes, along with summit incandescence, during July-December 2019

07/2020 (BGVN 45:07) Near-daily explosions with ash plumes continue, large block ejected 3 km from Minamidake crater on 4 June 2020

01/2021 (BGVN 46:01) Intermittent explosions continue during July through December 2020

08/2021 (BGVN 46:08) Intermittent explosions, ash plumes, ashfall, and incandescent ejecta through June 2021

01/2022 (BGVN 47:01) Minor ash emissions July-December 2021

07/2022 (BGVN 47:07) Explosive events, plumes, minor ashfall, and crater incandescence during January-June 2022

01/2023 (BGVN 48:01) Explosions, ash plumes, and ashfall during July-December 2022

07/2023 (BGVN 48:07) Intermittent explosions, eruption plumes, and ashfall during January-June 2023

Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted)

March 1969 (CSLP 26-69)

Eruption from Minami-dake rises 1,500 m and causes ashfall

Card 0473 (24 March 1969) Eruption from Minami-dake rises 1,500 m and causes ashfall

The following information is from the "Asahi," Tokyo, 9 March 1969. At 0742, 8 March, Minami-dake emitted smoke up to a height of 1,500 m. A large quantity of volcanic ash fell on tangerine orchards at the foot of the volcano and on Kagosima Airport on the opposite shore.

Information Contacts: Tokiko Tiba, Department of Geology, The National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.

July 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Lava mass observed in early May; explosion on 12 June

Card 0973 (15 July 1970) Lava mass observed in early May; explosion on 12 June

"A lava mass (about 100 m across) had appeared in the summit crater (Minamidake) . . . at the beginning of May, but activities of volcanic smoke emission and volcanic earthquakes did not exist. At 2031 JST on 12 June 1970, the crater exploded for the first time since the lava mass had been observed. This explosion was the third in this year. A small airshock was felt but the other phenomenon could not be observed owing to night time.

Information Contacts: Yosihiro Sawada, Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Tokyo, Japan.

August 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Weak explosion from Minamidake summit crater on 7 July

Card 0992 (18 August 1970) Weak explosion from Minamidake summit crater on 7 July

"Sakurazima volcanic explosion 7 July 1970, southern Kyushu, Japan. Minamidake, the summit crater of this volcano exploded at 0653 JST on 7 July 1970. Weak explosion-sound and airshock were observed. This explosion of the volcano is the fourth one this year."

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

September 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Multiple explosions in August from Minamidake

Card 1009 (14 September 1970) Multiple explosions in August from Minamidake

"Sakurazima volcanic explosion 13, 19, and 30 August 1970, southern Kyushu, Japan. Minamidake, the summit crater, exploded at 0610 and 0939 JST on the 13th, 1214 JST on the 19th, and 1645 JST on the 30th of August. The state of the explosions at the crater could not be observed owing to clouds. This volcano had exploded eight times by August of this year."

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

October 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Explosions on 6 and 10 September

Card 1031 (14 October 1970) Explosions on 6 and 10 September

Minamidake, the summit crater, exploded at 0151 JST on the 6th, 1138 JST on the 10th, and 0952 JST on the 19th of September. Explosions on the 6th and the 10th emitted great quantities of cinders on the middle flank of this volcano.

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

November 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Large explosion on 14 October; significant activity in late October

Card 1057 (27 November 1970) Large explosion on 14 October; significant activity in late October

The new crater (W-crater) which had opened at Minamidake in August last year exploded at 1143 JST on 14 October 1970. Large quantities of volcanic smoke with a great explosive sound and roaring sounds were given out from the crater. Volcanic flame about 20 m across and 20-30 m high was observed at this crater during the night of 23 October and continued until 29 October. Smoke from the crater was given out until 30 October. Main summit craters (we call them A and B craters) at Minamidake have emitted out large quantities of volcanic smoke.

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

December 1970 (CSLP 60-70)

Summit crater explosions send ash up to 2,100 m

Card 1074 (22 December 1970) Summit crater explosions send ash up to 2,100 m

The summit crater of Minamidake (South peak) exploded at 0159 JST on the 12th, 2255 JST on the 15th, and 1147 JST on the 16th of November. The explosion on the 15th emitted volcanic smoke 1,000 m high, with the precipitation of cindering ash, an explosive sound and air shock. The explosion on the 16th emitted volcanic smoke 2,100 m high, with an explosive sound and air shock.

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

January 1971 (CSLP 60-70)

More December explosions; 19 total during 1970

Card 1095 (20 January 1971) More December explosions; 19 total during 1970

Summit crater, Minamidake, exploded at 0732 and 2352 JST on 16 December, 0428 on 20 December, 1401 JST on 21 December 1970. On the occasion of the explosion on 21 December, a large amount of volcanic smoke went up about 1,600 m high. In 1970, Sakurazima exploded 19 times in total.

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

February 1971 (CSLP 60-70)

Incandescent lava lakes clearly visible in both craters

Card 1135 (23 February 1971) Incandescent lava lakes clearly visible in both craters

Minamidake summit crater exploded at 1023 JST on 1 January and at 1457 JST on 11 January 1971. On the occasion of the latter explosion, a large quantity of volcanic smoke was given out which reached a height of about 3,000 m.

Information Contacts: Y. Sawada, JMA.

March 1971 (CSLP 60-70)

Explosions continue in February

Card 1156 (22 March 1971) Explosions continue in February

Three volcanic explosions at Minamidake summit crater occurred at 2128 JST on 14 February, at 1346 JST on 16 February, and at 0334 JST on 20 February, 1971. On the occasion of the explosion on 16 February, a large quantity of volcanic smoke (with a small amount of ash-fall went up to a height of about 1,800 m. Two other explosions took place at night and the details are unknown.

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

June 1971 (CSLP 60-70)

Four moderate explosions in April

Card 1226 (01 June 1971) Four moderate explosions in April

"Minamidake (south peak), summit crater of this volcano exploded at 2214 on 7 April, 0553 on 8 April, 2348 on 10 April, and 0333 on 29 April 1971. The details of these activities were unknown owing to night-time, but according to maximum amplitudes (25, 35, 28, and 18µ, respectively) of explosion earthquakes obtained by the seismograph installed at a point 5.4 km WNW of Minamidake, the intensities of these explosions were minor-to-moderate ones. On the occasion of the explosion on 8 April, a weak explosion sound and moderate air shock were felt. And, when the explosion on 10 April took place, 2,000-m-high volcanic smoke, a small amount of cinder-fall on the upper flank, weak air shock and weak explosion sound were observed."

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

September 1972 (CSLP 60-72)

Explosions from the summit crater cause ashfall

Card 1448 (26 September 1972) Explosions from the summit crater cause ashfall

[Explosions from Minamidake continued during 17 August-15 September 1972 (table 1).]

Table 1. Explosive activity from the Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 17 August-15 September 1972. Courtesy of JMA.

Date	Time (JST)	Plume Height (m)	Description
17 Aug 1972	0950	1000	Much smoke and ashfall.
13 Sep 1972	1820	3000	Much smoke and ashfall. Volcanic thunder in rising smoke. Vegetable fields were damaged rather heavily by the ashfall.
14 Sep 1972	2244	--	Unknown (night-time).
15 Sep 1972	1108	3100	Much smoke. Cinders fell on the middle flank. Medium ashfall. One air shock was felt.
15 Sep 1972	1745	4000	Much smoke and ashfall.

Active emissions of volcanic smoke with ashfalls continued during 14 September. Explosions which occurred on 13 and 15 of September were some of the most remarkable ones in recent years. Many micro-volcanic earthquakes were registered, especially from 0600 on 14 September on three seismographs installed around this volcano; (e.g. 320 shocks from 0900 to 1400 and 60 shocks from 2100 to 2300 on 14 September). From interpretation of previous activities, elevation of the lava mass in the summit crater is experimentally expected.

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

October 1972 (CSLP 60-72)

Large explosion from Minami-dake on 2 October

Card 1463 (06 October 1972) Large explosion from Minami-dake on 2 October

"On 2 October [at] 1329 GMT, Minamidake crater "A" blew up with a terrific explosion (18th explosion this year). Rolls of volcanic thunder were heard twenty-three times. Volcanic ejecta (ash and pumice) fell within an area above 300 me altitude, but no lava flow took place. Air vibration of 3.5 millibars from the explosion was recorded on the biograph of the meteorological observatory of Kagoshima district. The maximum amplitude of vibration by explosion earthquake was 72 microns. The 1,070-m S peak of Sakurazima Island in Kagoshima Bay erupted twice early [on] 6 October, but there were no casualties. The eruptions registered a maximum amplitude of ten and fifteen microns at 0439 JST, and 0810am JST, respectively. The second eruption caused spewing up of rocks from the crater near the top of the peak. The eruptions were the 19th and 20th recorded this year. Earlier, the previous eruption that occurred on 2 October was the biggest since November 1957.

Information Contacts: Tokiko Tiba, Department of Geology, The National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.

November 1972 (CSLP 60-72)

Frequent explosions in late October and early November, some to 4 km altitude

Card 1487 (15 November 1972) Details of September-October explosions

Minamidake summit crater exploded in September [once on the 13th, 14th, 21st, 25th, and 30th, and three times on the 15th]. Of these explosions, the explosion on the 13 September was a rather remarkable one. Volcanic smoke rose about 3,000 m high with heavy ashfalls. A wide area of vegetable fields was heavily damaged by the ashfall. Emission of a large quantity of smoke continued for about three hours and volcanic lightning was seen in the rising smoke. Some of the other explosions were also rather strong, and they were accompanied by cinders and ashfalls and much volcanic smoke (max. 4,000 m high). The appearance and rising of a lava mass in the summit crater is expected based on these activities and seismological observations by the Kagosima local Meteorological Observatory.

Minamidake exploded in October [on the 2nd (1), 6th (2), 27th (1), 28th (8), 29th (3), and 30th (1)]. During these explosions, emission of much smoke (sometimes 3,000-4,000 m high) was frequently observed. After the explosions in the early part of the month, felt earthquakes (intensity II on the JMA scale) took place, and before the explosions in the latter part of the month there were swarms of shallow micro-earthquakes. The explosions were accompanied by much volcanic smoke (max. about 4,000 m), explosion-earthquakes and cinder and ashfalls. Volcanic lightning and pillars of fire were also observed. The greatest explosion was the one on 2 October, one of the most remarkable ones over the past two or three years. It was greater than the explosion on 13 September. Many cinders fell onto the lower flank (max. 3 km from the crater) of this volcano, and these cinders caused forest fires on several parts of the middle flank. Pillars of fire caused by red-hot cinders were sometimes seen and volcanic lightning was frequently observed in the rising smoke. The air-shock from this explosion was felt even at Hitoyosi, 74 km NE of the volcano. Damage was less than that which occurred on 13 September.

