There are 5,972 volcano images available on the GVP website.
Lava domes are formed when magma is extruded at a vent and is too viscous to move away from the vent as a lava flow, building a dome or steep spine structure tens to hundreds of meters in height over days or years. Domes can grow over years to decades and can partially collapse to form block-and-ash flows, a type of pyroclastic flow. They may be singular or form a dome complex, sometimes constructing larger volcanic complexes, and span a wide range of compositions. They may also form thick, viscous lava flows. Hazards include dome collapse, pyroclastic flows including block-and-ash flows, ballistic ejecta, volcanic ash, volcanic lightning, lahars, volcanic gas, and rockfalls.
lava dome | vent | lava | viscous | lava flow | spine | pyroclastic flow | block-and-ash flow | ash plume | ballistic ejecta | volcanic gas | composite cone | caldera | dome collapse | volcanic lightning | rockfall | lahar | environmental impact
An aerial view shows the E margin of Lake Taupo with Taupo City on its shore. The 35-km-wide caldera is not topographically prominent but has been the source of powerful rhyolitic eruptions from the late Pleistocene throughout the Holocene. The 35,000-year-old Tauhara lava dome forms the peak in the background.
The 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt was characterized by repeated growth and destruction of lava domes from a vent on steep slopes in the summit crater. This view from the north on 2 February 1990 shows the second largest lava dome, which was destroyed during an explosive eruption on 15 February.
Tarumai volcano was constructed on the SE rim of the 13 x 15 km Shikotsu caldera. The summit has a small 1.5-km-wide caldera that formed during eruptions in 1667 and 1739 CE. It contains a flat-topped summit lava dome that was extruded in 1909. Two other Holocene post-caldera volcanoes occur at Shikotsu, Fuppushi (adjacent to Tarumai) and Eniwa, on the opposite side of the caldera.
A lava dome 130 m high and more than 840 m wide filled much of the crater floor of Soufrière St. Vincent volcano during the 1979 eruption. Dome growth began in May, after a series of powerful explosive eruptions 13-15 April, and continued until October. Steam continued to rise from the dome in this 1983 photo from the SW crater rim.
A new lava dome at the summit of Unzendake’s Fugendake is viewed from the air on 20 May 1991, the first day of dome growth that continued until February 1995. The blocky light-colored dacite lava was extruded into Jigokuto crater that formed during explosive activity on the first day of the 1990-95 eruption (17 November). Forested areas around the vents have been defoliated by the explosions, but at this early date undamaged forest remains in the background.
An obsidian lava dome fills the crater in the center of Isla San Luis, off the NE coast of Baja California, seen in this photo that was taken in 2000. As growth of the dome continued, a thick coulee advanced to the south and overflowed the rim to form the broad lobe behind it. The eroded Plaza de Toros tuff ring in the left background forms the SE tip of the island.
The small 2.5-km-wide Kaguyak caldera is filled by a lake that reaches 550 m below the caldera rim, seen here from the west. A lava dome extends into the lake on the SW side and another dome forms a small island in the center of the lake. The voluminous caldera-forming deposits have been radiocarbon dated at 5,800 years old. A large pre-caldera lava dome forms the high point on the eastern caldera rim. The broad valley of Big River descends to Shelikof Strait to the upper right.
Shichimenzan and Mayuyama are two lava domes that form the forested peaks in this 5 November 1991 view from the SW. Mayuyama, the closest dome, has an E-facing scarp resulting from a major debris avalanche in 1792 that swept into the Ariake Sea. The avalanche produced a catastrophic tsunami that swept the coast of Shimabara Peninsula and traveled across the bay, causing nearly 15,000 fatalities. The light-colored areas in the foreground are 1991 block-and-ash flow deposits.
Niigata-Yakeyama, the peak in the center of the photo seen from the N, is a lava dome located in Niigata Prefecture. Yakeyama is a young volcano that was constructed beginning 3,000-3,500 years ago. Several craters formed at the summit and flanks of the dome during eruptions dating back to the 9th century.
The Yakeyama (Grozny) lava dome, seen here from the N with Lake Lopastnye at the lower left, is the largest dome of the Etorofu-Yakeyama volcanic complex. The two thin light-colored areas descending from the summit region in this September 1989 view mark the paths of small lahars from a minor eruption that began in May 1989. The left-hand lahar reached the lake. The dark-colored area at the lower right is part of a series of lava flows that extend from beneath the dome's debris fan. The largest of these, on the S flank, reached 6 km to the sea.
Steam and gases rise from vents on the summit and flanks of a new lava dome that began to grow in 1980 within the 1964 crater of Sheveluch. The northern wall of the 1964 crater appears in the background. By the time the eruption ended in late 1981, the dome had grown to a height of 180 m.
Onuma lake in the foreground is surrounded by Iwaonupuri (background), Nitonupuri, and Waisuhorun volcanoes. The latter two are located on the NW slope of Iwaonupuri. The younger lava dome (to the left) of Iwaonupuri overlies the older dome to the right. The contact is at the white altered area in the right-center. The eastern slope of Nitonupuri lava dome is seen at the right foreground.
Incandescent rockfalls can be seen accompanying growth of a Merapi lava dome beneath clouds covering the summit in this 1993 nighttime view. Periodic collapse of Merapi's lava dome has produced pyroclastic flows down the western and southern flanks that have devastated populated areas and agricultural lands.
Mount Lamington, seen here from the north in late 1951, has a 1.3-km-wide summit crater containing a lava dome. Prior to its disastrous eruption in 1951, the forested peak had not been recognized as a volcano. The 1951 eruption produced pyroclastic flows and surges that devastated all sides of the volcano, killing nearly 3,000 people. The eruption concluded with growth of a 560-m-high lava dome in the summit crater.