Card 1488 (20 November 1972) Thirteen explosions during 1-5 November

Minamidake summit crater continued exploding in November [on the 1st (2), 2nd (3), 3rd (5), 4th (2), and 5th (1)]. During these explosions, a great deal of volcanic smoke with cinder and ashfalls rose to a maximum height of 4,000 m. Volcanic lightning and pillars of fire were sometimes observed in rising volcanic smoke. The greatest explosion of this series was the one at 1236 JMT on the first of the month. A great quantity of volcanic smoke with heavy ashfalls rose to 4,000 m, and many cinders fell down onto the middle flank, causing forest fires. During these activities, active emissions of volcanic smoke with ashfalls continued. After the explosion on 5 November, however, emission of volcanic smoke stopped. Many micro-earthquakes (shallow ones) registered on seismographs of the Kagosima Local Meteorological Observatory through 7 November.

Information Contacts:
Card 1487 (15 November 1972) Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
Card 1488 (20 November 1972) Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

January 1973 (CSLP 60-72)

Frequent explosions in November and December 1972

Card 1536 (17 January 1973) Frequent explosions in November and December 1972

On 16 November, active explosions at Minamidake summit crater resumed. From 16 November through 30 November, explosions took place 32 times. The total number of explosions in November was 45. Some of these were strong ones, with a great quantity of volcanic smoke (max. height: more than 3,000 m), red-hot cinder-falls onto the middle flank, pillars of fire (sometimes 200-300 m high), and resulting forest fires due to red-hot cinders. The amplitudes of some explosion-earthquakes registered with the JMA-59 type seismograph (magnification:100) at the Kagosima Local Meteorlogical Observatory (about 12 km W of the active crater) reached 40 microns in the explosions on 16 and 28 November. These amplitudes were large compared with the usual explosions. Around 18 November the so-called B-type volcanic earthquakes swarmed, and then, from 21 November, the frequency of explosions increased. [Explosions in the second half of November occurred on the 16th (1), 17th (1), 18th (2), 19th (1), 20th (1), 21st (3), 22nd (1), 23rd (3), 24th (7), 25th (3), 26th (1), 27th (1), 28th (6), and 30th (1).]

In addition to these explosions, remarkable emissions of volcanic smoke were sometimes observed. Explosions at Minamidake summit crater continued until the middle of December. Some of them were rather strong explosions, i.e. with great quantities of volcanic smoke (more than 3,000 m high), red-hot cinder-falls onto the middle flank, and resultant forest fires caused by red-hot cinders. The number of explosions in December was 28, and the total number in 1972 was 108. Large amplitudes of explosion-earthquakes (the maximum was 105 microns) were sometimes registered with the JMA-59 type seismograph at Kagosima Local Meteorlogical Observatory, and amplitudes of 30-60 microns were sometimes observed. These amplitudes show that the explosions were strong ones. [Explosions in December occurred on the 1st (5), 2nd (4), 3rd (1), 8th (1), 9th (3), 10th (3), 11th (3), 12th (4), and 13th (4).]

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

November 1973 (CSLP 139-73)

Minami-dake summit crater quite active throughout 1973

Card 1738 (01 November 1973) Minami-dake summit crater quite active throughout 1973

The Minamidake summit crater . . . has been quite active throughout most of 1973. In June, four explosions occurred on the first of the month, with smoke reaching an altitude of 5,000 m, and large quantities of cinders, ash, and lapilli being ejected. In July, explosions took place on the 17th and the 22nd. In August, there were a total of 17 explosions. On 18 and 19 August, the smoke reached an elevation of 4,000 m, and on 24 August 3,000 m. Activity increased significantly in September and October, with 14 explosions recorded in September (max. height of smoke was 3,000 m), and 36 explosions during the first 18 days of October. The explosion on 18 October was the 76th this year. The maximum height of the volcanic smoke was 3,500 m and 40 micron explosion-earthquakes were frequently recorded at the Kagosima Local Meteorlogical Observatory.

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

January 1974 (CSLP 139-73)

Frequent explosions in late November 1973

Card 1781 (23 January 1974) Frequent explosions in late November 1973

Emissions of volcanic smoke from Minamidake summit crater became active again on 27 November, and frequent explosions with detonations, air-shocks, and strong emissions of smoke (max. 4,000 m high) occurred (table 2). The explosions on 28 November ejected a great amount of lapilli to the southeast of the crater, and windshields of 15 cars driving on a road were broken by this ejecta. The total number of explosions in December was 31, and the total for the 1973 was 144.

Table 2. Number of explosions from the Minami-dake summit crater at Sakura-jima, 27 November-25 December 1974. Courtesy of JMA.

Date	Explosions
27 Nov 1974	2
28 Nov 1974	9
29 Nov 1974	13
30 Nov 1974	10
01 Dec 1974	5
02 Dec 1974	4
03 Dec 1974	2
05 Dec 1974	4
06 Dec 1974	1
07 Dec 1974	2
10 Dec 1974	1
14 Dec 1974	1
15 Dec 1974	2
16 Dec 1974	1
17 Dec 1974	1
18 Dec 1974	1
20 Dec 1974	1
21 Dec 1974	1
22 Dec 1974	1
23 Dec 1974	1
25 Dec 1974	1

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

July 1974 (CSLP 88-74)

Number of explosions increases to 93 in June

Card 1886 (17 July 1974) Number of explosions increases to 93 in June

Recently, the Sakurazima volcano became quite active, and the occurrences of explosions increased. There were 93 explosions in June, and a total of 198 during the first six months of this year. Some of the explosions were accompanied by small to medium amounts of fragments ejected onto the flanks of the volcano, plus ashfalls and flame. The smoke generally reached heights of 2,000 m; the highest altitude reached was 3,300 m. According to the Kagosima Local Meteorlogical Observatory, the total amount of ash that fell in May was 133.5 grams/m² at Kagosima city, about 10 km from the Minamidake summit crater of Sakurazima.

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

August 1974 (CSLP 88-74)

Explosions continue; ashfall up to 70 km away

Card 1908 (21 August 1974) Explosions continue; ashfall up to 70 km away

The activity of the Minamidake summit crater . . . is continuing. The total number of volcanic earthquakes recorded on the seismograph on the upper reaches of Mt. Sakurazima, and explosions at the Minamidake summit crater in July, were 26,069 and 49, respectively. Some of the explosions were accompanied by small to medium amounts of ejected fragments plus ash and flame. The smoke generally rose to heights of from 1,000-2,000 m with the highest being 3,000 m. About 2 cm of ashes fell at Sakurazima city, 5 km from Minamidake summit crater, and some ash reached Minamata city, about 70 km from Minamidake. Crops, such as mandarin oranges, vegetables, and mulberry trees were damaged considerably by the ashes.

Information Contacts: Seismological Section, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan.

October 1975 (NSEB 01:01) Cite this Report

Typical explosive eruptions

During the summer of 1975 Sakura-jima was normally active. There were 16 explosions in September (figure 1). The highest eruption cloud reached a few thousand meters altitude.

Figure 1. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, October 1975-December 1976. Data courtesy of JMA. [October 1975-May 1976 data were added, and errors in the June 1976-December 1976 data have been corrected from the originally published material.]

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1976 (NSEB 01:08) Cite this Report

Two notable explosions eject tephra, damaging automobiles and crops

Two notable explosions occurred during May. Volcanic activity had been increasing during 1976 and dark smoke had been frequently observed since an explosion on 7 April. On 13 May at 0738, an explosion sent a cloud to 2,000 m height. This moderate explosion was the 29th of 1976 at the Minami-dake summit crater.

Large amounts of pumice and lapilli fell onto the E slope of the crater. At Sakura-jima-guchi, 5.5 km ESE of the crater, up to 3 cm of pumice was deposited (as measured on a road), and maximum ejecta size was 25 x 25 x 4 cm. Automobiles and crops in the area were damaged by the ashfall.

On 17 May at 1342, an eruption cloud reached 2700 m height (not 16 miles as reported by UPI in the press) following the 31st and largest explosion recorded in 1976. Tiba reported blocks up to l m across falling 2.5 km from the vent. Shimozuru reported cinders 2-6 cm in size at Arimura, 3 km SSE of the crater. At Furusato, 3 km S of the crater, and at a school 7 km SE of the crater, window glass was broken by the strong airshock which measured 0.34 millibars on a microbarograph 10 km W of the crater. Volcanic tremor occurred 32-36 hours before this major eruption, then volcanic earthquakes continued up to 22 hours before its onset.

Both explosions took place at the newly-opened (since 10 December 1975) 40-m-diameter crater SE of crater A at Minami-dake. An estimated 170,000 tons of molten lava filled the bottom of crater A from 90 to 50 m depth.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; D. Shimozuru, ERI, Tokyo; T. Tiba, National Science Museum, Tokyo.

June 1976 (NSEB 01:09) Cite this Report

Sixteen explosions during 1-5 June

Sixteen explosions were recorded between 1-5 June, but none 6-20 June.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

September 1976 (NSEB 01:12) Cite this Report

Daily explosions during June-September; frequent ashfall

An explosion at 0727 on 5 June deposited a small amount of lapilli (to 1 cm in diameter) at Kurokami, 5 km E of the crater. Maximum June ash cloud height exceeded 3000 m. Ashfalls were frequent during late June at Kagoshima City, 10 km W of the crater. Volcanic earthquakes occurred frequently. July explosions were small, but ash emission was heavy. The maximum height of ash clouds was 3000 m. Kagoshima City continued to experience frequent ash falls. The July 26th explosion occurred at 0357, producing a felt air shock. Vibrations continued to be felt after the explosion at Higashi-Sakura-jima, 3 km SSW of the crater.

Detonations, air shocks, cinder falls, [an incandescent column], and frequent ashfalls were noted during August. The maximum eruption cloud height 1-10 September was 2000 m.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1976 (NSEB 01:14) Cite this Report

Frequent small explosions and earthquakes; some heavy ashfall

Most of the explosions 10 September-28 October were small. [Ash cloud] emission was also observed, reaching a maximum of 3000 m [above the crater]. Volcanic earthquakes were frequent. The explosion at 1142 on 10 September deposited a large quantity of ash and lapilli at Kagoshima City. The 23 September explosion at 2015 was accompanied by a large detonation, an air shock, [an incandescent column], thunder, and rumbling. A large amount of ash and lapilli were deposited on the S flank, 3 km from the crater. Activity on 2 October began at 1238 and lasted about 3 hours, causing a heavy ashfall W of the vent. A large detonation and air shock were observed at 0028 on 6 October. This explosion caused a cinder fall on the middle flank.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1976 (NSEB 01:15) Cite this Report

Continued frequent small explosions and ashfall

Almost all 1 November-20 December explosions were small. Strong detonations, air shocks and [incandescent columns] were sometimes observed at the Kagoshima meteorological observatory. Emission of [ash] clouds, some of which rose 3000 m above the crater, was almost continuous, and ashfalls around the crater were frequent. At the time of one of these (21 October at 1228), a large quantity of ash moved down the W slope, but it was not possible to confirm it as a nuée ardente. On 4 November at 1700, an overflight revealed a red-hot lava mass [or mound] (40 m across) at the bottom of the summit crater. A weak [reflection of] glow, probably caused by the lava, was sometimes seen during October.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1977 (NSEB 02:02) Cite this Report

Summit explosions continue; lapilli-fall breaks car windows

6 December, 2149: A moderately strong detonation, air shock, [incandescent column] and volcanic [lightning] were reported. Incandescent tephra fell on the middle flank.