The light-colored area is composed of block-and-ash flow deposits produced by multiple collapse events of the growing lava dome at Unzen. By the time of this 28 August 1992 photo, taken from the SE, pyroclastic flows were traveling down both the Mizunashi valley (center) and the Oshigatani valley (right). Dome growth began in 1991 and continued into 1995.
The first historical eruption of Lewotobi Perempuan took place in 1921, when explosive eruptions and lava dome growth were reported in January, May, and December. A gas-and-steam plume rises above the dome in this 1920's view from the NE. The 35-m-high lava dome was emplaced on the floor of crater B, the innermost of two craters at the summit.
This 10-m-high remnant of a lava spine was at the summit of one of Merapi's older lava domes in 1989 and had collapsed by 2006. The slope to the left drops off steeply into Merapi's summit crater.
The Asamayama Volcano Observatory, operated by the University of Tokyo, is a base for geological, geophysical, and geochemical monitoring of the active volcano. The observatory is located on the E flank below Ko-Asamayama, the late-Pleistocene lava dome in the background that formed about 18,000 years ago.
The south flank of the final lava dome in the summit crater produced during Redoubt's 1989-90 eruptions is seen here on 1 June 1990 during the waning phases of activity. A fractured lobe of blocky lava is visible at the center. Steam from interaction of meltwater with hot rock billows from the margins of the dome. Remnant glacial ice with a coating of gray ash surrounds the dome.
An ash plume rises from the summit crater of Fugendake on 4 June 1991, the day following deadly pyroclastic flows produced by collapse of a portion of the growing lava dome. The small pond in the foreground fills a crater formed by earlier exposions during the eruption that began in November 1990.
A plume rises from the degassing Augustine summit lava dome during its 1986 eruption. This June 1986 view from the NW shows ashfall and pyroclastic flow deposits covering the upper flanks, which would normally be partially covered with snow fields at this time of year.
Usu rises to the SE above the town of Toyako Spa on the shores of Lake Toya on 12 August 1977. O-Usu (left) and Ko-Usu (right) lava domes are within the summit caldera. The first of three major explosive eruptions during 7-9 August originated from vents behind Ko-Usu in this view and stripped trees of vegetation on the upper slopes. Growth of a new lava dome in the area between the two domes later in the eruption greatly changed the morphology of the summit.
Most of the 3.5-km-wide caldera floor of Black Peak volcano, located NW of Chignik Bay, contains the complex of lava domes seen here. The ice-free mid-Holocene caldera contains two small lakes. Pyroclastic flow and block-and-ash-flow deposits from the caldera-forming eruption filled the Ash Creek and Bluff Creek valleys to the west and north less than about 4,000 years ago.
The four major domes of the Santiaguito complex are seen here from the summit of Santa María in 1980. Caliente is degassing to the left, with La Mitad and El Monje in the center, and El Brujo to the right. The dacite dome complex stretches about 3 km in a roughly E-W direction. Lava flows and lahar channels extend down drainages from the dome complex to the south.
On 19 August 1951 this large lava spine towered about 130 m above the surface of the growing lava dome. Growth of the spine had ceased at about this time. Extrusion and destruction of lava spines occurred frequently during the five-year long period of lava dome growth.
Trident, seen here from Baked Mountain to its NW, was initially named for its three prominent summits. A series of eruptions from 1953 until 1968 constructed a fourth cone, which forms the smoother peak to the right. As many as 23 lava domes are found in the Trident volcanic complex. The 1912 Novarupta lava dome is visible to the lower center.
The rounded El Ombligo dome is one of the youngest features in the summit crater of Nevado de Toluca. The dome separates the crater floor into two lakes, the largest of which on the SW side of the crater (left) is called Lake of the Sun. The other lake, known as the Lake of the Moon, lies beyond the right side of the dome in this view, which shows the road leading into the summit crater to the right. 
Remnants of four lava domes can be seen in this annotated July 1986 photo of the summit of Augustine taken from the north. Degassing of the 1986 lava dome produces a plume. Eruptions have often begun with the explosive removal of portions of lava domes at the summit and conclude with the extrusion of a new lava dome. Renewed extrusion of the 1986 dome occurred one month after the time of this photo.
Cerro Sincholagua (left) and Loma la Marca (right) are the southernmost of a group of lava domes at Pululahua volcano. Seen here from the south, they are part of a chain of lava domes that were constructed on a roughly N-S line east of the Pululahua caldera.
This September 1946 photo of Great Sitkin from the E rim of the summit crater shows a plume rising above a lava dome emplaced in the crater in March 1945. The fissures in the ice were produced as the dome grew through the summit glacier.
Incandescent blocks from the growing lava dome at Kelud volcano in November 2007 form traces extending into the crater lake (lower left) in this view from the west. Increases in water temperature and color were noted beginning on 11 September 2007. On 4 November a lava dome was seen rising above the lake surface and reached a visible radius of 250 m and a height of 120 m by 8 November. Dome growth had apparently ceased by April 2008, by which time it had filled much of the crater lake.
A lava dome fills Caliente crater at the eastern end of the Santiaguito dome complex in June 1968. Gases rise from fumaroles along the margins of the roughly 100-m-wide crater in this view from the north. Periodic ash eruptions accompanied growth of the dome. The Caliente vent is in the oldest part of the Santiaguito dome complex, which began erupting in 1922. It was the source of a major explosive eruption in 1929 that produced large pyroclastic flows.
Growth of the Novy lava dome was accompanied by pyroclastic flows through much of 1990. On 10-11 March a short viscous lava flow was extruded, and a 10-km-high ash plume was accompanied by pyroclastic flows that traveled 4-5 km. Lava extrusion, hot avalanches, and occasional pyroclastic flows took place 1-12 April, 11-15 July, 15-20 August, and 26 November-3 December. This photo, taken from the NE on 21 September 1990, shows a dark lava flow descending the eastern flank of the dome. 
Berg volcano, seen here from the SE, is part of a closely spaced group of Holocene volcanoes in central Urup Island that is named after the most prominent cone, Kolokol. Berg has a 2-km-wide caldera that opens towards the NW and contains a large lava dome which was the most recently active of the group when this photo was taken in 1990. A small plume rises from an explosion crater on the NW side of the 250-m-high lava dome and a crater (center) is visible on the southern side. Eruptions have been documented since the late-18th century.
A weak plume rises from the summit lava dome of Bezymianny in September 1990. This view from the south shows Kamen to the right; to the left are the snow-mantled slopes of the outer flanks of the pre-1956 Bezymianny edifice. Collapse of the summit during a catastrophic eruption that year produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that has subsequently been largely filled by growth of the lava dome.
A lava dome that was produced during 1972-1985 lies within the summit crater of Merapi volcano in central Java. A small spine appears on the right in this 4 July 1986 photo, which was taken during a period of inactivity prior to destruction of the dome on 10 October 1986. Historical eruptions have been characterized by repeated growth and collapse of the summit lava domes, periodically producing pyroclastic flows that have impacted communities on the western and southern flanks.
The Santiaguito lava dome has been continually growing since 1922, seen here in December 1993 from the summit of Santa María. Episodic periods of increased growth have occurred from different vents on the dome complex. The Caliente vent is partially seen at the far left, with La Mitad, El Monje, and El Brujo vents located farther west along the 3-km-long crest of Santiaguito.
Chaos Crags in the foreground and Lassen Peak in the background are large lava dome complexes in the southern Cascade Range. Chaos Crags consists of a group of six overlapping rhyodacite lava domes that erupted around 1,100 years ago. Lassen last erupted during 1914-17.
Nikko-Shiranesan is a relatively small volcano consisting of a group of four lava domes in Nikko National Park. An E-W-trending fissure is visible across the summit lava dome, seen here from Mae-Shirane, E of the summit. Eruptions from the 17th to 19th centuries CE consisted of phreatic explosions from Shiranesan, the youngest lava dome.
The small lava dome on the floor of the crater in the foreground was emplaced late in the 1870-75 eruption of Ceboruco. Levees of a lava flow that traveled 6.5 km down the west flank are higher than this crater, indicating that the main 1870 vent that fed the flows was probably located above the dome. The ridge to the upper right is the NW rim of the outer caldera.
A lava dome fills much of the large horseshoe-shaped crater on the ESE side of Bezymianny in this late-1980s view from the SE. The crater formed during an eruption in 1955-56, which was similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 with flank collapse and lateral blast components. Prior to this eruption Bezymianny had been considered extinct. Subsequent episodic lava dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater.
Four years after the powerful 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a lava dome partially fills the crater. The dome, seen here from the north on 16 May 1984, grew during episodic periods of rapid growth that lasted from 1980 until 1986. By the end of the eruption the dome filled much of the crater floor, reaching a width of 1,100 m and a height of 250 m.
The Yakeyama (Grozny) andesitic lava dome is seen from the N with lava flows descending into Lopasnoye lake in the foreground. The Etorofu-Yakeyama (Ivan Grozny) volcano group in central Iturup Island includes multiple Holocene lava domes.
Ngangiho lava dome is one of at least 70 post-caldera lava domes erupted within the Maroa caldera, which formed sometime after about 230,000 years ago N of the Taupo caldera. The youngest of the post-caldera lava domes is Puketarata, which grew within a rhyolitic tuff ring about 14,000 years ago. The domes were erupted along a general SW-NE trend, parallel to the structural trend of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. No Holocene eruptions have occurred, but vigorous thermal activity continues.
A lava dome partially fills the summit caldera of Berg, with Kolokol in the background to the S. They are part of a group of Holocene volcanoes in central Urup Island that is named after the most prominent cone. 
A plume rises above a lava dome emplaced in the summit crater of Lewotobi Perempuan volcano in 1921. The 90-130 m wide, 35-m-high lava dome is seen here from the NW crater rim.
Starting in 1991 a lava dome grew at the summit of Fugendake in the Unzen volcanic complex. By the time the eruption ended in February 1995 the dome had grown to a height of 1,500 m, about 200 m above the pre-eruption surface. This 3 February 1995 photo from the NE shows a bunker in the foreground for emergency protection from block-and-ash flows that were produced by collapse of the growing lava dome.
A lava dome 65 m high and 380 m wide lies within a circular ejecta ring and caps the 1912 vent of Novarupta volcano. A 60-hour-long eruption that began on 6 June 1912 was the largest eruption during the 20th century, producing The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes pyroclastic flow deposit which forms the flat ground to the right. The face of Falling Mountain, behind Novarupta dome, was sheared off by a 2-km-wide collapse around the vent. This view from the NE shows snow-capped Mageik in the background.
Some of the youngest lava domes of Volcán Barú are SW of the summit dome and rise about 80 m high. The summit of the SE-most dome (left) has a roughly 200-m-wide crater.
Moderate explosive eruptions beginning in October 2004 at Mount St. Helens were followed by the extrusion of a lava dome. This 21 June 2005 view from the NW shows the new dome with the 1980 crater wall in the background. The smooth-surfaced part of the dome, known informally as the Whaleback, formed by slow extrusion of viscous lava. The rougher surface to the right formed when portions of the dome collapsed, forming a talus slope. The crevassed, ash-covered surface of an uplifted glacier is visible to the left.