11 December, 0345: Considerable fall of tephra, including [scoria] (4 cm maximum diameter) and non-scoriaceous lapilli (2 cm maximum diameter) E of the summit. Two cm of ash fell 3 km SE of the summit.

13 December, 0106: Lapilli (4.5 cm maximum diameter) broke car windows 3.5 km E of the summit.

[On 6 December] a swarm of about 500 volcanic earthquakes occurred during a 3-hour period. . . .

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

March 1977 (NSEB 02:03) Cite this Report

Explosive activity continues

The explosion at 1632 on 31 January (figure 2) deposited a considerable quantity of lapilli [S of the crater]. At 1005 the next day, a strong air shock broke [65 windowpanes at a school in Tarumizu City, about 10 km SE of the crater]. After the l February explosions, [ash] emission from the crater ceased until 6 March [but white vapor emission continued from 2 February until the 6 March explosions]. The number of volcanic earthquakes decreased in February and March.

Figure 2. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1977. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1977 (NSEB 02:04) Cite this Report

Only four explosions observed in March

A slight air shock from the 15 March explosion was felt at the Kagoshima Meteorological Observatory.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1977 (NSEB 02:05) Cite this Report

Three explosions in April; one causes minor ashfall

The 30 April eruption cloud rose 2,700 m above the crater and caused a minor ashfall on the SE flank.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1977 (NSEB 02:06) Cite this Report

More frequent explosions in May

Sixteen explosions were recorded 1-16 May. Local earthquakes continued.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; D. Shackelford, CA.

July 1977 (NSEB 02:07) Cite this Report

Explosions send columns up to 2.7 km height

June explosions were accompanied by air shocks, rumbling of about 10 seconds duration, and explosion sounds. Eruption columns rose to 2,700 m from the crater and contained some cinders.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

August 1977 (NSEB 02:08) Cite this Report

Explosions accompanied by ashfall, scoria ejection, and other activity

Ashfalls, scoria ejection, incandescence, airshocks, and rumbling frequently accompanied the July explosions. Eruption clouds rose more than 2,800 m on 3 July, more than 3,000 m on 6 July, and about 2700 m on 20 July. . . .

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; D. Shackelford, CA.

September 1977 (NSEB 02:09) Cite this Report

Minor ashfalls from explosions; falling scoria starts forest fire

Ash clouds rose to a maximum of 2,800 m above the crater in August, but ashfalls were minor. Falling scoria from an explosion at 1317 on 29 August caused [grass fires at 8 points] on the SW flank. [The fires were extinguished in a few minutes.]

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

October 1977 (NSEB 02:10) Cite this Report

Explosions accompanied by airshocks and scoria ejection

Ash clouds rose to a maximum of 2,100 m above the crater during September. Explosions were accompanied by air shocks and scoria ejection.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1977 (NSEB 02:11) Cite this Report

Explosion on 28 November breaks 60 windows in buildings on the S flank

Maximum ash cloud height during October was 2,500 m above the crater. Some incandescent material was ejected and reflected glow was occasionally observed. The air shock from an explosion at 0347 on 30 November broke [102 windowpanes] in villages about 3 km S of the summit. Tephra started grass fires, but these were quickly extinguished. No [injuries] resulted from the explosion, the 21st to occur in November.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; Japanese Press.

December 1977 (NSEB 02:12) Cite this Report

Explosion air shocks break about 100 windows 3 km south of the summit

. . . Maximum November ash cloud height was 2,200 m above the crater, on the 2nd. Volcanic thunder was heard on more than 20 occasions during the month.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1978 (SEAN 03:01) Cite this Report

Strong explosive activity in December and January

Tephra from explosions at 1220 on 8 December, 1834 on 20 December, 0621 and 1507 on 22 December, and on 27 January, caused [grass] fires. A 300-m column of incandescent ejecta was observed at 0534 on l December, and reflected glow was seen between 0322 and 0325 on 10 December. The air shock from an explosion at 2140 on 8 December broke three [windowpanes] in a nearby village. Ash clouds rose 2,000 m above the crater on 6, 8, and 22 December.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1978 (SEAN 03:02) Cite this Report

Lava mass in crater continues to rise

Tephra from an explosion on 25 December cracked the windshield of an All Nippon Airways aircraft passing over the Hayato area, about 20 km NE of the crater.

Maximum January ash cloud height was 1,900 m above the crater on the 23rd. Incandescence, scoria ejection, air shocks, and rumbling accompanied the activity. Aerial observations in mid-January confirmed the continued growth of the lava mass present in the crater since September. Several earthquake swarms . . . were recorded during December and January.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; D. Shackelford, CA.

March 1978 (SEAN 03:03) Cite this Report

Fewer explosions in February

February explosions were accompanied by air shocks and rumbling. Scoria from explosions at 0024 on 8 February and 0218 on 26 February caused [grass] fires. The maximum February cloud height was 1700 m above the crater, at 0850 on the 25th.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1978 (SEAN 03:05) Cite this Report

Frequent summit crater explosions in March and April

Powerful explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake have become more frequent since summer 1977 (figures 2 and 3). Beginning in August, explosions have been preceded by earthquake swarms lasting several days. . . . This pattern has often occurred 4-5 times/month and has enabled scientists at the JMA's Sakura-jima Observatory to [forecast] the explosions. The frequent property damage that has occurred near the volcano since last summer continued in March and April. Many windowpanes and a car windshield were broken by airshocks and tephra during March. Incandescence was also observed during March and April.

Figure 3. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1978. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1978 (SEAN 03:06) Cite this Report

Earthquake swarms and explosions in mid and late May

The air shock from the 22 May explosion broke five windowpanes. Earthquake swarms . . . occurred in mid and late May, correlated with an increase in the number of explosions during the same period. A swarm of exceptionally long duration (16 hours) on 30 May was followed by four explosions on the 31st.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1978 (SEAN 03:07) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions continue

About 20 earthquakes . . . were recorded in June. . . . Consequently, JMA scientists believe that a large volume of magma remained on or just under the crater bottom in early June. Reuters reported a loud explosion on 21 July, producing a 1600-m eruption column, and two explosions on 23 July, throwing incandescent ejecta 2,500 m above the vent. UPI reported that strong winds from a typhoon spread about 2.5 cm of ash within 5 km of the summit after an explosion on 31 July.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; Reuters; UPI; D. Shackelford, CA.

August 1978 (SEAN 03:08) Cite this Report

Continuing earthquake swarms and explosions

During July, 25 explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded. Large quantities of tephra (blocks, lapilli, and ash) were ejected by three explosions on 30-31 July. Strong [SE] winds from a typhoon carried the ejecta to [an inhabited area] 10 km [NW of] the crater. Three persons were slightly injured, and [windowpanes] were broken in 62 houses and 45 cars. More than 50 earthquake swarms, each lasting several hours, occurred during July. . . .

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

September 1978 (SEAN 03:09) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions and continuous ash emission

. . . [There were] 32 recorded explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake during August. The explosions produced ash clouds that rose about 2,000 m above the crater. Emission of . . . ash clouds was continuous between explosions. Ash fell every day around the volcano, primarily to the NW, causing slight damage to crops, electric wires, and homes over a broad area. Total August ashfall was estimated at a few centimeters (20 kg/m²) in a village 5 km from the volcano.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1978 (SEAN 03:11) Cite this Report

Explosions persist, but no damage reported

The summit crater of Minami-dake exploded 25 times in September and 15 times in October. Since June, dense ash clouds have frequently been emitted from Minami-dake between recorded explosions. Ashfalls near the volcano were almost continuous June-October, damaging . . . crops, and impeding traffic. However, there was no damage from coarse tephra as in late July nor from explosion air shocks, which broke [windowpanes] in late May.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1978 (SEAN 03:12) Cite this Report

Only one explosion in November; ash ejection between explosions ends

Only one explosion from the summit crater of Minami-dake was recorded during November, on the 15th. The ash ejection that had frequently occurred between explosions since the spring ended about 25 November. Activity has been limited to steam emission since then.

Further Reference. Kamo, K., 1979, The Recent Activity of Sakura-jima Volcano; in Report on Volcanic Activities and Volcanological Studies in Japan for the Period from 1975 to 1978; Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan, v. 24, no. 4, p. 26-34.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1979 (SEAN 04:01) Cite this Report

Number of explosions increase; lapilli cracks airplane windows

Eleven explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded in December. The number of explosions in 1978 was 231, little changed from 223 in 1977. Lapilli ejected on 4 December cracked 2 windshields of All Nippon Airways airplanes. Similar damage to aircraft above Sakura-jima occurred 8 April 1975 and 25 December 1977.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1979 (SEAN 04:02) Cite this Report

Explosions continue, but less tephra than last autumn

Fifteen explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded during January (figure 4). On 5 January, lapilli broke [windshields] in seven cars. Ash emission was observed between explosions, but not as frequently as in the autumn of 1978.

Figure 4. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1979. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

March 1979 (SEAN 04:03) Cite this Report

New dome emplacement in December

Sixteen explosions occurred from the summit crater of Minami-dake during February. Ash emission between explosions remained infrequent, as it has since December. Yosihiro Sawada reports that high-amplitude volcanic tremor ended in November 1978, and shallow B-type earthquakes began to be recorded. An earthquake swarm in mid-December preceded the emplacement of a new incandescent lava [mound] on the [crater] floor of Minami-dake, after which explosions became more frequent.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; Y. Sawada, MRI, Tokyo; D. Shackelford, CA.