A forested lava dome, seen here from the east in 1974, filled the crater of México's El Chichón volcano and formed its highest point prior to a major eruption in 1982. The low ridge cutting across the middle of the photo is the rim of the pre-1982 crater. Powerful explosive eruptions in March and April 1982 removed the lava dome and produced a 1-km-wide crater.
Yufudake, the westernmost of the two large lava dome complexes of Tsurumi volcano, rises to the NE of the city of Yufu in northern Kyushu. Three smaller lava domes are located on the N flank of the eastern dome. A historical eruption occurred in 867 CE.
Beginning in October 1980, activity during 17 eruptive episodes built this lava dome that grew to 876 m above the crater floor, shown here in April 1983. During a 12-month period beginning in 1983 the dome primarily grew by magma rising into the interior of the dome, called endogenous dome growth. Hundreds of small gas-and-steam explosions occurred at the dome.
A small avalanche descends the east flank of the growing Fugendake lava dome on 23 March 1993. By this time the dome, which had begun growing in May 1991, had reached a height of nearly 1,440 m. This was 60 m higher than the former summit of Fugendake, the previous high point of the Unzen volcanic complex.
Sumbing is one of several prominent lava domes at the summit of Kelud volcano in central Java that give the volcano an irregular profile.
The Showa-Shinzan lava dome formed on the E flank of Usu volcano during eruptions in 1944-45. Rapid ground deformation initially raised flat cornfields to form a 150-m-high flat-topped hill on the lower E flank. Explosive eruptions from the center of the uplifted area began on 23 June 1944 and continued almost daily until 31 October. The dome breached the surface in November 1944 and ceased growing by September 1945 at a height of about 275 m.
Ebisudake lava dome in the background and Tsurugaike crater lake at the lower right are part of the summit complex of the Norikura volcano in central Honshu.
This closeup view of the eastern flank of the Sheveluch lava dome shows degassing across the surface on 6 July 2015. In the lower right is the top of the 1964 flank collapse scarp that encloses the dome.
A viscous lava flow is extruded down the east flank of the Novy lava dome on 10 March 1987, within a trough that formed in the dome during the 1985 eruption. Extrusion of rigid blocks was first seen on 9 December 1986. On 16 December lava extrusion began, accompanied by explosions producing 5-6 km high ash plumes and pyroclastic flows that reached out to 4 km. Quiet lava extrusion continued until March 1988. In late July 1988 incandescence was seen at the top of the dome, accompanied by minor ash plumes.
The 1990-95 eruption of Unzen volcano, in Kyushu, southern Japan, produced a lava dome at the summit. The rising sun colors the dome, seen here from the NE on 2 February 1995, near the end of the eruption. By this time the dome had grown to about 200 m above the pre-eruption surface. Periodic collapse of the growing lava dome had produced pyroclastic flows that devastated areas on the SE and NE flanks, resulting in the evacuation of thousands.
Ekarma with its summit lava dome rises above the sea with an older hydrothermally altered volcanic edifice to the right. The small 5 x 7.5 km island lies 8.5 km N of Shiashkotan Island in the central Kuriles. The summit lava dome was emplaced during the first historical eruption in 1776-79.
An ash plume rises from the Shinzan lava dome at the summit of Chokaisan on 1 March 1974 after a repose of 140 years. Phreatic eruptions occurred in March and April that produced small lahars. The eruptions took place from an E-W-trending series of vents extending from the eastern caldera wall across the 1801 Shinzan lava dome and the Kojinyama cone. This view from the NW shows the eastern caldera wall behind the dome.
On 3 November 2001 this lava dome was observed on the north side of Colima's summit crater with a spine forming at the top. The spine was about 40 m tall, 40 m wide at its base, and smooth with vertical walls. Extrusion of this new dome had begun in early October and continued with a high extrusion rate, reaching a maximum on 14 October. This was part of a long eruption that began in November 1997 and was accompanied by small explosions. 
The summit lava dome complex of Augustine volcano is seen here above its SW flank. The upper part of the summit is a lava dome from the 1963-64 eruption. Pre-Augustine sedimentary basement rocks of Jurassic to Tertiary age are exposed on the south flank to an elevation of 320 m.
O-Usu lava dome (left center), the largest of several lava domes constructed in the summit crater of Usu volcano, formed during a major eruption in 1853. The eruption began on 22 April. The Kaei (Tateiwa) pyroclastic flow may have erupted on 27 April. Major explosive activity ended in early May and was followed by the growth of the dome. Two cryptodomes on the SE flank are thought to have formed at the same time as O-Usu. It is seen here from the S, with the 1944-45 Showa-Shinzan dome forming the small peak to the right.
Crater Peak, a flank vent of Mount Spurr, is seen from the south with the snow-and-ice-covered summit lava dome complex in the background. Both the summit lava dome and Crater Peak were constructed within a 5-6 km wide scar formed by an earlier collapse. Crater Peak has been the source of about 40 Holocene tephra layers identified in the Cook Inlet basin.
The center of the Devils Hill chain on the SE flank of South Sister contains several small lava domes and flows that are more widely spaced than those at the northern and southern ends. The flows are named for Devils Hill, the partially forested peak to the right.
An ash plume rises above the Caliente vent in February 1968. Lava spines protrude from the easternmost vent of the Santiaguito lava dome. The flank of the Santa María edifice appears to the left in this view from the north.
An avalanche descends the NE flank of the Sheveluch lava dome on 6 July 2015, seen above the 1964 flank collapse scarp rim. Fragmentation of the hot dome rock produces the beginning of an ash plume above it and degassing is also visible across the dome.
This view of El Caliente dome from the lookout point on the W flank of Santa Maria shows moderate degassing forming a vertical gas plume. The dome is part of the Santiaguito dome complex with the other domes to the right.
A lava dome fills the crater of the Caliente vent of a Santiaguito lava dome in 1988, as seen from the summit of Santa María. Slow dome growth was accompanied by periodic explosions that ejected ash plumes to about 1.5 km above the vent.
The Tatun (Datun) volcano group contains around 20 lava domes and is seen here NE of Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan. The latest eruptions are late Pleistocene and mid-Holocene. Hot springs, fumaroles, and solfataras are found over wide areas.
The Kuju volcano group in northern Kyushu consists of more than ten cones and lava domes NE of Aso caldera. This view from the E shows Mimatayama (right) and Nakadake (left) lava domes, which formed about 10,000-12,000 years ago. Gas-and-steam plumes rising from fumaroles are seen here in 1994 on the flank of Hosshozan (center), the site of small phreatic explosions in November 1995. Many hot springs and hydrothermal fields are located at the Kuju complex.
The Novy lava dome at Kamchatka's Bezymianny volcano began growing in 1956 within the large horseshoe-shaped crater. The 1.8 x 2.5 km crater formed during the catastrophic 1956 eruption flank collapse that resulted in a debris avalanche and lateral blast to the E. This 1980's view from the SW shows the dome within the crater, which subsequently grew to the height of the crater rim.
East Dome, the small lava dome at the center, is seen in this 1978 aerial photograph. An explosive eruption preceded emplacement of the dome on the lower E flank of Mount St. Helens about 1,800 years ago. Both the tephra deposit and the lava dome are of a hypersthene dacite composition unique to Mount St. Helens products. This eruption was part of the Sugar Bowl Eruptive Period.
The 1976 lava dome, seen from the east in this 1982 photo of Augustine, formed within an arcuate crater rim that was produced by explosive removal of part of the 1964 lava dome during an earlier phase of the 1976 eruption. The small peak to the upper right is a remnant of the 1935 lava dome. Small plumes rise from the 1976 dome (center) and from fumaroles at the summit of the 1964 dome remnant (upper left).
The large, horseshoe-shaped crater left by the collapse of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980, is typical of scarps created by massive volcanic landslides. The collapse removed nearly 1 km of the summit, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km crater open to the north. This June 1982 view shows a lava dome that began growing within the new crater.
Collapse of the growing lava dome on 22 November 1994, produced a pyroclastic flow (block-and-ash flow) that swept 7.5 km down the south flank, overrunning several villages and killing 64 people. Six thousand people were evacuated as a result of this eruption.
This view from the north shows the final lava dome of the 1989-90 eruption of Alaska's Redoubt volcano approximately one year after the end of the eruption. The dome measures 350-400 m across and contains around 10 million cubic meters of material. In this photo, snow is accumulating on the cooling lava blocks while hydrothermal activity continues to produce intermittent steam plumes. Periodic lava dome growth during the eruption was punctuated by strong explosions that destroyed earlier lava domes.
A block-and-ash flow descends the lava dome in the crater of Sheveluch; it eventually reached 1.5 km from the dome. Growth of the dome recommenced on 23 August 1980. By the time the eruption ended in late 1981 the dome had reached a height of 180 m and a diameter of 350 m. 
Augustine forms an 8 x 12 km island in Kamishak Bay, within the southern Cook Inlet. The cone is a complex of overlapping summit lava domes. An apron of pyroclastic debris, consisting mostly of large debris avalanche deposits produced by collapse of portions of the summit lava domes, extends to the sea on all sides. West Island, at front left in this 1989 view from the west, is a debris avalanche deposit that was emplaced roughly 250-450 years ago.
The degassing, growing lava dome of Merapi volcano on 20 January 1954, as viewed from the SE, two days after a major pyroclastic flow that caused 64 fatalities. Lava dome growth had begun on 2 March 1953, accompanied by frequent pyroclastic flows (block-and-ash flows). Several additional cycles of lava dome growth and destruction continued until December 1958.
Sanbe is the SW-most Holocene volcano on the island of Honshu. Seen here from the S, the highest peak is called Osanbe. It is flanked by Mesanbe on the right, Kosanbe on the left, and Magosanbe in the center. Sanbe had a large explosive eruption about 3,700 years ago that originated from Taiheizan lava dome.
A pyroclastic flow descends the SW flank of Merapi volcano on 14 June 1984. A long period of lava dome growth began on 2 October 1972, and continued intermittently until 1990, occasionally punctuated by partial dome collapse that formed pyroclastic flows (block-and-ash flows) that travel down the flanks.
The 17-km-wide Rotorua caldera, largely filled by the waters of Lake Rotorua, was formed during the eruption of the 340 km3 Mamaku Ignimbrite about 220,000 years ago. Eruptive activity ceased during the Pleistocene, but the Mokoia lava dome, forming the island in the foreground, is less than 20,000 years old. Geothermal areas are found around the lake and the city of Rotorua lies across the lake along its southern shore.
Three days after a small explosive eruption on 17 July 1918 a lava dome formed above the surface of the lake, filling the crater. By the time the eruption ended on 30 July the dome had grown to a height of 85 m and to a width of 440-560 m. The lava dome was later destroyed by explosive eruptions in 1982.
A small plume rises from a lava dome at the summit of Paluweh volcano, seen here in 1985 from the south. The dome is one of several lava domes emplaced here during historical time.