April 1979 (SEAN 04:04) Cite this Report

Number of explosions drops

Seven explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded in March. Tephra from the explosions caused no damage.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1979 (SEAN 04:05) Cite this Report

Lava dome growing; explosions persist

Seven explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded in April. Reflected glow was observed above the crater on 22 April. Earthquake swarms . . . were frequently recorded in April, indicating that the andesitic lava [mound] in the bottom of the crater was increasing in volume. The strongest explosions of the current eruption have taken place during periods when the lava dome was most voluminous.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1979 (SEAN 04:06) Cite this Report

First explosion-free month in 6 years

No explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded during May, the first time in 6 years that a month without explosions has occurred there [but see 4:9]. Sakura-jima's current eruption began in October 1955.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1979 (SEAN 04:07) Cite this Report

Second explosion-free month

For the second consecutive month, no explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were recorded in June. The last explosions occurred on 30 April. Sakura-jima's current eruption has included several quiet phases, the most recent from December 1972 to April 1973.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

August 1979 (SEAN 04:08) Cite this Report

No new explosions; activity since 1972 summarized

No explosions have occurred from Sakura-jima since [two were recorded on] 30 April, a long quiet phase for this eruption.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

September 1979 (SEAN 04:09) Cite this Report

Explosions resume after 110-day hiatus

The following is a report from Manabu Komiya. "Sakura-jima exploded on 19 August after 110 days of quiescence, producing an ash cloud 1 km high. It was the 46th explosion of this year. Five more explosions occurred in early September, but none caused any damage. The fact that no explosion had occurred in 110 days does not immediately suggest decreasing volcanism, because intermittent ash emission without explosive shocks had occurred through the explosion-free period, as frequently as before. Daily ash emission often caused ashfalls at cities and towns near the volcano. Volcanic gas that flowed down the flanks damaged vegetation, adding to the damage caused by falling ash. Reflected glow above the crater was often observed at night during July and early August. Swarms of B-type earthquakes . . . (one burst consisted of hundreds of earthquakes) were recorded a few times per month in June and August. These facts indicate that the lava mound on the crater floor persisted or grew during this period. An aerial inspection on 30 July revealed a large mound that had reached a volume of 7 x 10³ m, twice that of May."

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

October 1979 (SEAN 04:10) Cite this Report

Explosions continue

Thirteen explosions were recorded in September. The highest eruption cloud rose 2.8 km above the crater, on 8 September (see table 3 below). No damage from any of the explosions was reported.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1979 (SEAN 04:11) Cite this Report

Explosion frequency doubles; aircraft damaged

Explosions recorded at the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory, 11 km from Sakura-jima, were about twice as frequent in October and November as they were in September. Typically, an "explosion" consisted of a weak shock, registered both seismically and sonically, followed by ash ejection. Ash emission without an accompanying explosion occurred more often than the explosion-triggered events.

[The explosion at 1400 on 10 November was followed by about 20 minutes of tephra emission and continuous tremor.] Lightning was frequent in the tephra cloud, which deposited 2 cm of ash during a rainstorm at Furosato, 3 km from the crater. Lapilli cracked a car windshield and two cars collided after skidding on the wet ash.

The windshields of two domestic airliners were cracked as they flew into an eruption cloud near Sakura-jima at 0801 and 0805 on 18 November, about 20 minutes after a recorded explosion. In both cases, damage was restricted to the outermost of three sheets of glass, and the planes landed safely. Another 2 cm of ash fell at Furosato after this explosion.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1979 (SEAN 04:12) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions continue; tephra cracks another airplane windshield

Frequent explosions and ejections of dense ash clouds continued through December. Between 28 November and 28 December, 36 explosions were recorded at the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory. The 110-day explosion-free period of 1 May-18 August dropped the number of recorded explosions in 1979 to [149], from 231 in 1978 and 223 in 1977. However, the monthly totals for October-December 1979 are higher than the 1977-78 averages.

The windshield of a domestic YS-11 airliner was cracked by tephra at 1.5 km altitude at 1749 on 24 December, 9 minutes after an explosion from Sakura-jima. The plane landed safely at Kagoshima airport 7 minutes later.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1980 (SEAN 05:01) Cite this Report

Explosions continue; activity since 1955 summarized

Thirty-six explosions were recorded in December by the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory (table 3), bringing the total number in 1979 to 149. Tephra cracked airplane windshields on 18 and 24 December; both planes landed safely. In January, 10 explosions had been recorded by the 27th, none of which caused any damage.

Table 3. Explosions recorded at the Kagoshima Observatory, 19 August 1979-27 January 1980. Data courtesy of JMA.

Date	Time	Cloud Height (km)	Activity
19 Aug 1979	--	1.0	--
03 Sep 1979	--	--	--
07 Sep 1979	--	1.2	--
08 Sep 1979	--	2.8	--
09 Sep 1979	--	0.8	--
10 Sep 1979	--	--	--
04 Oct 1979	0555	1.2	--
08 Oct 1979	1025	1.2	--
09 Oct 1979	0907	--	--
10 Oct 1979	0900	2.0	--
11 Oct 1979	0240	--	--
11 Oct 1979	1408	2.0	--
12 Oct 1979	0012	--	--
12 Oct 1979	2116	--	--
13 Oct 1979	0310	--	--
14 Oct 1979	0623	1.6	--
14 Oct 1979	1321	--	--
14 Oct 1979	1957	--	--
14 Oct 1979	2247	--	--
15 Oct 1979	1403	1.2	--
16 Oct 1979	0550	1.3	--
16 Oct 1979	0751	1.5	--
16 Oct 1979	1658	--	--
16 Oct 1979	1846	--	--
17 Oct 1979	2245	--	--
18 Oct 1979	0509	--	--
18 Oct 1979	1559	--	--
23 Oct 1979	1346	2.5	--
26 Oct 1979	1503	2.7	--
27 Oct 1979	0204	--	--
30 Oct 1979	1655	2.0	--
02 Nov 1979	0246	--	--
03 Nov 1979	1038	--	--
04 Nov 1979	0804	--	--
08 Nov 1979	0807	1.5	--
09 Nov 1979	1054	--	--
10 Nov 1979	0148	--	--
10 Nov 1979	1400	--	--
10 Nov 1979	1815	--	--
14 Nov 1979	0410	--	--
14 Nov 1979	1513	2.3	--
15 Nov 1979	1623	--	--
16 Nov 1979	0156	--	--
18 Nov 1979	0742	--	Two airplane windshields cracked.
19 Nov 1979	1733	1.8	--
20 Nov 1979	1514	2.3	--
20 Nov 1979	1522	2.7	--
20 Nov 1979	1536	2.0	--
21 Nov 1979	1458	1.6	--
21 Nov 1979	1646	1.7	--
21 Nov 1979	1806	--	--
21 Nov 1979	1920	--	Incandescent cinders.
22 Nov 1979	2106	--	--
24 Nov 1979	0834	1.0	--
24 Nov 1979	1955	--	Incandescent cinders, lightning.
27 Nov 1979	2237	--	--
28 Nov 1979	0209	--	--
28 Nov 1979	1305	2.0	Lightning.
29 Nov 1979	0142	--	--
01 Dec 1979	0210	--	--
01 Dec 1979	0435	--	--
04 Dec 1979	0824	0.8	--
04 Dec 1979	1630	1.0	Lightning.
10 Dec 1979	0352	--	--
11 Dec 1979	0147	1.5	--
12 Dec 1979	0516	--	--
13 Dec 1979	0942	1.5	--
14 Dec 1979	1512	1.4	--
14 Dec 1979	1547	2.4	--
15 Dec 1979	1247	1.3	--
15 Dec 1979	1944	--	--
16 Dec 1979	0002	--	--
17 Dec 1979	0038	--	--
17 Dec 1979	0153	--	Lightning, three incandescent columns, rumbling.
17 Dec 1979	2219	--	Incandescent column.
18 Dec 1979	2118	--	Reflected glow after explosion.
19 Dec 1979	2307	--	--
21 Dec 1979	0135	--	--
22 Dec 1979	0119	--	--
23 Dec 1979	1138	--	--
23 Dec 1979	1540	--	Rumbling.
23 Dec 1979	1812	--	--
23 Dec 1979	2007	--	Rumbling.
24 Dec 1979	1710	1.7	--
24 Dec 1979	1740	2.3	Lightning.
24 Dec 1979	2218	--	Two 400-m incandescent columns, lasting 20 seconds; much lightning.
24 Dec 1979	2227	--	Much lightning.
24 Dec 1979	2231	--	Much lightning.
25 Dec 1979	1059	0.8	Lightning.
26 Dec 1979	0827	2.0	--
26 Dec 1979	1033	2.1	--
26 Dec 1979	1049	2.1	Lightning.
27 Dec 1979	0733	1.0	--
27 Dec 1979	0915	1.7	--
28 Dec 1979	1151	2.0	--
08 Jan 1980	1400	2.0	--
10 Jan 1980	0929	2.5	--
10 Jan 1980	1049	2.0	--
18 Jan 1980	1322	1.2	--
19 Jan 1980	0550	--	--
22 Jan 1980	2335	--	--
23 Jan 1980	2216	--	--
24 Jan 1980	1656	1.0	--
24 Jan 1980	1707	1.3	--
27 Jan 1980	0828	1.6	--

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1980 (SEAN 05:04) Cite this Report

Explosions and incandescent tephra

Twenty explosions from Sakura-jima were recorded in February and 10 in March (figure 5), none of which caused any damage. Ash emission without explosions occurred less frequently in February and March than has been usual over the past 5 years.

Figure 5. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1980. Data courtesy of JMA.

Two bursts of B-type earthquakes were recorded in the 2-month period. About 1,000 events occurred in 11 hours on 13 February and about 500 in 5 hours on 15 March. Both of these bursts, thought by JMA geologists to be caused by magma rising in the vent, were followed by increased explosion activity. In addition, columns of incandescent tephra were ejected after the February earthquakes. On 14 February, two columns rose 200 m at 0438 and a 400-m column was ejected at 2137.

Activity beginning late 15 February was typical of the more prolonged eruptive periods that have characterized Sakura-jima since explosions resumed in August 1979. Soon after a loud explosion at 2241, two columns of incandescent tephra rose 200 m above the summit. Ejection of incandescent blocks was almost continuous until about midnight, then occurred every few minutes until 0110 on the 16th. Lapilli up to 3 cm in diameter fell on inhabited areas, but caused no damage. Much lightning was seen in the eruption clouds. Strong, continuous air vibrations rattled windows in towns at the base of the volcano. A seismograph recorded strong tremor until about 0100 on 16 February. By about 0300, eruptive activity had declined, and vapor emission or weak ash ejection continued until the 9 March explosion.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1980 (SEAN 05:05) Cite this Report

Largest number of explosions/month in five years

A total of 48 explosions from Sakura-jima were recorded in April, the largest monthly figure in 5 years. Frequent explosions continued into early May. Four of the April explosions produced ash clouds higher than 2 km, and two ejected incandescent columns. No damage was reported.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1980 (SEAN 05:06) Cite this Report

Activity declines. Explosions/month tabulated since 1955

The period of unusually frequent explosions at Sakura-jima that began in late March ended on 7 June. In May, 69 explosions were recorded, the third highest monthly total since the eruption began in October 1955. Most of the May and June explosions produced ash clouds that rose 1-2 km above the crater; the highest clouds were 2.5 km on 17 May and 2.7 km on 7 June. A 100 m-high incandescent column was observed at night on 1 May.