The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens dramatically altered the conical profile of the volcano. The eruption left a 2 x 3.5 km wide horseshoe-shaped crater, seen here from the NNE beyond Spirit Lake (center). The landslide of 18 May lowered the summit by 400 m and produced a highly mobile debris avalanche that swept into Spirit Lake and traveled down the North Fork Toutle River. The associated northward-directed lateral blast devastated about 600 km2.
Gas-and-steam plumes rise from vents on the Niigata-Yakeyama lava dome on 3 August 1974, shortly after a brief explosive eruption on 28 July. The eruption killed three climbers and produced ashfall that damaged crops. Several craters formed during recorded eruptions that date back to the 9th century at the summit and flanks of the dome.
This closeup view of an ash plume rising from the El Brujo lava dome was taken on 13 November 1967. Explosions such as these are common at the growing lava dome, sometimes occurring within minutes of each other. The crater wall is visible at the lower left.
An incandescent lava dome is visible in the Minamidake crater of Sakurajima in this 9 September 1981 aerial view. Sakurajima has been in near-continuous activity since 1955, with frequent mild-to-moderate explosions that commonly produce ashfall on the island.
The Fujisan lava dome is the youngest eruption product of Takaharayama volcano. This small complex with associated lava domes is located SW of Nasudake volcano. An eruption took place about 6,500 years ago, when phreatic explosions along a NW-SE- trend were followed by emplacement of the Fujisan lava dome.
A pyroclastic flow produced by collapse of a growing lava dome descends the northern flank of the Santiaguito lava dome in November 1967. Periodic larger collapses of Santiaguito have sent pyroclastic flows down the populated southern flanks. The most catastrophic of these traveled 10 km in 1929, when hundreds to thousands of people were killed. 
The Devils Hill chain of lava domes and flows erupted along a 5-km-long fissure on the SE flank of South Sister about 2,000 years ago, and can be seen diagonally across the center of this view to the NW. A similar, but more localized eruption produced the Rock Mesa lava flow, the light-colored area to the upper left. The eroded peak of The Husband volcano is in the distance.
The forested islands in Shimabara harbor in the foreground were created by a massive debris avalanche in 1792 from Mayuyama, the left-most of the two forested lava domes behind the city. The high-velocity avalanche traveled 6.5 km from Mayuama and swept several kilometers out to sea. Impact of the debris into the ocean produced a devastating tsunami that swept 77 km of the shore of Shimabara Peninsula and caused nearly 15,000 fatalities. The light-colored area behind Mayuyama are block-and-ash flow deposits from the 1990-95 eruption.
A 50-m-high spine formed on the 1986 lava dome at Augustine, seen here in 1987. The lava dome at the summit formed within an arcuate crater on the 1976 dome. As seen in this view from the SE, the surface of the 1976 dome is covered with pyroclastic ejecta from the 1986 eruption. The high point of the volcano (left) is a crater rim of the 1964 dome.
An ash plume rises above Augustine on 31 March 1986, eventually reaching a height of 12 km. Powerful explosions during the initial days of the 1986 eruption, which began on 27 March, removed portions of the 1976 summit lava dome. This view from the SW shows a darkened area of ash deposition downwind from the eruption plume.
Several features from the Augustine 1883 eruption can be seen in this 1987 photo of the N flank. The hill across the shallow lagoon to the lower right is a debris avalanche hummock produced by collapse of the summit and N flank in 1883. The result of the avalanche was a large open crater that is largely filled by 20th-century lava domes; the outer wall is in the shadow to the left. The area covered with sparse green vegetation is a pyroclastic flow deposit from the 1883 eruption.
Isla San Luis is seen here from the south with a 2-km-long spit (at low tide) to the lower left. The main features of the island are a rhyolite lava dome forming the NW tip of the island, the darker rhyolitic obsidian dome and coulee in the center, and an eroded tuff ring at the SE tip of the island (to the right). Another tuff ring, Isla Poma, lies 1 km NE of Isla San Luis and is visible to the right.
Lava dome remnants from three historical eruptions can be seen in this NW-looking aerial view of Bogoslof Island in the Aleutians. The pinnacle on the left is Castle Rock, also referred to as Old Bogoslof, a remnant of a 1796 lava dome. The circular, flat-topped area to its right is a remnant of a 1927 lava dome. The 1992 eruption produced the light-colored conical lava dome forming the tip of the island at top right. Regular eruptions and vigorous wave erosion frequently modify the island.
Incandescence is visible at the top of the growing Santiaguito lava dome in Guatemala. Rockfalls of hot material produce a visible trail down its northern flank. The dome began growing in 1922 in a large crater formed on the SW flank of Santa María volcano during a powerful explosive eruption in 1902. Dome growth has been continuous since 1922 and has produced a composite dome over 3 km long. This photo of El Brujo, the westernmost vent, was taken on 12 November 1967.
This 28 February 2017 photograph of El Caliente dome summit shows that the dome had nearly filled the crater. Pyroclastic flows from El Caliente are often caused by the partial collapse of an overflowing dome. Weak degassing is visible from the center and perimeter of the dome. Blocky lava flows produced from El Caliente vent are visible in the background.
Three dacitic lava domes form the small peaks in the foreground of this view of the north flank of Bakening volcano. Lava flows from the central cone overlie the lava domes.
Lava spines are seen here along the summit ridge of Cerro Quemado, the youngest of a series of lava domes erupted along the margins of Almolonga volcano. The early stages of the Cerro Quemado complex eruptions produced a sequence of lava flows and domes erupted from at least eight vents. During the later stages about 1,150 years ago the summit dome of Cerro Quemado was emplaced following failure of the summit area. An eruption took place from an E-flank vent in 1818.