Ash emission without an explosion [shock] has also more frequent than usual from late March through early June. Ash often fell on Kagoshima, causing various minor disruptions. Fallen ash derailed a streetcar on 2 May, and electric power for 3,700 homes was cut off on 8 May after wet, sticky ash caused numerous short circuits. During a heavy rainfall on 12 May, a debris flow damaged a concrete bridge at the foot of the volcano. Ash emission declined in mid and late June.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1980 (SEAN 05:07) Cite this Report

More frequent explosions

After a decline from 69 explosions in May to 12 in June, activity remained at a similar level until late July, when explosions became stronger and more frequent. The last July explosion was also the month's largest. A tephra cloud rose about 3 km, and [blocks fell onto] the lower half of the volcano. Ash fell to the NE, reaching [the city of] Miyakonojo, 40 km away, one hour after the explosion. No damage was reported.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

August 1980 (SEAN 05:08) Cite this Report

More frequent explosions

The number of recorded explosions increased from 16 in July to 34 in August. The highest August eruption cloud rose 2 km above the summit, on the 2nd. Ash frequently fell NE of the volcano but no damage was reported. . . .

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

September 1980 (SEAN 05:09) Cite this Report

Explosions continue

During September, 21 explosions were recorded. The highest September ash cloud rose 1800 m on the 7th. Blocks fell on the flanks on several occasions. A 200-m-high incandescent column lasted for 10 seconds on 30 September. No damage was reported from the September activity.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1980 (SEAN 05:11) Cite this Report

Lapilli and air shocks break windows

The number of recorded explosions declined from 21 in September to four in October, then increased to 21 in November. The highest October ash cloud reached 2.0 km, on the 1st. None of the October activity caused any damage. Lapilli from the largest November tephra cloud, which rose 2.5 km on the 8th, broke five car windshields. The air shock from the 28 November explosion broke two [windowpanes] in a hotel at the base of the volcano. No injuries were reported.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1980 (SEAN 05:12) Cite this Report

Explosions continue; 1980 activity summarized

Explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were continuing at the end of 1980. The nine explosions in December brought the year's total to 276, the largest number since 362 were recorded in 1974. The highest December ash cloud rose 1.8 km on the 3rd. Airshocks and tephra fall from the explosions broke [windowpanes] in buildings, automobiles, and aircraft; disrupted traffic; and interrupted electric power on occasion in 1980; but caused no injuries.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1981 (SEAN 06:01) Cite this Report

Earthquake swarm followed by glow and explosions

A burst of B-type earthquakes that began at 0200 on 18 January prompted the JMA observatory at Sakura-jima to issue an explosion warning at 0930. Reflected glow was seen over the summit that night. Four strong explosions occurred during the next two days (figure 6). Each of the first three produced a 200-m-high incandescent column. The fourth, strongest explosion at 1632 on 20 January ejected an incandescent block that formed a 1.3-m-diameter crater when it fell near an inhabited area. Similar occurrences of B-type earthquake bursts, reflected glow of the lava mound in the crater, and explosions were observed in July and August 1979. None of the January explosions caused any damage.

Figure 6. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1981. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1981 (SEAN 06:02) Cite this Report

Fewer explosions

After an active month in January, only five explosions [occurred] in February (figure 6). The highest February ash cloud rose 1.2 km on the 21st. The February explosions caused no damage.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

March 1981 (SEAN 06:03) Cite this Report

Explosions; two incandescent columns

Eleven explosions occurred in March. The highest ash cloud grew to 2 km on the 18th. Two incandescent columns rose simultaneously from vents in the summit crater of Minami-dake on the 20th. No damage was reported.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1981 (SEAN 06:04) Cite this Report

Fewer explosions

Activity declined in April. Only two explosions, on 1 and 21 April, had been recorded by the 27th.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1981 (SEAN 06:05) Cite this Report

Explosions; ash ejection: B-type earthquakes

After only two explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake had occurred in April, none were recorded in May until the 18th. As of 28 May, four explosions had occurred. The largest produced a 1.2-km-high ash cloud on the 24th. Although explosive activity was limited in April and May, there was continued ash ejection during which explosions were not registered at the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory. Bursts of B-type earthquakes were recorded on 3, 5, 18, and 19 May.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1981 (SEAN 06:06) Cite this Report

Fewer explosions

Activity has declined since April. Only three explosions, on 1, 8, and 14 June, had been recorded by 28 June. None caused damage. The highest ash cloud rose 2.5 km on 8 June.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1981 (SEAN 06:07) Cite this Report

Explosions decline; seismic and eruptive activity since 1978 summarized

During the first 27 days of July, only one explosion from the summit crater of Minami-dake was recorded by the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory. Ash ejection without recorded explosions and local seismicity also remained at low levels through July. Activity since January 1978 is summarized in figure 7.

Figure 7. Activity at Sakura-jima during January 1978-June 1981, showing monthly number of recorded explosions (A), large ash clouds (B), recorded earthquakes (C), days when ashfall was observed at the Japan Meteorological Agency's Kagoshima Observatory, (D, black bars), and monthly volume of ash at Kagoshima Observatory (D, white bars). Ashfall is measured in a tray at Kagoshima Observatory. Explosions are counted by visual observation, microbarographs, and seismometers. Courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

August 1981 (SEAN 06:08) Cite this Report

Explosions increase

The decline in activity first noted in April reversed in August, when 34 explosions were recorded. Only one was recorded in July. Most of the explosions were small. The largest eruption cloud reached 2.5 km on 26 August. Ash frequently fell NE of the volcano, but no damage was reported. Weak glow was seen above the active crater on 13, 24, and 31 July.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

September 1981 (SEAN 06:09) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions, mud-like ejection

Frequent explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake continued through September, after increasing from one in July to 34 in August. None of the 38 recorded in September caused any damage. Ash clouds higher than 2 km above the summit were observed on 13, 14, 18, 20, and 23 September. On the 13th an ash cloud that rose to 2.6 km was ejected simultaneously with [dense powder] that covered a 100 x 100 m area on the W slope of the active crater. The highest cloud rose to 2.7 km, also on the 13th.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

October 1981 (SEAN 06:10) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions, two incandescent columns

Frequent explosions continued through October, when 35 were recorded. Two 100-m-high incandescent columns were recorded for 3 seconds at 0444 on 2 October. Ash clouds higher than 2 km above the summit were observed on 3, 17 and 31 October.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1981 (SEAN 06:11) Cite this Report

More frequent explosions; tephra breaks windshields

Eruptive activity intensified in November. Explosions became more frequent and stronger; 50 were recorded. The explosion rate had been about 35/month August-September, but fewer than 4/month April-July. An explosion at 1528 on 16 November ejected incandescent tephra that caused [grass fires] on the SW flank. The [eruption] column rose 3 km, the greatest height this year. Lapilli from an explosion at 1322 on 21 November broke windshields on a few cars passing 3 km S of the summit crater of Minami-dake. Incandescent columns were observed on several occasions: 100 m high for 5 seconds on 7 and 22 November, and for 3 seconds on 14 and 29 November; 200 m high for 3 seconds on 30 November.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1981 (SEAN 06:12) Cite this Report

Notable explosions of 1981 tabulated

The rate of explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake dropped slightly in December; 27 explosions had been recorded by the 25th. Incandescent columns 200 m high were observed for 7 seconds at 1836 on 9 December and for 5 seconds at 0622 on 22 December. Ash clouds higher than 2 km were observed on 3, 4, and 9 December.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1982 (SEAN 07:01) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions continue

Since last August, explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake have been frequent. In January, 27 explosions were recorded (figure 8). A 200-m-high incandescent column lasting 3 seconds was observed on 20 January, and another 300 m high for 5 seconds on the 21st.

Figure 8. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1982. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

March 1982 (SEAN 07:03) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions; B-type earthquakes

The rate of explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake declined in early and mid-February, then increased late in the month. Frequent explosions continued through March. Recorded explosions numbered 15 in February, 47 in March.

On 26 February, an explosion at 1044 produced a 1,600-m-high eruption column, then a continuous ash cloud was observed until 1150, and from 1430 until sunset ended visual observation from the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory. A 1,500-m-high eruption column was ejected at 1731. On 28 February a continuous ash cloud was observed 0620-1230, and three explosions were recorded the next day. On 24 March a 100-m-high incandescent column was observed for 15 seconds, and on the 28th a 200-m-high incandescent column lasting 30 seconds was accompanied by rumbling. Local seismicity was active in the first half of February, when explosive activity had declined. JMA scientists have observed that a swarm of B-type earthquakes, which they interpret as possibly caused by magma rising to a shallower depth, is often followed by increased explosive activity. In March local seismic events and continuous ash clouds were frequently observed, but only rarely did an explosion with a large amount of ejecta occur. There was some damage to nearby farm products.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1982 (SEAN 07:04) Cite this Report

Explosion rate declines; gas damages crops

Recorded explosions declined from 47 in March to 15 in April. Ash clouds higher than 2,000 m were observed on 12 and 19 April. These two explosions ejected incandescent blocks, but no damage was reported. In February and March, volcanic gas . . . damaged farm crops at the SW foot of the volcano.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1982 (SEAN 07:05) Cite this Report

Incandescent tephra, ashfall

The number of recorded explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake was 24 in May. After mid-May, most explosions ejected incandescent tephra, but no damage was reported. In late May activity gradually changed to continuous ash ejection without recorded explosions. Wind carried ash toward the W, causing heavy ashfall in and around the city of Kagoshima, on 25-26 May. The explosion on 19 May, at 0727, produced an eruption column higher that 2,500 m and was associated with 30 seconds of rumbling. Incandescent columns were observed on several occasions: 400 m high for 8 seconds on 4 May; 200 m high for 3 seconds on 5 May and for 5 seconds on 24 May.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

June 1982 (SEAN 07:06) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions; tephra cause minor damage

The number of explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake increased from [24] in May to 34 in June. A 300-m-high incandescent column was observed at 2223 on 8 June, and the highest plume rose 3000 m above the summit on 10 June. Carried by a strong wind, ejecta from the explosion at 0325 on 14 June fell in the area between Kurokami (4.7 km E of the crater) and Sakura-jima-guchi (5.5 km SE). At Kurokami, lapilli broke a car windshield and a building's windowpane.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

August 1982 (SEAN 07:08) Cite this Report

Explosive activity increases then declines; debris flow

Thirteen explosions were recorded in July. Activity was low during the first half of the month, then increased 16-24 July. A debris flow [caused by rainfall] carried away a concrete bridge at the S base of the volcano on the 24th. After the 24 July explosion, activity changed to continuous ash ejection without explosion [shocks].

In August, 14 explosions were recorded. Activity continued at the July level. On 24 August, continuous ash ejection without explosion [shocks] began in the morning, causing heavy ashfall to the NW. Ashfall from 1415-1500 was measured at 285 g/m² at the JMA's Kagoshima Observatory (about 10 km W of the crater). At the Kagoshima Prefecture Office, 2 km N of the JMA Observatory, 5522 g/m² of ash fell from 0900-1600. The ejection declined in the evening. The ash caused slight damage.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

November 1982 (SEAN 07:11) Cite this Report

Explosions decline, but plane encounters plume

Explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake and local seismicity have declined since September. Two explosions were recorded in September, 6 in October, and 4 in November. An explosion at 1130 on 17 September was followed by continuous ash ejection, without explosion [shocks], lasting for 98 minutes and resulting in heavy ashfall on the S half of the city of Kagoshima, about 15 km NW. In October, ash ejection occurred every day, although few explosions were recorded. The frequent ash ejection was accompanied by an increase in the number of recorded tremor events, which totaled 334 hours in October.

Each of the November explosions produced lapilli ejection, air shocks, and sounds. At 1523 on 23 November, the largest explosion of the 3-month period sent an eruption cloud to 3 km. The cloud was observed from the JMA's Miyakonojo Weather Station, 45 km ENE. An Air Nauru jet carrying 39 passengers and flying at about 3 km altitude entered the cloud 23 km ESE of Sakura-jima at 1545, 6 minutes after leaving Kagoshima Airport. The impact of the lapilli produced hairline cracks in three cockpit windows, prompting the pilot to return to Kagoshima, where he landed safely. At the SE foot of the volcano, a car windshield was destroyed.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; UPI.

December 1982 (SEAN 07:12) Cite this Report

Frequent explosive activity, ash ejection; little ash

Explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake intensified in December when 32 explosions were recorded. Only 12 had been recorded from September through November. Ash ejections lasting less than 25 minutes and not accompanied by instrument-recorded explosions were frequently observed. Although eruptive activity was frequent, large amounts of ejecta were rarely observed. No damage was reported. In early December, 124 hours of volcanic tremor were recorded but only 20 hours were recorded during the middle of the month, when explosive activity peaked.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1983 (SEAN 08:01) Cite this Report

Increased explosive activity, ash ejection

Activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake intensified in January; 54 explosions (figure 9) and 35 ash ejections not accompanied by instrument-recorded explosions were observed. In the second half of January, explosions were accompanied by larger amounts of lapilli. An explosion at 1059 on 26 January (table 4) ejected an eruption column that rose 3.8 km above the summit, the highest observed in the past 9 years. This cloud was large enough to be observed from JMA's Asosan Weather Station, 150 km to the NNE; aircraft crews reported that it rose 7.8 km above sea level. Lapilli from this explosion broke the windshield of a car passing near Arimura, 3 km S of the summit. Incandescent columns were observed during two of the explosions on 31 January. A 300-m-high column accompanied the explosion at 0228 and lasted 40 seconds; a column 200 m high lasted 30 seconds during the 0545 explosion.

Figure 9. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1983. Data courtesy of JMA.

Table 4. Notable eruptive activity of Sakura-jima, 1983. Courtesy of JMA.

Date	Event	Comment
26 Jan 1983	Explosion at 1059	Windshields broken on 4-5 cars at SE foot.
02 Feb 1983	Debris flows	One flow damaged nine houses and a hotel at S foot after pushing away part of a sand trap wall.
18 Feb 1983	Explosion at 1326	Ejected blocks as large as 0.5-1 m; one hut at SE foot burned.
21 Feb 1983	Explosion at 1043	Windshields broken on four cars at SE foot.
02 Mar 1983	Debris flows	Road at S foot temporarily covered.
22 May 1983	Explosion at 1237	Eruption column at 4 km above the summit, 2 hours of continuous ash ejection; electric supply interrupted, equipment damaged at Kurokami, 5 km E.
26 May 1983	Explosion	Five hours of continuous ash ejection; windshields broken on 23 cars, gymnasium roof cracked.
24 Jul 1983	Three explosions	Strong SW wind carried ash to Miyazaki City, 80 km NE, reducing visibility to 4 km.
02 Aug 1983	Explosion at 1401	Large amount of lapilli fell near Karutayama Volcano Observatory, about 3 km NW, and at site of sand trap construction, 2 km SE, where four workers were slightly burned.
14 Aug 1983	Explosion at 1614	Windshields on 16 cars, windows in two houses, and a hut roof broken at Nojiri (SW foot); windshields on three cars broken in Kamoike (S part of Kagoshima City, 10 km WSW).
27 Aug 1983	Explosion at 1401	Car windshields broken at Arimura, 3 km S.
01 Sep 1983	Debris flows	Roads temporarily closed. Total of five flows (on 1, 10, 20, and 21 September).
17-18 Sep 1983	Continuous ash ejection	Ash on track derailed streetcar in N Kagoshima City, 10 km WNW
20 Sep 1983	Explosion at 1518	A few windows in a temple damaged at Kamoike. Debris flows (see 1 Sep comment).
10 Oct 1983	Explosion at 1351	Windshields broken on two cars at SW foot.
07 Dec 1983	Explosion at 1702	Car windshield broken in Tarumizu City, 10 km SSE.
13 Dec 1983	Explosion at 1028	Large air shock broke windows in hotel and house.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1983 (SEAN 08:02) Cite this Report

Increased explosive activity; rain-caused debris flows

The rate of explosions at the summit crater of Minami-dake has gradually increased since December. In January, 53 were recorded and in February, 73 explosions were recorded, one of the larger monthly totals since the eruption began in 1955.

Ashfall and eruption clouds were observed on 11, 14, and 27 February at Miyakonojo Observatory. The air shock from the explosion at 2241 on 5 February was large enough to be felt at Miyazaki Observatory, 80 km NE. On 18 February a hut at Arimura, 3 km SSE of the summit, was set on fire by an incandescent block, 50-100 cm in diameter. The explosion at 1043 on the 21st was not large enough to be accompanied by any observed explosive sound or felt air shock at Kagoshima Observatory but strong NW winds carried lapilli toward the SE foot of the volcano where 4 car windshields were cracked or broken. Two incandescent columns, rising about 200 m above the crater, were observed in February for 10 seconds on the 1st, and for 5 seconds on the 27th.

Rain on 2 February triggered debris flows in S flank valleys. One flowed into nine houses and a hotel after pushing away a 10-m-long sand-trap wall, and covered the adjacent road for about 50 m. The monthly number of recorded seismic events was 4,456 in January, but decreased to 2410 in February.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1983 (SEAN 08:04) Cite this Report

Explosion rate, seismicity decline; lapilli ejected

The number of recorded explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake declined to [36] in March and 22 in April. Observers saw lapilli ejected by about 1/4 of the explosions in March and 1/3 in April, but no damage was reported. The monthly number of recorded seismic events, including tremors, was 1,358 in March and 768 in April. On 2 March, rain-triggered debris flows in S and E flank valleys temporarily blocked a road.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

May 1983 (SEAN 08:05) Cite this Report

Explosions and large plumes; windshields broken

The number of explosions from the summit crater of Minami-dake recorded in May was 22, the same as in April. In the second half of May, most of the explosions ejected lapilli and sent ash and vapor to more than 2 km above the summit. The 4.4-km-high [eruption] column from an explosion at 1320 on 18 May was one of the largest since the eruption began in 1955. On 22 May an explosion at 1237 that sent a column to more than 4 km was followed by 2 hours of continuous ash and vapor ejection. The activity was accompanied by thunder and temporary interruption of electric and telephone service. Ash fell as far as Aburatsu, on the E coast of Kyushu, 70 km E of the volcano. An explosion on 26 May was also accompanied by continuous ash ejection. A large amount of ash fell SSE of the volcano; more than 20 car windshields were broken, and the roof of a primary school cracked.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1983 (SEAN 08:07) Cite this Report

Explosions, tephra emission, and seismicity

In June, 33 explosions were recorded from the summit crater of Minami-dake and 31 in July. Although the explosion rate from June to mid-July was above its usual level, rarely was a large amount of ejecta observed in any explosion. Only about 1/8 of the explosions ejected much lapilli, or produced eruption columns that rose to more than 2 km above the summit.

Activity intensified slightly 19-24 July. Most explosions produced large amounts of ejecta and ash frequently fell on the cities of Miyakonojo (40 km ENE) and Miyazaki (80 km NE). The end of explosive activity on 25 July was followed by continuous ash ejection. Bad weather limited visual observation, but volcanic tremor that was assumed to be accompanied by ash ejection was recorded until 29 July. The number of large B-type earthquakes suddenly increased at about 1800 on 29 July and remained high until 0300 the next day. Earthquake size then returned to its usual level, but the recorded events were still more numerous than usual.

Explosive activity resumed on 31 July, accompanied by a decrease in seismic activity. An explosion at 1445 on 2 August ejected large amounts of lapilli, which fell near Kyoto University's Sakura-jima Volcano Observatory (about 1.7 km SW of the summit) and the site of sand trap wall construction, where 1 worker [originally reported as 4] was slightly burned. [Blocks] made many craters [near the University Observatory and the construction site]; the largest was 1.5 m in diameter and 1 m deep [produced by a block 50 cm in diameter].

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1983 (SEAN 08:12) Cite this Report

Tephra from strong explosions damage cars and buildings

Recorded explosive eruptions from the summit crater of Minami-dake were frequent in August [33] and September (36), fewer in October (21) and November (16). In mid-August strong wind carried a large amount of ejecta to the inhabited area around the volcano, damaging cars and houses. On 14 August lapilli as large as 6-7 cm in diameter fell on Nojiri, at the foot of Sakura-jima 4 km SW of Minami-dake, breaking or cracking windshields on 16 cars, a house windowpane, and the roof of a hut. Radio news from Kagoshima reported that windshields on three cars were cracked by lapilli as large as 1-3 cm in diameter at Tarumizu Wharf, on the S side of the city. An explosion at 0153 on 16 August scattered lapilli up to 2.5 cm in diameter between Mochiki and Yumoto (3.5 km SSW of Minami-dake), where windshields on 26 cars ware cracked.