Nearly 16 years after the previous eruption of Sheveluch in 1964, lava dome extrusion began on 23 August 1980. Dome growth accompanied by minor explosions and avalanches took place at the location of an older dome in the 1964 crater, and continued until the end of 1981. This November 1980 photo shows gas rising from the base of the new dome, which by this time was about 170 m high and 300 m wide.
Black Buttes is a group of overlapping lava domes on the lower western flank of Mount Shasta that formed during the early Holocene, around the same time as the formation of Shastina on the upper west flank. Block-and-ash flows accompanying dome growth traveled over 10 km S. The notches on the western flank (left) mark the tops of several individual domes.
El Brujo vent at the western end of the Santiaguito lava dome complex was the youngest vent when this 10 August 1967 photo was taken from the north. The dome was not yet present in February 1954 aerial photographs, and may have begun growing following a strong explosive eruption on 14 April 1956. A large lava flow was extruded during 1959-63. 
The Novy lava dome formed within the horseshoe-shaped crater that formed by collapse of the summit of Bezymianny in 1956. Intermittent dome growth since 1956 has filled much of the crater. This 11 September 1988 photo from the east shows the lava dome with a broad lava flow (lightly covered by snow) on the NE flank. The flow was produced by slow lava effusion during December 1986 to July 1988. The slopes of Kamen appear to the right.
East Dome, the rounded lava dome to the left, is seen in this 1978 view from the Plains of Abraham on the NE side of Mount St. Helens. An explosive eruption accompanied emplacement of the dome on the lower E flank. This eruption took place near the during the Sugar Bowl Eruptive Period during 900 to 850 CE.
A small blocky lava dome within the Caliente vent on the Santiaguito lava dome of Guatemala's Santa María volcano on 18 July 1969. This was near the beginning of a period of renewed activity at this vent. Growth of the composite Santiaguito lava dome has been ongoing since 1922.
Four overlapping dacite domes form the Black Buttes lava dome on the lower western flank of Mount Shasta. This view looks NW from the summit of Black Buttes, at the tops of two of the domes with the outskirts of the town of Weed below. Pyroclastic flows accompanying formation of Black Buttes extend 10 km S and 5 km N, and underlie currently populated areas.
Isla San Luis lies across a narrow channel from the NE coast of Baja California (in the background). A rhyolite obsidian dome is in the center of the small island. An older dome forms the northern part of the island (foreground) and is partially mantled by ash and pumice from the central dome. An eroded tuff ring, Plaza de Toros, occupies the SE end of the island.
Ko-Usu lava dome, seen here from the S, is mantled by a thick ejecta deposit from the 1977 eruption. This is one of several lava domes in the summit crater of Usu volcano, formed after a major explosive eruption either in 1663 or 1769 CE. Yotei volcano is on the left horizon.
Geologists, seen here on 16 October 2005 at the upper right, walk along a fracture in a 30-m-wide dome formed during the September 2005 eruption of Dabbahu volcano. Curving fractures in the top of the new dome are viewed from the south. The dome, not mantled by tephra, was emplaced at the end of the brief eruption in September.
A degassing lava dome partially fills the crater at the summit of Colima on 11 January 2002. Renewed lava dome growth began in May 2001, and by the end of January 2002 the total volume of the dome was estimated to be 1,450,000 m3.
A group of lava domes form Nakanojima, an island in the center of Lake Toya. The lake fills the 10-km-wide caldera, which formed following a major explosive eruption about 110,000 years ago. The photo was taken from the flank of Usu volcano on the southern rim of the caldera.
By the time of this 27 August 1956 photo, a new lava dome growing in the Bezymianny crater had reached a height of 320 m. The dome began growing in April, following a catastrophic eruption on 30 March in which the summit of the volcano collapsed, producing a massive debris avalanche and lateral blast towards the SE. The walls of the resulting horseshoe-shaped crater 1.3 x 2.8 km and 700 m deep that can be seen behind the lava dome. Gas emissions rise from the summit and base of the dome. 
An explosive eruption at Bezymianny that began on 21 October 1993 deposited ash on Bering Island, 515 km to the ESE. Pyroclastic flows from the eruption traveled 14-16 km. Ash plumes rose to 8-15 km on 24 October and additional strong explosions took place on 28 and 29 October. This fall 1993 photo shows the pyroclastic flow and lahar pathways down the eastern flank.
An ash plume rises above a rockfall on the south side of the Mount St. Helens dome during a period of lava dome growth in June 1985. Lava dome growth occurred intermittently from 1980 to 1986.
Small plumes rise above rockfalls accompanying renewed lava-dome growth at Sheveluch volcano on 22 August 1993. Intermittent mild explosions with a maximum cloud height of 5 km began on 11 April 1992. A large explosive eruption on 22 April produced an 18-km-high ash plume and pyroclastic flows. Renewed dome growth began that month, and by 27 May the lava dome had doubled its pre-eruption height to 400 m. Dome growth along with intermittent mild explosive activity continued until at least July 1994.
Incandescence is visible in fractures in a growing lava dome in the crater of Mount St. Helens on 18 October 1980. Several earlier lava domes that formed after 18 May 1980 had been removed by explosive eruptions. This photo shows the beginning stages of the lava dome that grew incrementally until the end of the eruption in October 1986.
A new lava dome, Anak Ranakah (center), formed in 1987 on the outer flanks of the poorly known Poco Leok caldera on western Flores Island. The new dome is located in an area without previous historical eruptions at the base of the large older lava dome, Gunung Ranakah. Anak Ranakah, seen here from the SW, is part of an arcuate group of lava domes extending westward from Gunung Ranakah.
An aerial view from the SE shows the Santiaguito lava dome complex at the base of the 1.5-km-wide 1902 crater on the SW flank of Santa María. Lava flows from the Caliente dome at the eastern side of Santiaguito descend to the bottom center of the photo; lava flows from the western El Brujo vent are visible at the lower left. The broad volcano to the upper left is Siete Orejas. 
This view from above the south rim of the crater of Mount St. Helens shows the lava dome partially filling the crater on 28 October 1986, at the very end of the 1980-86 eruption. After six years of episodic growth the lava dome reached a height of 250 m and a diameter of 1,100 m.
The first historical eruption of Lamington was in 1951, prior to which it was not known to be a volcano by those living on its flanks. Following continuous light ash emission beginning on 17 January the paroxysmal eruption on 21 January produced pyroclastic flows and surges that swept all sides of the volcano to a maximum distance of 12 km to the north, killing nearly 3,000 people. This 5 February photo shows the devastated northern flanks and a plume rising from a growing lava dome in the new crater. Slow dome growth ended in 1956.
An aerial view shows the 1992 lava dome of Bogoslof Island, the summit of a largely submarine located in the Bering Sea 50 km behind the main Aleutian arc. The 1992 lava dome grew to a height of 100 m in July at the northern tip of the island. In May 1994, when this photograph was taken, the island was about 1.5 x 0.6 km wide, and due to frequent eruptive activity and energetic wave action, has changed shape dramatically since first mapped in the late 1700's.
During the late Pleistocene or early Holocene Mount Spurr underwent flank collapse, resulting in the 5-6 km crater that opens to the south shown here in 1993. The collapse produced a debris avalanche that traveled at least 25 km from the summit. The snow-covered peak (center) is a post-collapse lava dome. Crater Peak, in front of it, has been the source of frequent Holocene eruptions.
The Omanago volcano group (upper left) consists of a series of five lava domes in Nikko National Park. The highest dome is Omanago, located at the SE end of the complex. Mitsudake is the NW-most dome. The higher northern peak of the Mitsudake complex is out of view to the left, and the lower southern dome forms the low ridge behind the hot spring resort of Yunoko lake in the center of the photo. The peak on the right horizon is Nantaisan.
This forested lava dome is part of the Abu volcano group, located along the near the SW end of Honshu. The Abu volcanic field consists of lava flows and small shield volcanoes, some of which have associated scoria cones and lava domes. Abu volcano is of either late-Pleistocene or early Holocene age.
A small lava dome was extruded in the main vent of the 1870-75 eruption of Ceboruco volcano in western México. Fumaroles (not visible in this photo) with temperatures measured at about 100°C were located around the base of the dome when the photo was taken in 1997. 
In the foreground is a hummock of a debris avalanche deposit produced by collapse of the Augustine summit about 450 years ago. The avalanche swept into Kamishak Bay and traveled a distance of 11 km from the summit, forming the 2 x 3 km wide West Island. The fine-grained component of this avalanche hummock has been removed by the powerful Cook Inlet tides. The eruption was accompanied by a small lateral blast.
This photo shows the saddle between Nipesotsudake and Maruyama lava dome. The Nipesotsu-Maruyama volcano group, located E of Tokachidake, is composed of a number of overlapping lava domes constructed along a NW-SE trend. A minor phreatic eruption took place at Maruyama lava dome in 1898, and fumaroles are active on one of its summit craters.
This closeup view on 20 May 1991 shows the first lava extrusion of the 1990-95 dome of Unzen volcano in Japan. The dome was extruded in the Jigokuato crater, which was formed by an explosion on the first day of the eruption, 17 November 1990. By 23 May the dome had reached a height of 44 m with a diameter of 110 m. It proceeded to grow over the east crater rim (upper right). Periodic collapse of the steep front of the dome produced pyroclastic flows that traveled progressively farther down the Mizunashi valley. 
A block-and-ash flow travels down the flank of Fugendake in 1991. These were created by collapse of a lava dome that began on 24 May. The size of the flows gradually increased and on 3 June the largest flow of the eruption to that point swept 3 km down the Mizunashi River valley into Kita-Kamikoba village, killing 43 people and destroying many houses. On 8 June block-and-ash flows traveled 5.5 km to within 50 m of a major highway and destroyed an additional 73 houses.
The south flank of Bezymianny contains several lava domes of Holocene age, one of which forms the unvegetated mass partly obscured by clouds to the left. The mostly snow-free summit lava dome rises above the south rim of the 1956 crater. The tip of Kamen is visible above the high point on the western crater rim to the left.
Light-colored block-and-ash flow deposits below the growing Fugendake lava dome are shown in this 11 September 1992 view from the E. Explosive activity began in November 1990 and preceded lava dome growth that began in May 1991. This was accompanied by pyroclastic flows that continued until February 1995 and caused disruption for villages and towns on the outskirts of Shimabara City in the foreground. The two lava domes of Shichmenzan and Mayuyama form the vegetated peaks to the right.
The east side of the 8 x 12 km island of Kharimkotan has a large open crater that formed when the summit collapsed in 1933. The dark-colored lava dome in the center of the photo grew inside the crater towards the end of the 1933 eruption. This and another scarp on the NW side of the island were formed by flank collapse events that produced debris avalanche deposits that created broad peninsulas on the E and NW coasts.
Usu volcano is a located on the southern topographic rim of the 110,000-year-old Toya caldera. The summit, seen here above the town of Toyako-Onsen to the NW, consists of dacitic lava domes and a cryptodome that were emplaced in a small summit caldera during historical eruptions.