Explosive activity remained at a high level in September. Incandescent blocks from an explosion at 1148 on 12 September started a flank [brush] fire. A heavy ashfall on 17-18 September deposited 270 g/m² of ash at JMA's Kagoshima Observatory (table 5); a Kagoshima streetcar derailed on 19 September due to ash on the tracks. A large air shock from an explosion at 1518 on 20 September broke windows in Kagoshima, and another explosion at 1638 sent lapilli as large as 1 cm in diameter toward the N. Five debris flows moved down S flank valleys on 1, 10, 20, and 21 September. Bursts of discrete seismic events were frequent in September. Bursts on 19 and 28 September lasted for about 10 hours and included large events.

Table 5. Monthly ashfall measured at Kagoshima Observatory, 1983. Courtesy of JMA.

Month	Ashfall (g/m²)
Jan 1983	16
Feb 1983	66
Mar 1983	[174]
Apr 1983	224
May 1983	121
Jun 1983	530
Jul 1983	209
Aug 1983	55
Sep 1983	297
Oct 1983	43
Nov 1983	[117]
Dec 1983	60

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1984 (SEAN 09:01) Cite this Report

Lapilli damage car windshields; air shock breaks windows; 1983 explosions and ashfalls tabulated

Recorded explosive eruptions were fewer in October (21) and November (16), but about as frequent in December (37) as in August [33] and September (36). About 1/4 of October's explosions were accompanied by large quantities of ejecta. On 10 October, the last and strongest of explosions at 1001, 1131 and 1351 sent an eruption column to 2.5 km above the summit. A large amount of lapilli broke windshields on two cars at Nojiri and Mochiki, at the SW foot of the volcano about 4 km from the summit. Activity remained at a relatively low level from late October to mid November. In late November stronger explosions were again frequently observed. During the first 12 explosions in December, observers at the Kagoshima Observatory witnessed lapilli ejection. Ejecta from an explosion at 1702 on 7 December broke a windshield at Usine in Tarumizu City (10 km SSE). 0n 13 December an explosion at 1028 generated an air shock that broke five windows in a hotel and one in a house. There were 413 recorded explosions in 1983, the second largest annual total since the current eruption began in 1955.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

March 1984 (SEAN 09:03) Cite this Report

Tephra causes minor damage

An explosion at Sakura-jima on 12 April at about 0940, the 95th in 1984, produced an eruption cloud that rose to 2.3 km (table 6). According to press reports, ejecta fell over half the volcano and broke windows at the foot.

Table 6. Damage caused by Sakura-jima eruptive activity in 1984.

Date	Time	Result
04 Jan 1984	1928	Lapilli broke car windshield at S foot of the volcano.
10 Jan 1984	1457	Air shock cracked a window at E foot.
11 Jan 1984	2140	Air shock cracked three windows.
08 Mar 1984	0724	Lapilli cracked car windshield.
19 Mar 1984	--	Debris flows reached E foot; no damage reported.
30 Mar 1984	1853	Large quantity of lapilli; forest fires started.
12 Apr 1984	0941	Strong air shock cracked three windows at the E and S foot, two windows in Kagoshima.
19 Apr 1984	--	Debris flows occurred.
29 Apr 1984	1800	Large quantities of incandescent ejecta started forest fires in more than 10 places; strong air shock broke a window in Kamoike. (Damage in Kagoshima is rare.)
04 May 1984	--	A windowpane was broken in Yasui.
08 May 1984	--	Air shock broke a hospital window at the SW foot.
23 Jun 1984	--	Heavy ashfall caused a traffic jam and interrupted electric service in Kagoshima.
03 Jul 1984	--	Strong air shock broke windowpanes at a junior high school and a house in Koike at the W foot. A Sakura-jima Volcano Observatory employee was injured by broken glass in Yokoyama at the W foot.
07 Jul 1984	--	A large amount of lapilli broke 11 car windshields and a house windowpane at the NE foot.
21 Jul 1984	--	A large amount of ejecta including pieces up to a few meters in diameter fell at the S foot. Incandescent fragments broke the roofs of 10 houses and a warehouse, burning some slightly. Telephone and electric service was interrupted for a few hours.
10-11 Oct 1984	--	Volcanic gas damaged farm crops at the SW foot.
20 Dec 1984	--	Lapilli broke a few car windshields at the S foot.

Information Contacts: Kyodo News Service, Tokyo; UPI.

May 1984 (SEAN 09:05) Cite this Report

Explosive activity continues at high level; debris flows

Explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake continued at a higher level, January-April (figure 10). The average monthly number of recorded explosions was 27, including larger ones that caused damage.

Figure 10. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1984. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

December 1984 (SEAN 09:12) Cite this Report

Summary of 1984 explosions and damage

The number of recorded explosions at Sakura-jima in 1984 declined during July-November, but increased in December. Eruptive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake caused damage around the volcano throughout the year.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

January 1985 (SEAN 10:01) Cite this Report

Explosions with strong air shocks; 1984 activity summary

Explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake declined August-November, then increased in December when 59 explosions were recorded. An explosion at 1820 on 20 December was accompanied by an air shock powerful enough to have been recorded at Uwajima (260 km NE); ash and lapilli up to 2 cm in diameter fell on the road at the S foot and broke a car windshield. An explosion at 2132 on the 31st was accompanied by another strong air shock that broke 11 windowpanes in three of the hotels at the S foot. The rate of explosions decreased in January, when 20 were recorded. A strong air shock recorded at Uwajima, Nobeoka (140 km NE), Kumamoto (135 km N, and other places broke a windowpane in a S-foot hotel on 23 January.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

February 1985 (SEAN 10:02) Cite this Report

Explosion lofts lapilli that break 43 windshields

An explosion at the summit crater of Minami-dake on 24 February at about 1030 ejected a plume to 4 km height. Lapilli 4-5 cm in diameter fell as far as 5 km SE of the crater, damaging 43 cars at the S foot and in Tarumizu City (5 km SE). Brush fires started by hot tephra quickly died. An air shock was recorded in Miyazaki, about 75 km to the NE. In the 4 hours after 1200, 140 swarm earthquakes were recorded.

Information Contacts: T. Tiba, National Science Museum, Tokyo; Kyodo News Service, Tokyo.

March 1985 (SEAN 10:03) Cite this Report

Strong explosions; lapilli cause damage

Explosive activity at the summit crater of Minami-dake intensified in February, when 35 explosions were recorded (figure 11). The largest, at 1030 on the 24th, ejected a plume to an altitude of more than 4 km and was accompanied by a strong air shock that saturated the microbarograph at the Kagoshima Observatory. A strong NW wind carried a large amount of lapilli toward the SE foot. Between Arimura (3 km SSE) and Ushinefumoto (6 km ESE, in the middle of the city of Tarumizu), 28 car windshields were broken. Tile or slate roofs on 53 houses were slightly damaged at Ushinefumoto, and a windowpane was broken at Arimura. The number of recorded explosions increased to 54 in March, although the number expelling a large amount of ejecta decreased. Swarms of volcanic earthquakes were observed on 4, 17, and 19 February and 2, 8-9, and 24 March. On 31 March, an explosion sent lapilli 4-5 cm in diameter toward the SE foot, where 4 car windshields were cracked.

Figure 11. Summary table of explosions from Minami-dake crater at Sakura-jima, 1985. Data courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

April 1985 (SEAN 10:04) Cite this Report

Vigorous explosions; pyroclastic flow

Activity remained at a high level in April, when 37 explosions were recorded, as compared to 35 in February and 54 in March. An explosion on 9 April at 1827 ejected a plume to 4 km above the crater, and was followed by 40 minutes of continuous ash emission and volcanic lightning. A small pyroclastic flow moved down the SW flank to about 600 m elevation. In the city of Kagoshima, ashfall began at 1840 and continued until around 0200 the next day. In the 24 hours beginning at 0900 on the 9th, ashfall at the Kagoshima Observatory was 1,608 g/m², the largest daily total since measurements of ash deposits started in April 1969.

Another event of the same type occurred 13 April at 0722. The explosion earthquake was followed by continuous tremors, which gradually changed into a swarm of B-type earthquakes. Lapilli up to 1 cm in diameter fell on the foot, where four car windshields were cracked. On 3 May, Space Shuttle astronauts photographed a whitish, relatively diffuse plume that extended at least [50] km from Sakura-jima (figure 12).

Figure 12. Photograph of Sakura-jima taken by Space Shuttle astronauts on 3 May 1984 (STS51B-52-74). A plume extends more than 50 km NW. Courtesy of Charles A. Wood.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; C. Wood, NASA, Houston.

June 1985 (SEAN 10:06) Cite this Report

Explosive activity and eathquakes decline

Explosive activity declined in May, when only 10 explosions were recorded. The number of recorded volcanic earthquakes and tremors also decreased, from 6,580 in April to 2,755 in May.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

July 1985 (SEAN 10:07) Cite this Report

Frequent explosions; tephra damages nearby towns

The number of recorded explosions increased from 10 in May to 33 in June and 60 in July. Explosions caused damage on 8, 13, 16, 22, and 30 June and on 6, 10, and 21 July. Bombs fell on roads and farms, producing large craters. A bomb from an explosion on 8 June at 1316 made a 1-m-diameter crater in a road near a residential area. On 13 June lapilli up to 3 cm in diameter fell on the S foot, cracking windshields and solar water heaters on rooftops. Ash fell heavily that day at Kagoshima and closed railway crossings. After an explosion on 16 June at 1147, a bomb fell on a farm, producing a crater 4 m in diameter and 0.8 m deep. On 22 June at 1029 an ash cloud rose 3.5 km. The air shock from the explosion broke windows at a school near the foot of the volcano, and falling lapilli cracked a car windshield on the E foot. Windshields of cars at the S foot were cracked by falling lapilli from a 30 June explosion. Total June ashfall was 1,510 g/m² at JMA's Kagoshima Observatory.

Observations of the eruption column heights and quantity of ejecta were prevented by bad weather in early July. Debris flows from the volcano on 2 July blocked roads at three places after a heavy rainfall. On 6 July at 1720 a bomb fell on a house 3 km from the crater, briefly setting it afire and making a 2-m hole in the roof; no casualties or injuries occurred. On 10 July, incandescent rocks fell on an inhabited area in Arimura, at the S foot. One broke into pieces and cracked roof tiles on a house.

An airshock from a 21 July explosion broke windowpanes of a high school and a restaurant in the central part of Kagoshima. The explosion was followed by continuous emission of ash, which was carried toward Kagoshima. Early the next day, a Japan National Railway crossing gate in the N part of the city malfunctioned because of ash deposits on the rails; a car was struck by a train, but the car's driver was only slightly injured. Debris flows on 27 July blocked a road and broke buried water pipes at the S foot.

Ashfall was observed daily at the Kagoshima Observatory in late July. During the 24 hours beginning 28 July at 0900, ashfall was 2,476 g/m², the largest daily total, raising monthly and yearly totals to the largest since measurements of ash deposits started in April 1969.

On 31 July, three explosions with large eruption columns at 0700, 0848, and 0951 were followed by vigorous ash emission that continued until about 1200. Driven by a SE wind, the ash fell over the W coast of Kyushu (figure 13).

Figure 13. Ashfall from 31 July 1985 explosions at Sakura-jima. Courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo.

October 1985 (SEAN 10:10) Cite this Report

Explosive activity declines then increases

Explosive activity at the summit of Minami-dake declined in August, although vigorous ash emission was frequently observed. A large amount of ash fell on the city of Kagoshima, temporarily cutting off electric power and delaying trains. Lapilli broke car windshields and solar water heaters at 1919 on 11 August, at 0816 on the 14th, and at 1142 on the 16th.

Minami-dake's activity intensified in September, when 49 explosions were recorded. Successive vigorous ash emissions began with an explosion on 4 September at 1127, followed by three more the same day. An ash cloud moved N and slight ashfall was observed at many points in Kyushu and along the E coast of Honshu (figure 14, left). An eruption column on 9 September rose to 4 km above the summit. An explosion on 12 September at 0156 ejected lapilli up to 1 cm in diameter; a car windshield was broken at the SE foot. On 22 September, activity similar to that on the 4th sent ash over the E coast of Kyushu (figure 14, right).

Figure 14. Locations of reported ashfall from explosions of Sakura-jima on 4 September (left) and 22 September 1985 (right). Numbers beside data points on the 5-6 September map are ashfall in g/m². Courtesy of JMA.

Forty-seven explosions were recorded in October, but there were no damages. Photographs by Space Shuttle astronauts on 3 and 4 October show a V-shaped plume to the SE of Sakura-jima.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; W. Daley, NASA, Houston.

November 1985 (SEAN 10:11) Cite this Report

Vigorous explosions continue

Eruptive activity remained vigorous in November, when 34 explosions were recorded. Frequent powerful explosions produced air shocks and scattered incandescent blocks to about 2 km from the summit. No damages were reported. An explosion on 25 November at 1427 was accompanied by a small pyroclastic flow, which only covered part of the summit area.

The frequency of explosions increased further in early December. By the 5th, 19 explosions were recorded, bringing 1985's total to 416, the largest since discrete explosive activity began in 1955 (figure 15). A series of small explosions on 3 December shattered windows of several buildings in northern Kagoshima and disrupted telephone service in some areas. The summit crater of Minami-dake erupted on 5 December at 0220 and 0648, dropping ash on Kagoshima, but there was no damage.

Figure 15. Summary table of monthly and yearly number of explosions at Sakura-jima since the summit eruption began in 1955. Courtesy of JMA.

Information Contacts: JMA, Tokyo; UPI.

December 1985 (SEAN 10:12) Cite this Report

Eruption plumes on 24th and 31st

Weather satellite images on 24 and 31 December show eruption plumes from Sakura-jima. On the 24th an approximately 200-km plume extended SW, then turned E for about 60 km. The ash cloud was fairly dense and milky gray in color. On the 31st there was a 120-km V-shaped plume ESE of the volcano. The end of the plume was about 40 km wide and very diffuse.

Further Reference. Eto, T., Kamada, M., and Kobayashi, T., 1987, The 1983-1986 Activities of Sakura-jima Volcano in XIX IUGG General Assembly, 1987, Report on Volcanic Activities and Volcanological Studies in Japan for the Period from 1983 to 1986, p. 18-27.

Information Contacts: M. Matson, NOAA/NESDIS; JMA, Tokyo.

January 1986 (SEAN 11:01) Cite this Report

Explosions cause damage; data on 30 years of activity

"Frequency of explosions at the summit of Minami-dake further increased in December when a total of 75 explosions were recorded with at least one almost every day. A distinguishing characteristic of December volcanic activity was the reciprocal appearance of earthquake swarms and vigorous summit eruptions. Swarms of earthquakes were recorded on 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 14, 17, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, and 31 December, in almost every case the days of fewer explosions (except for 2, 3, and 30 December). Even on those 3 days, swarm activity occurred before or after the phase of summit explosive activity. This fact suggests that magma had been repeatedly and effectively transported in the conduit through the month.

"On 3 December at 0103, an explosion was accompanied by an airshock, strong enough to break 188 windowpanes in the city of Kagoshima, ~10 km W of the crater. Another strong shock on 19 December at 0546 broke 85 windowpanes and a car windshield in Ushine city, ~13 km ESE of the crater (table 7). In both cases, the presence of an inversion layer at 1,000 m altitude (3 December) and 1,500 m altitude (19 December) seemed to amplify the airshocks.

Table 7. Major episodes of damage to windows by airshocks, 1976-85. Damage from explosions at Sakura-jima, 1988-90. Car windshields were broken by block or lapilli fall, whereas windowpanes were mainly broken by air shocks. Ashfall damage is not included.

Date	Number of Airshocks	Location of Damage
17 May 1976	162	Tarumizu City, Furusato (3 km S)
01 Feb 1977	65	Tarumizu City
30 Nov 1977	102	Arimura (3 km SSE), Furusato (3 km S)
03 Dec 1985	188	Kagoshima City (10 km W), base of volcano
19 Dec 1985	85	Tarumizu City

"Lapilli also caused some damage: a windshield on a car was broken at Kurokami (4.5 km E of the crater) on the 5th, and at the volcano's SW foot on the 16th and 19th. An explosion on 19 December at 1810 ejected incandescent rocks and one of them made a 1-m-diameter hole near an inhabited house at Arimura (3 km SSE of the crater).

"In January, the monthly number of explosions declined to 35 and seismic activity also declined. Lapilli from an explosion on 1 January at 1158 broke the windshields of six cars at the SW foot.

"At [KLMO], 474 explosions were recorded in 1985 and cumulative ashfall was 15,908 g/m², the largest since the summit eruptive activity began in 1955."

Information Contacts: JMA.

February 1986 (SEAN 11:02) Cite this Report

Plumes detected on NOAA satellite images

Plumes . . . were recorded on images from the NOAA 9 polar orbiting weather satellite in January (table 8). Most plumes extended SE of the volcano.

Table 8. Lengths of plumes from Sakura-jima detected on NOAA 9 weather satellite images, January 1986.

Date	Time	Plume Length
11 Jan 1986	1416	150-160 km
12 Jan 1986	1409	40-50 km
20 Jan 1986	1424	25-30 km
22 Jan 1986	1401	160 km
27 Jan 1986	1446	180 km
28 Jan 1986	1446	180 km

Information Contacts: Will Gould, NOAA/NESDIS/SDSD.

March 1986 (SEAN 11:03) Cite this Report

Less frequent explosions; earthquake swarms

Eight explosions . . . were recorded in February and 13 in March. The explosions caused no damage. The maximum ash cloud height was 1,500 m above the crater. Bursts of microearthquakes, typical of Sakura-jima, occurred on 10, 11, 23, and 31 March.

Information Contacts: JMA.

April 1986 (SEAN 11:04) Cite this Report

Explosions increase in April

In April, 55 explosions . . . were recorded. The highest ash cloud, on 25 April, rose 3,200 m above the crater. An air shock from an explosion on 16 April at 0537 broke windows and glass doors 3 km away at the foot of the volcano. Lapilli from an explosion on 23 April at 1207 broke car windshields near the volcano. Typical bursts of microearthquakes occurred on 5, 11, 15, 25, and 26 April.

Information Contacts: JMA.

May 1986 (SEAN 11:05) Cite this Report

Fewer explosions

Eight explosions were recorded in May . . ., a marked decline from April. The May explosions did not cause any damage. The month's highest ash cloud rose 1,000 m . . . on 21 May at 1014. Typical bursts of microearthquakes occurred on 3 and 16 May.

Information Contacts: JMA.

June 1986 (SEAN 11:06) Cite this Report

Airliner lands safely after flying through ash cloud

Twelve explosions . . . were recorded in June, increasing from eight in May. A total of 131 explosions were recorded January-June 1986.

Lapilli from an explosion on 10 June at 1100 broke windshields of three cars near the volcano; another windshield was broken on the 12th at 1024. Ash from the explosion on 12 June fell heavily at Kagoshima City (population 520,000), 10 km W of the volcano. Lapilli or blocks from the explosion on 24 June at 0912 broke windshields on eight cars and damaged roofs of about 30 houses near the volcano.

A TOA Domestic airlines DC9 with 152 passengers and a crew of six flew into the 24 June cloud at 1,200 m altitude, 23 minutes after it was ejected. Cockpit windshields and front surfaces of wings were badly scratched by ejecta. The airliner, enroute from Fukuoka, landed safely at Kagoshima. Damages to planes flying through volcanic clouds have occurred eight times near the volcano in the past (table 9).

Table 9. Damage to aircraft caused by tephra from Sakura-jima, 1970-June 1986. ANA: All Nippon Airways, TDA: Toa Domestic Airlines. Times are for explosions, rather than aircraft damage.

Date	Time	Damage
08 Apr 1975	1419	ANA airliner (L1011): windshields cracked.
25 Dec 1977	0859	ANA airliner (L1011): windshields cracked.
04 Dec 1978	1155	ANA airliner (L1011): windshields cracked.
18 Nov 1979	0742	Two ANA airliners (L1011) at 0801 and 0805: windshields cracked.
18 Dec 1979	2118	ANA airliner (L1011): windshields cracked.
24 Dec 1979	1740	TDA airliner (YS11): windshields cracked.
23 Nov 1982	1532	Nauru Air passenger plane (B727): windshields cracked.
24 Jun 1986	0912	TDA airliner (DC9): windshields scratched.

Information Contacts: JMA.

July 1986 (SEAN 11:07) Cite this Report

Explosions; heavy ashfall

There were four recorded explosions . . . in July, on the 1st, 6th, 19th and 20th. Ashfall was heavy during the last part of the month, especially on the 28th and 30th. Some facilities of the National Railroad malfunctioned due to ashfall, causing delays in train operation on the 29th. Monthly ashfall accumulation was 1,533 g/m², sixth highest since 1969 (when observation of ash accumulation started at KLMO). The maximum plume height over the crater was 3,000 m on 28 July.

Information Contacts: JMA.

August 1986 (SEAN 11:08) Cite this Report

More explosions; earthquake swarms

. . . there were 22 explosions . . . in August. The maximum plume height was 1,800 m above the summit. Earthquake swarms . . . occurred 2, 5, 11, 23, and 24 August.

Information Contacts: JMA.

September 1986 (SEAN 11:09) Cite this Report

Explosions and earthquake swarms

Twenty explosions . . . were recorded in September. The maximum plume height was 1,800 m above the crater on 23 September. September ash accumulation at [KLMO] was 171 g/m², an order of magnitude less than in June and July. Earthquake swarms occurred on 14 days in September.

Information Contacts: JMA.